Yarn is made by twisting fibers together and can be made from natural or synthetic materials. There are two main types of yarn: spun yarn which twists staple fibers together, and filament yarn which consists of very long continuous filaments twisted or grouped together. Fabric is constructed through processes like weaving, knitting, crocheting, braiding and macrame. Weaving involves interlacing warp and weft yarns at right angles, knitting forms loops using one or more yarns, and crocheting interlocks loops using a hook. Embroidery is also used to decorate fabrics.

1. MATERIAL STUDIES

2. YARN
 Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres,
suitable for use in the production
of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving,
embroidery, or ropemaking.
 Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand
or machine.

3.  Yarn can be made from a number
of natural or synthetic fibers.
There are two main types of yarn: Spun and Filament.
 Spun yarn is made by twisting staple fibres together to
make a cohesive thread, or "single.“
 Filament yarn consists of filament fibres (very long
continuous fibres) either twisted together or only
grouped together.

4. PROCESS
 Twisting fibres into yarn in the process
called spinning.
 Yarn is composed of twisted strands of
fiber, which are known as plies when
grouped together. These strands of yarn
are twisted together in the opposite
direction to make a thicker yarn.
Depending on the direction of this final
twist, the yarn will have
either s-twist (the threads appear to go
"up" to the left) or z-twist (to the right).

5. METHODS OF FABRIC
CONSTRUCTION

6. WEAVING
 Weaving is the most popular
method of fabric construction
used. It involves interlacing of
yarns as a means to manufacture
the fabrics.
 Each yarn is called either a warp
(vertical) or a weft (horizontal)
and they are interlaced at right
angles to make a fabric structure.
 The resultant in a Woven
Fabric and variations are made
to make different types of woven
fabrics.

7. WOVEN FABRICS

8. KNITTING
 Knitting is a process that
involves intermeshing loops of
yarns to manufacture fabrics. In
simpler words, loops are formed
using one or more yarns in
preceding and succeeding rows.
The resultant fabric is called
a Knitted Fabric and it is later
used in garments such as t-shirts,
sweatshirts etc.

9. KNITTED FABRICS

11. CROCHET
 Crochet is a process of
creating fabric
by interlocking loops of
yarn, thread, or strands of
other materials using a
crochet hook.

12. BRAIDING
 Braiding is a simple form of fabric construction began as a
handicraft for the construction of decorative fabrics.
 A braid is a rope like structure, which is made by
interweaving three or more strands, strips, or lengths, in a
diagonally crisscrossing overlapping pattern.

13. MACRAME
 Macrame uses the techniques of looping and knotting
yarns. Macrame is a form of textile making, using knotting
techniques.

14. EMBROIDERY
 One of the most important element in fashion
is Embroidery. To make the materials beautiful
embroidery is added.
TYPES OF EMBROIDERY
 Free embroidery
 Surface embroidery
 Counted thread embroidery
 Kinari embroidery
 Gota embroidery
 Phulkari embroidery

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