Mathematical Models to investigate HIV trends in Australia
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1) A mathematical model was developed to investigate factors contributing to rising HIV notifications in Australia, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria and Queensland. 2) The model found that without an increase in other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), changes in behavior and treatment couldn't fully explain increased notifications. 3) For the model to fit observed data, a 5-fold increase in other STIs nationally and even larger increases in Victoria and Queensland were required.
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![Mathematical models to investigate recent HIV trends in Australia David Wilson , Alex Hoare, David Regan, John Kaldor, Matthew Law National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales David Wilson , Andrew Grulich, Matthew Law, David Cooper, John Kaldor Implications of the Swiss Consensus Statement [email_address] Reference group: Frank Bowden, Sharon Flanagan, John Imrie, Phillip Keen, Rosemary Lester, Kelly Shaw, Bill Whittaker](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/david-wilson-mathematical-models-1226897760105834-8/85/Mathematical-Models-to-investigate-HIV-trends-in-Australia-1-320.jpg)
![The Australian HIV Epidemic ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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According to an investigation published in The Lancet, people with HIV who maintain low, but still detectable, levels of the virus and follow their antiretroviral regimen have essentially little chance of HIV sexual transmission.
Transmision vih en pareja serodiscordante
Reduccion de transmisión de VIH a la pareja serodiscordante heterosexual, cuando el caso indice toma TARGA
Clinical Epidemiological Study of Secondary Syphilis - Current Scenario
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Barriers of HIV Prevention through Treatment
The UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center sponsors weekly presentations on infectious diseases research and clinical practices. A presentation on whether widespread HIV treatment can end transmission discussed recent trends showing HIV declining among adolescents and young adults in the US. The presentation reviewed research showing that early HIV treatment dramatically reduces heterosexual transmission but some transmission may still occur through anal sex among men who have sex with men on antiretroviral therapy. Future interventions could focus on optimizing HIV treatment, comparing antiretroviral regimens, and suppressing coinfections like CMV to further reduce HIV transmission.
e632 www.thelancet.comhiv Vol 6 September 2019Viewpoi
e632 www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 6 September 2019
Viewpoint
The disconnect between individual-level and population-level
HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment
Stefan Baral, Amrita Rao, Patrick Sullivan, Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya, Daouda Diouf, Greg Millett, Helgar Musyoki, Elvin Geng, Sharmistha Mishra
In 2019, the HIV pandemic is growing and soon over 40 million people will be living with HIV. Effective population-
based approaches to decrease HIV incidence are as relevant as ever given modest reductions observed over the past
decade. Treatment as prevention is often heralded as the path to improve HIV outcomes and to reduce HIV
incidence. Although treatment of an individual does eliminate onward transmission to serodifferent partners
(unde tectable=untransmittable or U=U), population-level observational and experimental data have not shown a similar
effect with scale-up of treatment on reducing HIV incidence. This disconnect might be the result of little attention given
to heterogeneities of HIV acquisition and transmission risks that exist in people at risk for and living with HIV, even in
the most broadly generalised epidemics. Available data suggest that HIV treatment is treatment, HIV prevention is
prevention, and specificity of HIV treatment approaches towards people at highest risk of onward transmission drives
the intersection between the two. All people living with HIV deserve HIV treatment, but both more accurately estimating
and optimising the potential HIV prevention effects of universal treatment approaches necessitates understanding who
is being supported with treatment rather than a focus on treatment targets such as 90-90-90 or 95-95-95.
Introduction
In 2019, we are at a pivotal time in the global HIV response
in that many people believe that the HIV pandemic is
over given the advances in HIV treatment.1 Yet the HIV
pandemic continues to grow as defined by numbers of
people living with HIV. Specifically, given the encouraging
decreases in overall mortality among people living with
HIV, in the context of universal treat ment as prevention,
approximately 930 000 more people annually (1·7 million
new infections minus 770 000 deaths of people living with
HIV) require anti retroviral therapy (ART) and many more
would need to change ART regimens. At the current rate
of new infections, over 40 million people will be living
with HIV by 2025.2 The global optimism about the HIV
pandemic has not been matched by decreases in new
HIV infections. New infections have declined by less than
2% per year since 2005, which means that between
1·8 and 2·5 million people acquired HIV in 2017.2,3 To
date, just over 60% of the 37·9 million people living with
HIV are on ART; of those 37·9 million, just over half
(20·1 million) are estimated to have achieved viral sup
pression.2 Taken together, these data suggest that an
estimated 18 million people living with HIV require ART
or improved ART regimens giv ...
STIs and HIV 2008
Rates of STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are increasing in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. Surveillance data shows rising rates in every state for gonorrhea and chlamydia since the 1990s and syphilis since the early 2000s. HIV rates have increased in MSM in most locations but have remained stable in New South Wales. The "Swiss consensus statement" from 2008 asserted that those with HIV and an undetectable viral load on treatment are sexually non-infectious, but this was based on expert opinion rather than large studies directly examining transmission risk.
Christopher-Rock-UNSW-HIV-and-PPT
λ S(t)SS if not receiving PPT
λ S(t)SS − τSS + θPS if receiving PPT
IS
̇ = λ S(t)S S − γIS
PS
̇ = τSS − θPS
This paper develops models to examine the potential impact of periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV rates in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The models show that while PPT can significantly reduce STIs, especially in urban areas, the resulting decrease in HIV incidence is relatively small, around 4-6% nationally and 6-10% in urban areas. This small HIV decrease represents
Aids Hiv Assignment
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
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2) It provides a brief history of HIV, noting it originated from chimpanzees and was first identified in the US in 1981. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, eventually causing AIDS.
3) It discusses HIV transmission, noting the major routes are sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood products, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
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DGH Lecture Series: Judd Walson
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Judd Walson
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Human deficiency immune virus infection -HIV
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In this downloadable slideset, Expert Faculty review key data on managing aging patients with HIV.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 720 KB
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Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
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In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030. PWP Recommendations: Treatment As Prevention
This document discusses recommendations for using antiretroviral therapy (ART) as prevention of HIV transmission. [1] It reviews data showing ART reduces HIV transmission risk and existing US treatment guidelines. [2] The recommendations are that HIV-infected persons with ongoing risk behavior should be offered ART regardless of CD4 count to reduce transmission risk, and that ART should be initiated for those willing and able to commit to long-term therapy, guided by optimal treatment of the individual. [3] The benefits of ART for prevention must be balanced with continuing other prevention measures and prioritizing treatment of infected individuals.
1- prof james bently - hpv and vaccine jeddah 2015
This document discusses HPV and the prevention of cervical cancer. It begins with disclosing the presenter's potential conflicts of interest related to HPV vaccine companies. It then provides background on HPV, how it causes cervical cancer, and the natural course of HPV infection. It reviews the two currently available HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, discussing their design, efficacy, and safety based on phase III trials. It presents long-term efficacy data showing protection against cervical lesions from vaccination. Finally, it introduces a new 9-valent HPV vaccine in development, presenting phase III trial results demonstrating its immunogenicity and efficacy against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.
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HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
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HIV-AIDS
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS including:
- How HIV is transmitted through body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.
- Common routes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, sharing needles, occupational exposure, and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding.
- It discusses testing and screening for HIV, the window period of initial infection, and importance of early testing and diagnosis.
- Risk reduction strategies like condom use and avoiding risky behaviors are covered.
- Laws around HIV testing in North Dakota are also summarized.
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People With HIV Whose Viral Loads Are Undetectable Present.pdf
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
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Mathematical Models to investigate HIV trends in Australia
- 1. Mathematical models to investigate recent HIV trends in Australia David Wilson , Alex Hoare, David Regan, John Kaldor, Matthew Law National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales David Wilson , Andrew Grulich, Matthew Law, David Cooper, John Kaldor Implications of the Swiss Consensus Statement [email_address] Reference group: Frank Bowden, Sharon Flanagan, John Imrie, Phillip Keen, Rosemary Lester, Kelly Shaw, Bill Whittaker
- 7. Structure of mathematical model
- 10. Other STIs
- 14. Response to the Swiss Consensus Statement: Does undetectable HIV viral load mean non-infectiousness?