This document summarizes key mechanical and thermal properties of engineering materials. It defines concepts such as stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, ductility and brittleness. It describes how these properties are measured and represented on stress-strain curves. Key mechanical properties discussed include elastic modulus, yield point, tensile strength and hardness. Thermal properties covered include thermal conductivity, expansion, heat capacity and phase change temperatures. The document provides an overview of important material characteristics for engineering applications.
How we define material properties(HNDE Galle)BROKAVE
Group 9's presentation covered the physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials. Key points included:
1. Physical properties like density, elasticity, and plasticity define a material's response to forces. Density is the mass per unit volume and is important for design.
2. Mechanical properties indicate elastic or inelastic behavior under pressure, including strength, hardness, ductility, and brittleness.
3. Thermal properties influence heat transfer, such as thermal conductivity, expansion, and specific heat. Thermal expansion coefficients define size changes with temperature.
4. Electrical properties determine response to electric fields, including conductivity, resistivity, and thermoelectric effects
Mechanical properties refer to how materials behave under forces or pressures. This document discusses key mechanical properties including brittleness, hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility, malleability, elasticity, plasticity, creep, and weldability. It describes how these properties are defined, measured, and their significance for material selection and design. Measurement techniques covered include indentation hardness tests like Rockwell and Brinell, and tension tests. The document also examines stress-strain diagrams and how they vary for different materials and temperatures.
17 Engineering Material Properties: Mechanical Engineers Must Knowramakrishnanpravin
The choice of material is an important aspect in manufacturing industries. The quality of the product depends upon its engineering material properties. These properties distinguish the materials from each other.
This document discusses various properties of engineering materials. It describes 12 key mechanical properties - elasticity, plasticity, toughness, resilience, tensile strength, yield strength, impact strength, ductility, hardness, fatigue, creep, and wear resistance. These properties determine how materials behave under applied forces. The document also examines stress-strain curves and how they relate to elasticity and plasticity. Factors that influence properties like hardness, toughness, creep, and wear are also outlined.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including elastic deformation, engineering strain, tensile strength, toughness, yielding, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, ductility, malleability, hardness, and fatigue. It provides definitions and explanations of these key material properties and how they relate to a material's behavior under stress or loads over time.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It provides information on the properties and examples of different material classes. It also discusses standards (ASTM) for materials classification and specifications. Key properties discussed include strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, fatigue, and effects of processing such as heat treatment and alloying.
How we define material properties(HNDE Galle)BROKAVE
Group 9's presentation covered the physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials. Key points included:
1. Physical properties like density, elasticity, and plasticity define a material's response to forces. Density is the mass per unit volume and is important for design.
2. Mechanical properties indicate elastic or inelastic behavior under pressure, including strength, hardness, ductility, and brittleness.
3. Thermal properties influence heat transfer, such as thermal conductivity, expansion, and specific heat. Thermal expansion coefficients define size changes with temperature.
4. Electrical properties determine response to electric fields, including conductivity, resistivity, and thermoelectric effects
Mechanical properties refer to how materials behave under forces or pressures. This document discusses key mechanical properties including brittleness, hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility, malleability, elasticity, plasticity, creep, and weldability. It describes how these properties are defined, measured, and their significance for material selection and design. Measurement techniques covered include indentation hardness tests like Rockwell and Brinell, and tension tests. The document also examines stress-strain diagrams and how they vary for different materials and temperatures.
17 Engineering Material Properties: Mechanical Engineers Must Knowramakrishnanpravin
The choice of material is an important aspect in manufacturing industries. The quality of the product depends upon its engineering material properties. These properties distinguish the materials from each other.
This document discusses various properties of engineering materials. It describes 12 key mechanical properties - elasticity, plasticity, toughness, resilience, tensile strength, yield strength, impact strength, ductility, hardness, fatigue, creep, and wear resistance. These properties determine how materials behave under applied forces. The document also examines stress-strain curves and how they relate to elasticity and plasticity. Factors that influence properties like hardness, toughness, creep, and wear are also outlined.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including elastic deformation, engineering strain, tensile strength, toughness, yielding, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, ductility, malleability, hardness, and fatigue. It provides definitions and explanations of these key material properties and how they relate to a material's behavior under stress or loads over time.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It provides information on the properties and examples of different material classes. It also discusses standards (ASTM) for materials classification and specifications. Key properties discussed include strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, fatigue, and effects of processing such as heat treatment and alloying.
Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materialsGulfam Hussain
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
Mechanical properties describe how materials deform and fail when subjected to stress. This document outlines key mechanical properties including elastic deformation, plastic deformation, ductility, resilience, toughness, hardness, and design/safety factors. Elastic deformation is reversible, following Hooke's law, while plastic deformation permanently deforms materials. Yield strength marks the transition between elastic and plastic deformation. Ductility, resilience, and toughness measure a material's ability to deform plastically without fracturing. Hardness tests measure resistance to localized deformation. Design stresses and safe stresses are calculated using yield strengths and factors of safety/design to prevent failure under working loads.
This document discusses key concepts in strength of materials and engineering basics. It defines stress as the force per unit area on a material, and strain as the deformation or change in shape of a material under stress. The document outlines different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, and shear stress and the corresponding strains. It also discusses stress-strain curves and elastic properties like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Finally, it covers types of beams, loads, and mechanical properties of materials.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress, strain, elasticity, strength, ductility, and creep. It defines key terms like stress as force over area, strain as the deformation of length, and explains concepts such as Hooke's law, yield strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and provides a table comparing typical mechanical properties for different materials.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of metals including stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness, hardness, stress and strain. It defines key terms like elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, area reduction, fracture strain. It explains concepts such as engineering stress-strain curves, Hooke's law, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, Poisson's ratio, ductile vs brittle materials, and how properties relate to microstructure. Typical testing methods and how to calculate properties from raw data are also summarized.
Stress-Strain Curves for Metals, Ceramics and PolymersLuís Rita
Homework II - Biomaterials Science
We are interested about studying and comparing stress-strain curves of metals, ceramics and polymers. Primarily, differences are due to their different chemical bonding properties.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
The document contains summaries of properties of materials provided by students. It discusses definitions, uses, and examples of various material properties including density, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, hardness, tensile strength, stiffness, and ductility. Key points covered include how the properties influence material selection for applications like construction, electronics, cooking appliances, and engineering structures.
This document contains definitions of various terms related to mechanics of materials and structural analysis. It defines terms like stress, strain, elastic limit, ductility, modulus of elasticity, tension, compression, shear, bending moment, deflection, and more. The definitions are provided in point form without full sentences for easy reference to the meaning of each term.
The document discusses various modes of failure for engineering components including:
- Yielding, where a component sustains plastic deformation under load
- Brittle fracture, where a component breaks rapidly with little plasticity
- Fatigue failure, where a component fails over time from cyclic loading
It also discusses specific failure modes such as ductile failure, brittle failure, fatigue failure, creep damage, buckling, and excessive deflection. Failure analysis and the selection of materials to maximize durability and longevity are also addressed.
Em321 lesson 08b solutions ch6 - mechanical properties of metalsusna12345
This document discusses mechanical properties that can be determined from a stress-strain curve obtained via tensile testing. It defines stress and strain, explains elastic and plastic deformation, and introduces key properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and resilience. An example stress-strain curve is analyzed to find these properties numerically. The document emphasizes that stress-strain curves are commonly used instead of force-displacement plots to characterize materials.
This document discusses solid mechanics and the behavior of solid materials. It covers topics such as stress, strain, types of stresses and strains, stress-strain curves, beams, deflection, springs, and leaf springs. Solid mechanics studies how solid materials deform and move under forces, temperature changes, and other external influences.
The document discusses stress-strain curves, which plot the stress and strain of a material sample under load. It describes the typical stress-strain behavior of ductile materials like steel and brittle materials like concrete. For ductile materials, the curve shows an elastic region, yield point, strain hardening region, and ultimate strength before failure. The yield point marks the transition between elastic and plastic deformation. The document also discusses factors that influence a material's yield stress, such as temperature and strain rate, and implications for structural engineering like reduced buckling strength after yielding.
Stress strain curve for ductile and brittle materialsHebron Ramesh
1) Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit, with the constant of proportionality being Young's modulus.
2) Young's modulus (E) is typically 210 GPa for steel and describes the relationship between stress and strain in both tension and compression.
3) The stress-strain curve is unique for each material and shows the deformation (strain) at different levels of loading (stress).
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
This document discusses mechanical properties that can be determined from tensile and shear tests. It defines key terms like stress, strain, elastic modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength. A typical stress-strain curve is shown and each region is explained. The elastic portion is linear up to the yield point, then the plastic region involves necking and strain hardening until ultimate failure. True stress and strain account for changes in cross-sectional area during deformation. The document also compares properties like ductility and toughness between different materials.
This document discusses fracture mechanics and provides background information on the topic. It introduces key concepts in fracture mechanics including stress intensity factor, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), ductile to brittle transition, and fracture toughness. Applications of fracture mechanics are described such as its use in analyzing cracking in pavement systems. The document also covers probabilistic fracture of brittle materials and how their strength is affected by the presence of flaws.
This document provides an introduction to fracture mechanics. It discusses different types of brittle and ductile fracture, modes of failure, energy release rate and crack resistance, crack growth, stress intensity factor, and the J-integral. It also mentions a case study on liberty ship failures and provides references for further reading. The key topics covered are the assumptions of fracture mechanics, using energy-based approaches like compliance and strain energy to analyze crack growth, and stress intensity factors which characterize how potent a crack is under different loading conditions.
1. Hooke's law states that the stress and strain of a material are proportional for small deformations.
2. Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of tensile or compressive stress to longitudinal strain.
3. Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain and measures a material's resistance to deformation via shear forces.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, and fatigue resistance. Strength is the ability to resist deformation from external forces. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. Hardness is the resistance to permanent shape change. Ductility and malleability refer to how easily a material can be deformed under tensile and compressive stresses respectively. Fatigue occurs when repeated loading causes microscopic cracks over time.
The document discusses various properties of materials including mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical, thermal and other properties. It defines key terms like tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, melting point, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat. Tables are included comparing properties for different materials like metals, semiconductors, insulators, plastics and composites.
Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materialsGulfam Hussain
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
Mechanical properties describe how materials deform and fail when subjected to stress. This document outlines key mechanical properties including elastic deformation, plastic deformation, ductility, resilience, toughness, hardness, and design/safety factors. Elastic deformation is reversible, following Hooke's law, while plastic deformation permanently deforms materials. Yield strength marks the transition between elastic and plastic deformation. Ductility, resilience, and toughness measure a material's ability to deform plastically without fracturing. Hardness tests measure resistance to localized deformation. Design stresses and safe stresses are calculated using yield strengths and factors of safety/design to prevent failure under working loads.
This document discusses key concepts in strength of materials and engineering basics. It defines stress as the force per unit area on a material, and strain as the deformation or change in shape of a material under stress. The document outlines different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, and shear stress and the corresponding strains. It also discusses stress-strain curves and elastic properties like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Finally, it covers types of beams, loads, and mechanical properties of materials.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress, strain, elasticity, strength, ductility, and creep. It defines key terms like stress as force over area, strain as the deformation of length, and explains concepts such as Hooke's law, yield strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and provides a table comparing typical mechanical properties for different materials.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of metals including stiffness, strength, ductility, toughness, hardness, stress and strain. It defines key terms like elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, area reduction, fracture strain. It explains concepts such as engineering stress-strain curves, Hooke's law, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, Poisson's ratio, ductile vs brittle materials, and how properties relate to microstructure. Typical testing methods and how to calculate properties from raw data are also summarized.
Stress-Strain Curves for Metals, Ceramics and PolymersLuís Rita
Homework II - Biomaterials Science
We are interested about studying and comparing stress-strain curves of metals, ceramics and polymers. Primarily, differences are due to their different chemical bonding properties.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
The document contains summaries of properties of materials provided by students. It discusses definitions, uses, and examples of various material properties including density, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, hardness, tensile strength, stiffness, and ductility. Key points covered include how the properties influence material selection for applications like construction, electronics, cooking appliances, and engineering structures.
This document contains definitions of various terms related to mechanics of materials and structural analysis. It defines terms like stress, strain, elastic limit, ductility, modulus of elasticity, tension, compression, shear, bending moment, deflection, and more. The definitions are provided in point form without full sentences for easy reference to the meaning of each term.
The document discusses various modes of failure for engineering components including:
- Yielding, where a component sustains plastic deformation under load
- Brittle fracture, where a component breaks rapidly with little plasticity
- Fatigue failure, where a component fails over time from cyclic loading
It also discusses specific failure modes such as ductile failure, brittle failure, fatigue failure, creep damage, buckling, and excessive deflection. Failure analysis and the selection of materials to maximize durability and longevity are also addressed.
Em321 lesson 08b solutions ch6 - mechanical properties of metalsusna12345
This document discusses mechanical properties that can be determined from a stress-strain curve obtained via tensile testing. It defines stress and strain, explains elastic and plastic deformation, and introduces key properties like modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and resilience. An example stress-strain curve is analyzed to find these properties numerically. The document emphasizes that stress-strain curves are commonly used instead of force-displacement plots to characterize materials.
This document discusses solid mechanics and the behavior of solid materials. It covers topics such as stress, strain, types of stresses and strains, stress-strain curves, beams, deflection, springs, and leaf springs. Solid mechanics studies how solid materials deform and move under forces, temperature changes, and other external influences.
The document discusses stress-strain curves, which plot the stress and strain of a material sample under load. It describes the typical stress-strain behavior of ductile materials like steel and brittle materials like concrete. For ductile materials, the curve shows an elastic region, yield point, strain hardening region, and ultimate strength before failure. The yield point marks the transition between elastic and plastic deformation. The document also discusses factors that influence a material's yield stress, such as temperature and strain rate, and implications for structural engineering like reduced buckling strength after yielding.
Stress strain curve for ductile and brittle materialsHebron Ramesh
1) Hooke's law states that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit, with the constant of proportionality being Young's modulus.
2) Young's modulus (E) is typically 210 GPa for steel and describes the relationship between stress and strain in both tension and compression.
3) The stress-strain curve is unique for each material and shows the deformation (strain) at different levels of loading (stress).
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
This document discusses mechanical properties that can be determined from tensile and shear tests. It defines key terms like stress, strain, elastic modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength. A typical stress-strain curve is shown and each region is explained. The elastic portion is linear up to the yield point, then the plastic region involves necking and strain hardening until ultimate failure. True stress and strain account for changes in cross-sectional area during deformation. The document also compares properties like ductility and toughness between different materials.
This document discusses fracture mechanics and provides background information on the topic. It introduces key concepts in fracture mechanics including stress intensity factor, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), ductile to brittle transition, and fracture toughness. Applications of fracture mechanics are described such as its use in analyzing cracking in pavement systems. The document also covers probabilistic fracture of brittle materials and how their strength is affected by the presence of flaws.
This document provides an introduction to fracture mechanics. It discusses different types of brittle and ductile fracture, modes of failure, energy release rate and crack resistance, crack growth, stress intensity factor, and the J-integral. It also mentions a case study on liberty ship failures and provides references for further reading. The key topics covered are the assumptions of fracture mechanics, using energy-based approaches like compliance and strain energy to analyze crack growth, and stress intensity factors which characterize how potent a crack is under different loading conditions.
1. Hooke's law states that the stress and strain of a material are proportional for small deformations.
2. Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of tensile or compressive stress to longitudinal strain.
3. Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain and measures a material's resistance to deformation via shear forces.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, and fatigue resistance. Strength is the ability to resist deformation from external forces. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. Hardness is the resistance to permanent shape change. Ductility and malleability refer to how easily a material can be deformed under tensile and compressive stresses respectively. Fatigue occurs when repeated loading causes microscopic cracks over time.
The document discusses various properties of materials including mechanical, electrical, chemical, physical, thermal and other properties. It defines key terms like tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, melting point, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat. Tables are included comparing properties for different materials like metals, semiconductors, insulators, plastics and composites.
All the fundamentals of mechanics of Solids are explained, Topics covered are Simple stress and Strain, Shear force and bending moment diagram, Bending and shear stress, Torsion, Axially loaded column, Principle stresses and strains.
The document discusses different types of loads that can act on materials, including normal loads (axial loads in tension or compression), shear loads, torsion loads, and thermal loads. It also covers material properties such as stress, strain, elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, brittleness, toughness, and fatigue. Common non-destructive testing methods for materials are also summarized, such as visual testing, dye penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing.
Science and properties of materials Slides.pptxEmmanuelWusu1
The document discusses various types of loads that can act on materials, including normal loads (axial loads), shear loads, torsion loads, and thermal loads. It also covers stress and strain, defining stress as load per unit area and strain as the ratio of elongation to original length. A key concept discussed is the stress-strain diagram, which plots stress versus strain and shows different regions including the elastic region, plastic region, strain hardening region, and fracture point. The document also discusses material properties such as strength, hardness, ductility, brittleness, and toughness, and how they are characterized. Non-destructive testing methods for materials are also summarized.
This document discusses various mechanical material properties that are important for engineering applications. It begins with an introduction that defines mechanical properties as how materials react to loads or external forces. It then lists and describes key mechanical properties including yield strength, tensile strength, brittleness, ductility, stiffness, Poisson's ratio, hardness, thermal expansion, wear resistance, malleability, toughness, resilience, and creep. For each property, it provides details on the definition, types if applicable, and relevance for engineering design. The document concludes with references.
This document discusses the mechanical properties of materials. It defines mechanical properties as how materials behave when subjected to stresses and strains from applied forces. It explains different types of loading like tension, compression, and shear that materials can experience. It also defines concepts like stress, strain, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and viscous deformation. Different material behaviors are described like elastic, plastic, elastoplastic, and viscoelastic. The document also discusses properties such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, ductility, toughness, resilience, hardness, and factors of safety in material design. Testing methods for mechanical properties and examples of stress-strain curves are provided.
Introduction to Mechanical Metallurgy (Our course project)Rishabh Gupta
The document summarizes key concepts in materials science and engineering. It discusses:
1. The importance of selecting high quality materials for better product design and performance.
2. The four main components in materials science - processing, structure, properties, and performance - and how they interrelate.
3. The main classes of materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and elastomers - and some of their key characteristics.
4. Crystal structures of metals and how they are classified based on atomic packing efficiency. Factors that determine a material's density are also covered.
This document provides an overview of the various physical properties of dental materials, including rheological properties like viscosity and viscoelasticity, thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion, mechanical properties like modulus of elasticity and hardness, electrical properties like galvanism, and chemical properties such as corrosion and tarnish. It discusses these properties in the context of how they impact dental materials during storage, mixing, setting and as a set material. The properties are important to consider when selecting materials to ensure their successful performance for the intended dental application.
The document discusses various optical properties of materials including reflection, refraction, absorption, scattering, transmission, thermal emission, and electro-optic effects. Reflection occurs when light strikes the interface between two media, refraction is when light changes speed and direction when passing from one medium to another, and absorption and scattering describe how light interacts with and loses energy in a material. Transmission is the amount of light that passes through a material. Thermal emission is how heated materials emit light, and electro-optic effects involve changes in optical properties from an applied electric field.
This document provides an overview of construction materials and their classification. It discusses:
1) Different types of materials including amorphous, brittle, building, cementitious, ceramic, construction, ductile, elastic, crystalline, and thermoplastic materials.
2) Methods of classifying materials based on their metallic properties, physical nature, and mode of production.
3) Properties of materials including physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. It also discusses stress-strain behavior and methods for testing materials' mechanical properties.
4) Concepts related to stress-strain diagrams including proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point, modulus of elasticity, and methods for determining modulus of elasticity.
The document discusses mechanical properties of metals and testing methods. It covers various mechanical properties including strength, hardness, ductility, brittleness, toughness, elasticity, and plasticity. Common mechanical tests are also summarized such as tensile testing, hardness testing, impact testing, and fatigue testing. Standard specimens and procedures for tensile and hardness tests are described. True stress and strain are defined in relation to engineering stress and strain. The document also briefly mentions alloys and provides an example of Damascus steel.
This document discusses the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. It describes key physical properties like density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. It also outlines important mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, malleability, brittleness, elasticity, plasticity, toughness, and hardness. Finally, it briefly touches on relevant chemical properties including corrosion resistance and erosion resistance.
Mechanical properties determine a material's behavior under applied forces. They include properties like elasticity, plasticity, strength, stiffness, ductility, malleability, resilience, hardness, brittleness, creep, and fatigue. A thorough understanding of these properties provides the basis for predicting how materials will perform under different loads and stresses, enabling the proper selection and design of engineering materials.
This document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, strength, stiffness, ductility, malleability, resilience, hardness, brittleness, creep, and fatigue. It defines each property and provides examples. Mechanical properties determine a material's behavior under applied forces and are important to understand for predicting how materials will perform under different loading conditions and for component design. The stress-strain curve illustrates a material's elastic and plastic behavior.
The document discusses properties required for building materials and describes various common building materials. It outlines physical properties like density, porosity, durability; mechanical properties like strength, hardness, elasticity; chemical properties like corrosion resistance; and thermal properties like thermal conductivity. Examples of common building materials described include thatch, ice, mud, stone, wood, sand, brick, and cement along with their key properties.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Structural Integrity: Design Against Failure" taught by Dr. Fuad Khoshnaw. The course covers identifying principles of engineering component design, stress-strain curves, material properties, corrosion, fatigue, fracture mechanics, and properties of different materials. Key concepts covered include stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, tensile testing, ductile vs brittle fracture, mechanical properties like strength and toughness, hardness testing, and typical yield strengths of materials. Practical sessions are included to determine properties of different materials.
This document discusses various properties of materials including metals, semiconductors, and ceramics. It provides details on mechanical properties such as stress, strain, strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, and brittleness. Stress is defined as the force per unit area on a body that tends to deform it. Strain is the measure of the extent to which a body is deformed when subjected to stress. Common mechanical properties evaluated for materials include strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, ductility, malleability, and brittleness.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
1. PROPERTIES OF THE ENGINEERING MATERIAL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Mechanical Engineers – calculate the forces
subjected to materials.
Material Scientists – show how materials
deform (elongate, compress, and twist) or break
as a function of applied load, time, temperature,
and other conditions.
Standards – common procedures which are
published by the American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM).
Concepts of Stress and Strain
Normalization to the area – the load is
calculated per unit area to compare specimens
of different sizes.
Stress – force divided by area.
Tension & Compression Tests – the relevant
area is perpendicular to the force.
Shear or Torsion Tests – the area is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
σ = F/A0 (tensile or compressive stress)
τ = F/A0 (shear stress)
MPa = 106
Newtons/m2
A0 = initial area
Deformation Elongation – change in dimensions
as a result of a tensile or compressive stress.
ε = ΔL/L (strain)
True Stress – force divided by the actual area.
Stress-Strain Behavior
Elastic Deformation – when the stress is
removed, the material returns to the dimension
it had before the load was applied.
Elastic Deformation – Deformation is reversible,
non-permanent.
Plastic Deformation – when the stress is
removed, the material does not return to its
previous dimension but there is a permanent,
irreversible deformation.
Elastic – in tensile tests, the stress-strain
relationship is called Hooke’s Law:
σ = E ε
*where E (slope of the stress-strain curve) is
Young’s modulus or Modulus of elasticity.
τ = G γ
*where G is the shear modulus.
Elastic moduli – measure the stiffness of the
material. Related to the second derivative of the
interatomic potential or first derivative of the
force vs. inter-nuclear distance.
Elastic modulus – decreases with temperature. E
is large for ceramics (stronger ionic bond), small
for polymers (weak covalent bond). E depends
on direction for single crystals. For randomly
oriented policrystals, E is isotropic.
Proportional Limit – the region in the strain
curve which obeys Hooke’s Law; the ratio of
stress with strain gives proportionality constant
known as Young’s Modulus.
Elastic Limit – the point in the graph up to which
the material returns to its original position when
the load acting on it is completely removed.
Yield Point or Yield Stress Point – the point at
which the material starts to deform plastically;
there is permanent deformation.
Two Yield Points – upper yield point and lower yield
point.
Yield Point Stress – the stress corresponding to
the yield point.
Ultimate Stress Point – the point corresponding
to the maximum stress that a material can
handle before failure.
Fracture or Breaking Point – the point in the
stress strain curve at which the failure of the
material takes place.
Yield Point – the strain deviates from being
proportional to stress; deform permanently
(plastically).
Hooke’s Law is not valid beyond the yield point.
Yield Stress – measures the resistance to plastic
deformation.
Plastic deformation is caused by the motion of
dislocations.
2. Tensile Strength – the maximum where the
stress-strain passes through when stress
continues in the plastic regime.
Ductility – the property of a solid material which
indicates how easily a material gets deformed
under tensile stress; increases with the rise of
temperature.
Strength – the property of a material which
opposes the deformation or breakdown of
material in presence of external forces or load.
Toughness – the ability of a material to absorb
energy and gets plastically deformed without
fracturing.
Hardness – the ability of a material to resist to
permanent shape change due to external stress.
Various measure of Hardness:
Scratch Hardness – oppose the scratch to outer
surface layer due to external force
Indentation Hardness – oppose the dent due to
punch of external hard and sharp object.
Rebound Hardness – aka dynamic hardness;
height of the “bounce” of a diamond-tipped
hammer dropped from a fixed height on the
material.
Hardenability – the ability of a material to attain
the hardness by heat treatment processing;
inversely proportional to the weld-ability of a
material.
Brittleness – indicates how easily a material gets
fractured when subjected to a force or a load.
Malleability – property of solid material which
indicates how easily a material gets deformed
under compressive stress.
Creep and Slip – Creep – property of material
which indicates the tendency to move slowly and
deform permanently under the influence of
external mechanical stress; Slip – a plane with
high density of atoms.
Resilience – the ability of a material to absorb
the energy when it is deformed elastically by
applying stress and release the energy when
stress is removed.
Proof Resilience – the maximum energy that can
be absorbed without permanent deformation.
Modulus of Resilience – the maximum energy
that can be absorbed per unit volume without
permanent deformation.
Fatigue – the weakening of material caused by
the repeated loading of material.
DUCTILE
Low and medium carbon steel
High capacity to impact test
Has high resistance to deformation
Basically soft
Fails by yielding or necking
Has defined yield point
BRITTLE
High carbon
Low capacity to impact loads
Low resistance to deformation
Basically hard
Fails by fracture
Has no define yield point
AISI AND SAE DESIGNATIONS OF STEEL
X X X X points of carbon
X X X X approximate percentage of alloying element
X X X X class of steel
Class of Steel
1. Carbon
2. Nickel
3. Chrome Nickel
4. Molybdenum
5. Chromium
6. Chrome Vanadium
7. Tungsten
8. Triple Alloy Steel
9. Silicomanganese
Prefixes – indicate the method of producing
steel
A – basic open hearth alloy steel
B – acid Bessemer carbon steel
C – basic open hearth carbon steel
D – acid open hearth carbon steel
E – electric furnace
NE – national emergency steel
Suffixes:
F – free machining steel
H – hardened
3. Chemical Properties
pH – measure of the acidity and basicity of a
solution; pH less than 7 is acidic while pH
greater than 7 is basic or alkaline.
Hygroscopy – the ability of a substance to
attract and hold water molecules from the
surrounding environment through either
absorption or adsorption.
Hygroscopic substances: sugar, honey, glycerol,
ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, sulfuric acid,
methamphetamine, many salts (including table
salt).
Engineering polymers (hygroscopic): nylon,
ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, poly(methyl
methacrylate), polyethylene, polystyrene.
Surface Tension – property of the surface a
liquid that allows it to resist an external force;
caused by the cohesion of like molecules.
Specific Internal Surface Area – a material
property of solids which measures the total
surface area per unit of mass, solid or bulk
volume, or cross-sectional area.
Reactivity – the rate at which a chemical
substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction
in time.
Metals which have naturally slow reaction kinetics,
even though their corrosion is thermodynamically
favorable:
Zinc
Magnesium
Cadmium
Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity (k) – the property of a
material reflecting its ability to conduct heat.
Thermal Resistivity – reciprocal of thermal
conductivity.
Thermal Diffusity – the thermal conductivity
divided by the volumetric heat capacity or
“thermal bulk”.
Thermal Expansion – the tendency of matter to
change in volume in response to a change in
temperature.
Seebeck Coefficient (thermopower) – measure
of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric
voltage in response to a temperature difference
across that material.
Seebeck Effect – the conversion of temperature
differences directly into electricity.
Emissivity – a dimensionless quantity; the
relative ability of a material’s surface to emit
energy by radiation; depends on factors such as
temperature, emission angle and wavelength.
True Black Body – has emissivity of 1
Real Object – has emissivity less than 1
Heat Capacity – the measurable physical
quantity that characterizes the amount of heat
required to change a body’s temperature by a
given amount.
Molar Heat Capacity – heat capacity per mole of
a pure substance
Specific Heat Capacity – “specific heat”; heat
capacity per unit mass of a material
Heat of Vaporization – aka enthalpy of
vaporization or heat of vaporization; energy
required to transform a given quantity of a
substance into a gas at a given pressure (often
atmospheric pressure).
Heat of Fusion – aka enthalpy of fusion, specific
melting heat or latent heat of fusion; change in
enthalpy resulting from the addition or removal
of heat from 1 mole of a substance to change its
state from a solid to a liquid (melting) or the
reverse processes of freezing.
Pyrophoricity – ignite spontaneously in air;
water reactive and will ignite when in contact
with water or humid air. e.g. creation of sparks.
Flammability – how easily something will burn
or ignite, causing fire or combustion.
Autoignition Temperature – or kindling point of
a substance; the lowest temperature at which it
will spontaneously ignite in a normal
atmosphere without an external source of
ignition.
Inversion Temperature – the critical
temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all
gases in reality) that is expanded at constant
enthalpy will experience a temperature
decrease, and above will experience a
temperature increase.
Joule-Thomson Effect – temperature change
when a non-ideal gas is expanded at constant
enthalpy; exploited in the liquefaction of gases.
4. Critical Point (critical state) – specifies the
conditions (temperature, pressure and
sometimes composition) at which a phase
boundary ceases to exist.
Critical Point of Water
647 K (374 degrees Celsius or 705 degrees
Fahrenheit) and 22.064 MPa (3200 psia or 218
atm)
Glass Transition Temperature – the reversible
transition in amorphous materials from a hard
and relatively brittle state into a molten or
rubber-like state.
Eutectic Point – the minimum freezing point
attainable corresponding to the eutectic mixture
(which means lowest melting point); this is the
point where all the three phases of the solid-
liquid system namely, liquid melt of the two
metals and the solid phases of each of the
components respectively co-exist at equilibrium.
Melting Point – the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the solid and liquid are equal.
Freezing Point or Crystallization Point – the
temperature of the reverse change from liquid to
solid.
Boiling Point – the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
environmental pressure surrounding the liquid.
Normal Boiling Point (atmospheric boiling point
or atmospheric pressure boiling point) – of a
liquid is the special case in which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the defined
atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1
atmosphere.
Saturation Temperature – “boiling point”; the
temperature for a corresponding saturation
pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor
phase.
Triple Point – the temperature and pressure at
which three phases of a substance coexist in
thermodynamic equilibrium.
Triple Point of Water
273.16 K (0.01 degrees Celsius), 611.73 Pa (ca.
6.1173 millibars, 0.0060373057 atm).
Flash Point – the lowest temperature at which it
can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air;
requires an ignition source.
Curie Point – the temperature at which a
ferromagnetic or a ferromagnetic material
becomes paramagnetic on heating; the effect is
reversible.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Conductivity – a measure of a
material’s ability to conduct an electric current;
reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
Permittivity – the measure of how much
resistance is encountered when forming an
electric field in a medium; relates to a material’s
ability to transmit or permit an electric field.
Dielectrics – materials possessing high electrical
resistivities.
Dielectric Constant – relative permittivity of a
material for a frequency of zero; ratio of the
amount of electrical energy stored in a material
by an applied voltage.
Dielectric Strength – the maximum electric field
strength that a material can withstand
intrinsically without breaking down.
Factors Affecting Dielectric Strength
Thickness of specimen (directly proportional)
Operating temperature (inversely proportional)
Frequency (inversely proportional)
Humidity (inversely proportional)
Piezoelectric Constant – the measure of charge
which accumulates in certain solid materials in
response to applied mechanical strain.
Piezoelectricity – electricity resulting from
pressure
Applications of Piezoelectricity
Electric Cigarette lighter
(sensor application) Piezoelectric Microphones
& Piezoelectric pickups for Acoustic-electric
guitars
Loudspeakers
Inkjet Printers
5. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Diamagnetism – a property of all materials and
opposes applied magnetic fields, but is very
weak.
Paramagnetism – stronger than diamagnetism
and produces magnetization in the direction of
the applied field, and proportional to the applied
field.
Ferromagnetic – its effects are very large,
producing magnetizations sometimes orders of
magnitude greater than the applied field and
larger than either diamagnetic or paramagnetic
effects.
Optical Properties – a material’s response to
exposure to electromagnetic radiation and, in
particular, to visible light.
Optical Properties of Nonmetals
Reflection – bouncing of light as it hits the
surface of a material
Refraction – a change in direction and speed in a
ray of light as it passes through a material
Luminescence – a phenomenon in which
materials are capable of absorbing energy and
then reemitting visible light.
MATERIAL TESTING
Tensile Testing – aka tension testing; a
fundamental materials science test in which a
sample is subjected to a controlled tension until
failure; measures strength and ductility.
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) – most
common testing machine used in tensile testing;
has two crossheads; one is adjusted for length of
specimen and the other is driven to apply
tension.
Elongation measurement – used to calculate the
engineering strain.
Compression Testing – a method for
determining the behavior of materials under a
compressive load.
Impact Testing – measure an object’s ability to
resist high-rate loading; most commonly consists
of Charpy and IZOD Specimen Configurations.
Impact Test Specimen Types (Notch Configurations)
V-Notch
U-Notch
Key-Hole Notch
Un-notched
ISO (DIN) V-Notch
(with capabilities of impact testing subsize specimens
down to ¼ size)
Izod Impact Test – consists of a pendulum with a
determined weight at the end of its arm swinging
down and striking the specimen while it is held
securely in a vertical position; the notch is
positioned facing the striker.
Georges Charpy – modified the Izod Impact Test
to hold the specimen in a horizontal rather than
a vertical position.
The IZOD Impact Test, like the Charpy Impact Test, is also
used to test materials at low temperature to try to
simulate conditions that may occur in the actual use of
the material.
Charpy Impact Test – measures the energy
absorbed by a standard notched specimen while
breaking under an impact load; used as an
economical quality control method to determine
notch sensitivity and impact toughness.
Hardness Test – measures a material’s strength
by determining resistance to penetration.
Hardness tests are performed more frequently bcos:
Simple and inexpensive
Nondestructive
Other mechanical properties may be estimated
from hardness data, such as tensile strength
Rockwell Hardness Test – measured according
to depth of indentation under a constant load;
most widely used hardness test in US & generally
accepted due: (1) its speed (2) freedom from
personal error (3) ability to distinguish small
hardness difference (4) small size of indentation
The dial contains 100 divisions, each division
representing a penetration of 0.002mm.
Rockwell Number – represents the difference in
depth from the zero reference position as a
result of the applied major load.
The Brinell Hardness Test – consists of indenting
the test material with a 10mm diameter
hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a
6. load of 3000kg; the best for achieving the bulk or
macro-hardness of a material, particularly those
with heterogeneous structures.
Brinell Ball – makes the deepest and widest
indentation.
Vickers Hardness Test – consists of indenting the
test material with a diamond indenter, in the
form of a right pyramid with a square base and
an angle of 136 degrees bet. opposite faces
subjected to a load of 1 to 100kgf.
Microhardness Test – refers to static
indentations made with loads not exceeding
1kgf; the indenter is ether the Vickers diamond
pyramid or the Knoop elongated diamond
pyramid.
Knop Indenter – a diamond ground to pyramidal
form that produces a diamond shaped
indentation having approximate ratio between
long and short diagonals of 7:1.; depth of
indentation = 1/30 of its length.
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) – a wide group of
analysis techniques used in science and industry
to evaluate the properties of a material,
component or system without causing damage.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) – very short ultrasonic
pulse-waves that detect internal flaws or to
characterize materials (center frequencies
ranging from 0.1 to 15MHz)
Two Methods of receiving Ultrasound waveform:
Reflection (pulse-echo)
Attenuation (through-transmission)
Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) – inducing a
magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and
then dusting the surface with iron particles
which concentrate near imperfections,
previewing a visual indication of the flaw.
Radiographic Testing (RT) – or industrial
radiography, is a nondestructive testing (NDT)
method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws
by using the ability of short wavelength
electromagnetic radiation (high energy photons)
to penetrate materials.
Neutron radiographic testing (NRT) – a variant
of radiographic testing which uses neurons
instead of photons to penetrate materials.
Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI) or Liquid
Penetrant Inspection (LPI) or Penetrant Testing
(PT) – widely applied and low-cost inspection
method used to locate surface-breaking defects
in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or
ceramics).
Characteristics of a Penetrant
Spread easily over the surface of the material
being inspected
Be drawn into surface breaking defects by
capillary action
Remain in the defect but remove easily from the
surface of the part
Remain fluid so it can be drawn back to the
surface through drying and developing steps
Be highly visible or fluoresce brightly
Not be harmful to the material or the inspector
Types of Penetrant Materials
Fluorescent Penetrants – contain a dye or
several dyes that fluoresce when exposed to UV
radiation.
- more sensitive than visible penetrants
because the eye is drawn to the glow of the
fluorescing indication.
Visible penetrants – contain red dye that
provides high contrast to white developer
background.
- do not require a darkened area and an UV
light in order to make an inspection.
- less vulnerable to contamination from
things.
Methods of Penetrant Materials
Water Washable – can be removed from the
part by rinsing with water alone.
Post-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic – the penetrant is
oil soluble and interacts with the oil-based
emulsifier to make removal possible.
Solvent Removable – require the use of a
solvent to remove the penetrant from the part.
Post-Emulsifiable, Hydrophilic – uses an
emulsifier that is a water soluble detergent
which lifts the excess penetrant from the surface
of the part with a water wash.