Properties of Building Materials with respect to climate

1. Building Materials and Sciences AR 103
Constituents and Properties of Building
Materials with respect to Climate part 2
By Anupama Chawla

2. What are the properties required for
Building Materials?
 For a material to be considered for building purposes,
it should have the following properties:
 Physical Properties
 Mechanical Properties
 Chemical Properties
 Electrical Properties
 Magnetic Properties
 Thermal Properties

3. Physical Properties
 These are the properties required to estimate
the quality and condition of the material without
any external force.
 Bulk density
 Porosity
 Durability
 Density
 Density index
 Specific gravity
 Fire resistance
 Frost resistance
 Weathering resistance
 Spalling resistence
 Water absorption
 Water permeability
 Hygroscopicity
 Coefficient of softening
 Refractoriness

4. Physical Properties
 Bulk density is the ratio of mass to the volume of the material in its natural state
that is including voids and pores. It is expressed in kg/m3. Bulk density
influences the mechanical properties of materials like strength, heat and
conductivity etc.
 Porosity gives the volume of the material occupied by pores. It is the ratio of
volume of pores to the volume of material. Porosity influences many properties
like thermal conductivity, strength, bulk density, durability etc.
 The property of a material to withstand against the combined action of
atmospheric and other factors is known as durability of material. If the material
is more durable, it will be useful for longer life.
 Density is the ratio of mass of the material to its volume in homogeneous state.
Almost all the physical properties of materials are influenced by its density
values.
 Ratio of bulk density of material to its density is termed as density index. Hence
it gives the volume of solid matter in the material. In nature, fully dense material

5. Physical Properties
 Specific gravity is the ratio of mass of given substance to the mass of
water at 4oC for the equal volumes.
 Fire Resistance: The ability to withstand against fire without changing its
shape and other properties. Fire resistance of a material is tested by the
combined actions of water and fire. Fireproof materials should provide more
safety in case of fire.
 Frost resistance: The ability of a material to resist freezing or thawing is
called frost resistance. It is depends upon the density and bulk density of
material. Denser materials will have more frost resistance. Moist material
have low frost resistance and they lose their strength in freezing and
become brittle.
 Weathering resistance: The property of a material to withstand against all
atmospheric actions without losing its strength and shape. Weathering
effects the durability of material. For example corrosion occurs in iron due to
weathering. To resist this paint layer is provided.
 The ability of a material to undergo certain number of cycles of sharp

6. Physical Properties
 The capacity of a material to absorb and retain water in it is known as water
absorption. It is expressed in % of weight of dry material. It depends up on
the size, shape and number of pores of material.
 The ability of a material to permit water through it is called water
permeability. Dense materials like glass metals etc. are called impervious
materials which cannot allow water through it.
 Hygroscopicity is the property of a material to absorb water vapor from the air.
It depends on the relative humidity, porosity, air temperature etc.
 Coefficient of softening of a material is the ration of compressive strength of a
saturated material to its compressive strength in dry state. It affects the strength
of water absorbent materials like soil.
 Refractoriness: The property of a material which cannot melts or lose its shape
at prolonged high temperatures (1580oC or more).
 Example: fire clay is high refractory material.

7. Mechanical Properties
 Mechanical properties of the materials are found
out by applying external forces on them. These
are very important properties which are
responsible for behavior of a material in its job.
The mechanical properties are:
 Strength
 Hardness
 Elasticity
 Plasticity
 Brittleness
 Fatigue
 Impact strength
 Abrasion resistance
 Creep

8. Mechanical properties
 The capacity of a material to resist failure caused by loads acting on it is
called as strength. The load may be compressive, tensile or bending. It
is determined by dividing the ultimate load taken by the material with its
cross sectional area.
 Hardness:The property of a materials to resist scratching by a harder
body. MOHS scale is used to determine the hardness of a materials.
 The capacity of a material to regain its initial shape and size after
removal of load is known as elasticity and the material is called as
elastic material. Ideally elastic materials obey Hooke’s law in which
stress is directly proportional to strain. Which gives modulus of elasticity
as the ratio of unit stress to unit deformation. Higher the value of
modulus of elasticity lower the deformations.
 Plasticity: When the load is applied on the material, if it will undergo
permanent deformation without cracking and retain this shape after the
removal of load then it is said to be plastic material and this property is
called as plasticity. E.g. steel
 When the material is subjected to load, if it fails suddenly without
causing any deformation then it is called brittle material and this
property is called as brittleness. E.g concrete

9. Mechanical properties
 If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure occurs at
some point which is lower than the failure point caused by steady loads.
This behavior is known as fatigue.
 If a material is subjected to sudden loads and it will undergo some
deformation without causing rupture is known as its impact strength. It
designates the toughness of material.
 The loss of material due to rubbing of particles while working is called
abrasion. The abrasion resistance for a material makes it durable and
provided long life.
 Creep the deformation caused by constant loads for long periods. It is
time dependent and occurs at very slow rate. It is almost negligible in
normal conditions. But at high temperature conditions creep occur
rapidly.

10. Chemical Properties
 The properties of materials against the chemical
actions or chemical combinations are termed as
chemical properties. And they are
 Chemical resistance: The ability of a construction materials to resist
the effects by chemicals like acids, salts and alkalis is known as
chemical resistance. Underground installations, constructions near sea
etc. should be built with great chemical resistance.
 Corrosion resistance: Formation of rust (iron oxide) in metals, when
they are subjected to atmosphere is called as corrosion. So, the metals
should be corrosive resistant. To increase the corrosion resistance
proper measures should be considered. Otherwise it will damage the
whole structure.

11. Electrical and Magnetic
properties
 Electrical Properties of Building Materials
 The properties of a material to conduct or to resist
electricity through them are electrical properties of
material. For example, wood have great electric
resistance and stainless steel is a good conductor
of electricity.
 Magnetic Properties of Building Materials
 The magnetic properties of materials like
permeability, hysteresis etc. are required in the
case of generators etc. iron is magnetic material
and aluminum is non-magnetic material.

12. Thermal Properties
 Thermal capacity: Thermal capacity is the property of a material
to absorb heat and it is required to design proper ventilation. It
influences the thermal stability of walls. It is expressed in J/N oC
 Thermal conductivity: The amount of heat transferred through
unit area of specimen with unit thickness in unit time is termed as
thermal conductivity. It is measured in kelvins. It depends on
material structure, porosity, density and moisture content. High
porous materials, moist materials have more thermal
conductivity.
 Thermal resistivity: It is the ability to resist heat conduction. And
it is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity. When it is multiplied by
thickness of material it gives thermal resistance. Thermal
resistivity of soil varies from 30 to 500 0C-cm/W.
 Specific heat: Specific heat is the quantity of heat required to
heat 1 N of material by 1oC. Specific heat is useful when we use
the material in high temperature areas

13. 1. Brush/thatch
 Thatching grass is a waxy organic material that is packed to a density
of approximately 35 kg/m2 throughout the roof.
 Thatch is not fire proof, as any other combustible material. However
people living in thatch roof homes are more aware of the fire risk. Also,
Thatch roofs occasionally do harbour insects. Thatch will last far longer
in a climate that is either hot and dry or cool and damp. Should the
climate be hot (30 degrees plus) and high humidity, the conditions for
fungal growth is good and leads to deterioration of the roof in a far
shorter time. Weathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- Yes
Water permeability- No
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat
Strength- no
Hardness -no
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-no
Susceptible to
birds
Material Used in Tropical and Temperate

14. 2. Ice/ Snow
 An unusual property of ice frozen at
atmospheric pressure is that the solid is
approximately 8.3% less dense than
liquid water. The density of ice is 0.9167
g/cm3 at 0 °C, whereas water has a
density of 0.9998 g/cm³ at the same
temperature. Liquid water is densest,
essentially 1.00 g/cm³, at 4 °C. Volume
of ice is less than that of water. Hence
ice floats on water!
Jukkasjärvi Hotel, Sweden
The village Jukkasjärvi, is famous
worldwide for its amazing ‘Ice Hotel’, which is
constructed entirely from ice and snow since
1990 and situated in harmony with its
context. The Ice Hotel represents every year
an impressive example of revolutionary
architecture. What is interesting and really
hard to believe is that the hotel is built every
year in December and melts in April with
about four months life-long only. The ice is
used as the main building material, which is
brought from the nearby Torne River.
Strength- yes
Hardness -yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-yes
Susceptible to heat
Density=480 kg/m3
Material used in Polar regions

15. 3. Mud
 Mud bricks consist of clay, water, and binding material such as rice
husks or straw. The advantages of mud brick include its low-cost and
great thermal behavior.
 Disadvantages include: mud brick may tend to erode under rain
impact; absorption of water causes swelling of mud brick, while
evaporation of water from the mud brick gives rise to shrinkage and
cracking; and mud brick is a relatively fragile material, which cannot
resist earthquake hazards
Density=1520 kg/m3 (packed earth)
Weathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- Yes
Water permeability-yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
Strength- yes
Hardness -yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-yes
Wattle and daub
COB
construction
Rammed earth
Adobe Blocks
Susceptible to Termites
Material Used in Hot and Humid

16. 4. Stone/ Rock
 Rock (mineral), naturally occurring solid material consisting of one or mor
e minerals. Minerals are solid, naturally occurring chemical elements or co
mpounds that are homogenous, meaning they have a definite chemical co
mposition and a very regular arrangement of atoms. Rocks are everywher
e, in the ground, forming mountains, and at the bottom of the oceans. E
arth’s outer layer, or crust, is made mostly of rock. Some common rocks
include granite and basalt.
Material Density (kg/m3)
Steel 7800 – 7900
Brick 2500 -2800
Granite 2600 – 2900
Weathering resistance- yes
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- Yes
Water permeability- No
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-
yes
Material can be used in any climatic

17. 5. Wood/ Timber
 Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after stone.
Despite its complex chemical nature, wood has excellent properties which lend
themselves to human use.
 Following are its properties:
 Specific gravity= 0.3 to 0.9
 Exceptionally strong relative to its weight
 A good heat and electrical insulator;
 of increasing importance
 It is a renewable and biodegradable resource
 Density=0.16 (Balsa) to 0.9 (teak) kg/m3
 Swelling and shrinking takes place
 Susceptible to Moisture, fungi, Insects, AntsWeathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- Yes
Water permeability- Yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
Not fire resistant
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-
yes
Tensile strength of wood with
0,6/cm3 specific gravity is
100 N/mm2
Material can be used in Hot/Cold and Dry
Metropol
Parasol
Spain, Archi
tect Jürgen
Mayer
Wood used-
birch

18. 6 . Sand
 Sand is loose particles of hard broken rock, it comprises of grains from
disintegrated rock. The diameter of grains ranges between 0.06 and 2.0mm in
size and varies in shades of brown and orange in colour. Most sand is made of
quartz, which is largely silicon oxide. Following are its types:
 Pit/Coarse sand (badarpur)
 River sand
 Crushed stone sand
 Density=1600 kg/m3
Weathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- Yes
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- no
Not used by itself
Strength- no
Hardness -no
Elasticity-yes
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-no

19. 7. Brick
 Bricks are usually laid flat and are usually bonded forming a structure to
increase its stability and strength. There are several types of bricks used
many of them being about eight inches long and four inches thick.
 Common Burnt Clay Bricks
 Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)
 Engineering Bricks
 Concrete Bricks
 Fly ash Clay Bricks
 Density=1920 kg/m3
Weathering resistance- Yes
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- yes
Water permeability- Yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
Weak in tension
High compressive strength
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-no
Durability-yes
Compressive /Crushing strength of bricks
(Indian Made) are very variable, and may vary
from 30 kg/sq. cm to 150 kg/sq. cm for hand-
made burnt bricks, while Crushing strength
of heavy duty bricks machine pressed (also
called engineering bricks) may have
compressive strength as high as 450kg/sq.
cm, and even 500 kg/sq. cm. The minimum
crushing / compressive strengths of burnt
bricks tested flat-wise prescribed are:
(i) Common building bricks—35 kg/sq. cm,
(ii) Second class bricks—70 kg/sq. cm,
(iii) First class bricks— 105 kg/sq. cm.
(iv) Crushing strength of bricks not less than
140 kg/sq. cm are graded as AA class.
Material Used in Temperate, Hot and Dry

20. 8. Cement
 Cement is a fine, gray powder that is
used as a construction binding
material.When mixed with water, cement
reacts chemically and becomes hard and
strong. Cement is categorized as either
hydraulic or nonhydraulic, depending on
how it mixes with water..
 Cement is made by combining silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium and other
chemicals in a controlled mixture. Other
materials added to the mixture include
chalk, clay, slate and limestone. When
combined, the ingredients form a hard
substance that is ground into cement.
Density=1506 kg/m3
Weathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- yes
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
High compressive strength
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-no
Durability-yes

21. 9. Concrete
 Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination
of aggregate and a binder such as cement. The most common form of
concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate
(generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water.
 After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like
material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to
by the term "concrete".
 Density=2370 kg/m3
 Corrosion resistant
 Binds rapidly with steel, weak in tension
 Tendency to shrink due to loss of water
 Its formed on site and its qualities depend on the people handling it
Weathering resistance- No
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- yes
Water permeability- yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
High compressive strength
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-
yes
Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia

22. 10. Metal
 Think of the greatest structures of the 19th century—the Eiffel Tower, the
Capitol, the Statue of Liberty—and you'll be thinking of iron.
 Combined with varying (but tiny) amounts of carbon, iron makes a much
stronger material called steel, used in a huge range of human-made
objects, from cutlery to warships, skyscrapers, and space rockets.
 Density=7208 kg/m3
 Malleable into shapes
 Conducts electricity and heat
 Tendency to react with moisture in air causing rust
 Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, nickel and chromium
Weathering resistance- yes
Spalling resistence - no
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- no
Bad conductor of heat- no
High compressive strength
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-no
Durability-yes
Structural steel members, such as I-
beams, have high second moments
of area, which allow them to be very
stiff in respect to their cross-
sectional area.

23. 11. Plastics
 Plastic is the generic name for a family of synthetic materials derived from petrochemicals.
It is often product of two or more components.
 There are many families of plastics and polymers being used in construction industry.
Examples of plastics used in building are:
 Acrylic
 Composites
 Expanded Polystyrene
 Polycarbonate
 Polyethylene
 Polypropylene
 Polyvinyl Chloride
 Density of poly urethane=24-29 kg/m3
 Malleable into shapes
 Do not rot or corrode
 Conducts electricity and heat
 Lightweight and easy to install
 Low conductor of heat and
 bad conductor of electricity
Weathering resistance- yes
Spalling resistence - no
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- no
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-yes
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-
yes
Durability-yes

24. 12. Paper
 Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp
derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile
material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of
industrial and construction processes.
 Shigeru Ban collaborated with German architect/engineer Frei Otto (another one of Ban's
main influences) on an even more daring and highly visible long-span structure for
the Japan Pavilion Expo 2000 Hannover. Addressing the Expo theme "Man, Nature,
Technology" by using materials that could be easily reused or recycled after the five-month
exhibition period, Ban and Otto developed a lattice-like structure of paper tubes more than
35 meters long that were erected in the horizontal position and then jacked up into the
resulting billowy form. A secondary wood-arch structure above the tubes held the roof
membrane and provided secondary support for the tubes.
 Density =250-1500 kg/m3
Weathering resistance- no
Spalling resistence - no
Water absorption- yes
Water permeability- yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- no
Bad conductor of heat- yes
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-no
Japan Pavilion Expo 2000 Hannover,

25. 13.Foam
 Sheet foam is found in many different varieties, and each has different properties that will
make one more appropriate than another in a certain situation. In construction, sheet foam
is widely used as a convenient and effective form of insulation.
 LAST-A-FOAM® R-9300 CONSTRUCTION FOAM BLOCK INSULATION
 The R-9300 Structural Continuous Insulation Series is a high-density rigid cellular
polyurethane block designed to support structural loads while insulating buildings. Cellular
polyurethane is a natural insulator, and formulated in these high-density blocks, it provides
the strength to support large compressive loads with little deflection. At the same time, it
offers economical, code-required continuous insulation that reduces loads on cooling
equipment for lower energy costs.
 Density = 300-640 kg/m3
Weathering resistance- yes
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat- yes
High compressive strength
Strength- no
Hardness -no
Elasticity-yes
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-
yes
Foam sheetsFoam blocks

26. 14.Ceramic Tile
 A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or
even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such
as tabletops. .
 Resistance to Abrasion:It specifies the resistance of the tile to mechanical damage
resulting from the impact of the abrasive factor. Grade 0 to grade 5.
 Freeze Resistance: the ceramic tiles, which are to be laid out at places exposed to the
impact of negative temperatures, should have the declared freeze-resistance
 Thermal shock , Chemical resistance and Stain resistant tiles
• Density = 2790-3000 kg/m3
Weathering resistance-
yes
Spalling resistence - yes
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat-
yes
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-
yes
Façade-Dome of the Rock,

27. 15. Fabric
 Fabric structures are tensile structures in which a membrane is 'stretched' to form a three-
dimensional surface that can be used to create a roof, shading, or decorative component.
Sometimes described as 'modern tents', fabric structures use very little material compared
to other forms of construction, and are typically translucent, but they provide little thermal
mass or insulation and can have a shorter lifespan than some other materials.
 Unlike conventional roofing systems, fabric structures can cover very large areas with no
supporting columns. This makes them particularly suitable for buildings such as sports
faculties, auditoriums, shopping centres, transport interchanges and so on.
 The concept was implemented on a large scale by David H. Geiger with the United States
pavilion at Expo '70 inOsaka, Japan in 1970 . It is usually dome-shaped, since this shape
creates the greatest volume for the least amount of material. To maintain structural
integrity, the structure must be pressurized such that the internal pressure equals or
exceeds any external pressure being applied to the structure (i.e. wind pressure). The
structure does not have to be airtight to retain structural integrity—as long as the
pressurization system that supplies internal pressure replaces any air leakage, the
structure will remain stable.
 Density= 2.6-6 g/cm3
Weathering
resistance- yes
Spalling resistence -
yes
Water absorption- yes
Water permeability-
yes
Hygroscopicity- yes
Insulating- yes
Strength- no
Hardness -no
Elasticity-yes
Plasticity-no
Brittleness-no
United States pavilion - Osaka,
Japan, Expo ‘70

28. 16. Glass
 Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically
used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows
in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an
architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type,
which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
 Glass block, also known as glass brick, is an architectural element made
from glass used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired while
admitting light, such as underground parking garages, washrooms, and
municipal swimming baths.
 Density= 2580 kg/m3
Weathering
resistance- yes
Spalling resistence -
yes
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat-
yes
Fire retardant- yes
Transparent
Strength- no
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-
yes

29. 17. Gypcrete
 Gypsum is a white to gray mineral found in the earth’s crust. It is chemically
known as hydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O) which are obtained through
mining from vast veins.
 Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used
in wood-frame and concrete construction for fire ratings, sound
reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling. It is a mixture
of gypsum plaster, Portland cement, and sand. The brand name Gyp-Crete, a
Maxxon Corporation trademark, has come into general use as a term for
gypsum concrete by construction professionals and architects.
 Rapidwall, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm
plus fibreglass rovings, is used to make partition walls.
 Density= 1762 kg/m3
Weathering
resistance- yes
Spalling resistence -
yes
Water absorption- no
Water permeability- no
Hygroscopicity- no
Insulating- yes
Bad conductor of heat-
yes
Fire retardant- yes
Thermal insulation-
Strength- yes
Hardness -
yes
Elasticity-no
Plasticity-yes
Brittleness-
yes

30. Thatch
Ice
Mud
Stone
Wood
Sand
Brick
Cement
Concret
e
Metal
Plastics
Paper
Foam
Ceramic
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
y
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
ation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
ent ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
0.26 0.1 0.7 0.00 0.11 0.16 0.3 0.6 0.11 0.00 0.0 0.01 6.3 0.01

31. Bibliography
 http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Building%20Materia
ls%20in%20Civil%20Engineering/Chapter%202%20T
he%20Basic%20Properties%20of%20Building%20Ma
terials.pdf
 https://www.slideshare.net/mohammadnaserrozy/phys
ical-properties-of-building-materials
 http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/313courseE/L
36A.pdf
 https://theconstructor.org/building/properties-of-
building-materials.../14891/
 http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/712/mud-
architecture-construction-details-and-tech
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fabric_stru
ctures
 Sruthi G S; Mud Architecture; Research article
published in International Journal of innovative
research in Science, Engineering and Technology,