The document defines several types of numbers including natural numbers, which are positive integers used for counting, whole numbers which include zero, integers which include positive and negative whole numbers, rational numbers which are numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of integers like fractions, irrational numbers which cannot be expressed as ratios of integers like pi, and real numbers which include all rational and irrational numbers. It presents the relationships between these number types in a "Circle of Numbers" showing their logical order and inclusion.