This report, prepared on behalf of the International Magnesium Association (IMA), presents the findings of a comprehensive material flow analysis of magnesium (metal) in the EU for 2012. This study’s findings supersede those presented for magnesium (metal) in the 2015 Material System Analysis (MSA) study produced for DG-GROW
The document discusses pollution from coke ovens in India. It describes the basic coke oven process and the various sources of pollution, including charging emissions, diffuse emissions from gas leaks, combustion emissions, and quenching emissions. It provides data on India's coke production capacity and compares India's air emission standards to European and US standards. The standards for new, rebuilt, and existing coke oven batteries in India are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses pollution control equipment required and provides data on fugitive emission and stack PM emission compliance and levels at various Indian steel plants.
Production of aluminum (emphasis on energy and materials requirements) Thanos Paraschos
This document summarizes the production of aluminum through primary and secondary processes. Primary production involves refining bauxite ore through the Bayer process to produce alumina, which is then reduced to aluminum using the Hall-Héroult electrolysis process. Secondary production recycles scrap aluminum, which requires only 5% of the energy of primary production. Globally in 2010, 41.1 million tons of aluminum were produced using 210 million tons of bauxite as input. The production processes are energy intensive, requiring around 15 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of aluminum, or about 3% of global electricity production.
This document provides a summary of Anil Maurya's practical training report at Hindustan Zinc Limited's Chanderia Lead-Zinc Smelter in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan from July 16 to August 16, 2013. The report describes the various processes at the smelter plant including the sinter plant, zinc circuit, wet gas scrubber system, and lead circuit. It also includes an introduction to the company and location, safety procedures, abbreviations used, and the power and motor control systems. The sinter plant section focuses on raw material handling, proportioning, the sinter machine, product handling, and ventilation systems. Large motors up to 2600KW are used including the SO2
Este documento analisa a formação de colagem em cerâmicas refratárias usadas como revestimento interno em fornos de cal. A autora realizou experimentos simulando a reação entre o óxido de cálcio produzido e diferentes materiais refratários, a fim de estender a vida útil dos fornos e produzir cal de melhor qualidade. Os resultados indicam que refratários de alumina com baixo teor de sílica apresentam menor formação de colagem. A análise contribui para o entendimento das interações químicas no forno e a se
This document summarizes the inspection and alignment of a cooler with two grates. Measurements showed gaps of up to 10 mm between moving frames and side walls in the second grate, indicating misalignment. Beam levels in both grates also varied by over 1mm in places. Adjustments are recommended by adding or removing shims of up to 11 mm to realign the moving frames and level the beams.
The document discusses pollution from coke ovens in India. It describes the basic coke oven process and the various sources of pollution, including charging emissions, diffuse emissions from gas leaks, combustion emissions, and quenching emissions. It provides data on India's coke production capacity and compares India's air emission standards to European and US standards. The standards for new, rebuilt, and existing coke oven batteries in India are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses pollution control equipment required and provides data on fugitive emission and stack PM emission compliance and levels at various Indian steel plants.
Production of aluminum (emphasis on energy and materials requirements) Thanos Paraschos
This document summarizes the production of aluminum through primary and secondary processes. Primary production involves refining bauxite ore through the Bayer process to produce alumina, which is then reduced to aluminum using the Hall-Héroult electrolysis process. Secondary production recycles scrap aluminum, which requires only 5% of the energy of primary production. Globally in 2010, 41.1 million tons of aluminum were produced using 210 million tons of bauxite as input. The production processes are energy intensive, requiring around 15 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of aluminum, or about 3% of global electricity production.
This document provides a summary of Anil Maurya's practical training report at Hindustan Zinc Limited's Chanderia Lead-Zinc Smelter in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan from July 16 to August 16, 2013. The report describes the various processes at the smelter plant including the sinter plant, zinc circuit, wet gas scrubber system, and lead circuit. It also includes an introduction to the company and location, safety procedures, abbreviations used, and the power and motor control systems. The sinter plant section focuses on raw material handling, proportioning, the sinter machine, product handling, and ventilation systems. Large motors up to 2600KW are used including the SO2
Este documento analisa a formação de colagem em cerâmicas refratárias usadas como revestimento interno em fornos de cal. A autora realizou experimentos simulando a reação entre o óxido de cálcio produzido e diferentes materiais refratários, a fim de estender a vida útil dos fornos e produzir cal de melhor qualidade. Os resultados indicam que refratários de alumina com baixo teor de sílica apresentam menor formação de colagem. A análise contribui para o entendimento das interações químicas no forno e a se
This document summarizes the inspection and alignment of a cooler with two grates. Measurements showed gaps of up to 10 mm between moving frames and side walls in the second grate, indicating misalignment. Beam levels in both grates also varied by over 1mm in places. Adjustments are recommended by adding or removing shims of up to 11 mm to realign the moving frames and level the beams.
The document describes the process of refining copper from its ore. There are several key steps:
1) Mining the copper ore from underground deposits. 2) Crushing and grinding the ore to liberate copper particles from waste rock. 3) Concentrating the ore using froth flotation to separate copper minerals from waste gangue. 4) Extracting copper through roasting to form copper oxide and smelting to produce copper matte and remove iron. 5) Further refining copper using bessemerization and electrorefining or distillation to produce high purity copper.
Graham, Stephen. "Lessons in urbicide." New Left Review (2003): 63-78. APA Stephen Graham
This document summarizes and analyzes Israel's strategy of "urbicide" or deliberate destruction of Palestinian urban areas and infrastructure. It describes Operation Defensive Shield in 2002 where the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) demolished over 1,500 homes in the Jenin refugee camp, leaving thousands homeless. It argues this went beyond dismantling terrorist infrastructure and was intended to destroy the foundations of a Palestinian state. It discusses how urbicide is part of a broader strategy combining expanded Jewish settlements, economic strangulation of Palestinians, and discriminatory building regulations. The document analyzes the ideological justifications for urbicide, including demographic anxieties about Arab population growth and metaphors that depict uncontrolled Palestinian urbanization as a "cancer" or threat to
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
This document provides an overview of rotary kilns, including how they work, common processes they are used for, and considerations for sizing and design. Rotary kilns rotate solids at high temperatures to cause chemical reactions or physical changes. They are comprised of a rotating cylinder and can be direct-fired or indirect-fired. Common processes include calcination, thermal desorption, combustion, and sintering. Sizing and design depend on material characteristics like particle size and density. Thermal testing helps determine optimal temperature profiles.
Producción de ferromanganeso en horno de cubaJorge Madias
The production of High Carbon Ferromanganese in shaft furnaces is reviewed. First, an overview on the subject is presented. Then, raw materials are discussed, as well as their agglomeration, when needed. Blast furnace design and operation is detailed, taking into account published information from Japan, Russia and other countries. Finally, a short reference to other shaft furnaces is made.
Ref failur e analysis tip casting & retainer area fpradeepdeepi
This document summarizes refractory failures at various locations in different kilns. It describes the causes of failures such as uncontrolled steam pressure during heating, inadequate expansion joints, aggressive clinker liquid attack, and lack of proper nose ring cooling. Remedies provided include modifying tip casting designs, increasing expansion gaps, improving nose ring airflow, controlling chemistry variations, and switching to higher grade refractories. Common failure locations addressed are the tip casting area, outlet cones, and retainer rings. Analysis of each case identifies specific issues and recommends customized solutions.
Pyrometallurgy is a metallurgical process that uses heat to extract and refine metals from ores. It involves roasting ores at high temperatures to remove volatile materials without melting, smelting to separate impurities from precious metals like gold and silver through heating to form alloys and slags, and cupellation to further purify precious metals using their resistance to oxidation at high heat compared to base metals. Key steps include roasting ores from 1200-1800°C, smelting for two hours to separate gold and silver alloys from slag, and refining gold purity to 99% through carbon ashing, borax mixing, aqua regia purification, and final furnace refining.
Insights Into Gold Exploration & Mining Business Presented by Chris Lim Kuoh ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Abstract:
Insights Into Gold Exploration & Mining Business
Presented by Chris Lim Kuoh Yang
January 2013
http://www.cnmc.com.hk/our_project.html
https://www.set.or.th/th/asean_exchanges/files/CNMC_Insights_Into_Gold_Exploration&Mining_Business.pdf
CNMC Goldmine Holdings Limited (the “Company”) is the first Catalist-listed gold producer on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (the “SGX-ST”). The Company commenced trading on the Catalist Board on 28 October 2011. The Company is currently spearheaded by Professor Lin Xiang Xiong as the Executive Chairman and Mr. Chris Lim Kuoh Yang as the Chief Executive Officer.
The Company together with its subsidiaries (the “Group”) are principally engaged in the business of exploration, mining of gold and the processing of mined ore into gold dores. The Group is currently focused on the development of its flagship project - the Sokor Gold Field Project which is located in the State of Kelantan, Malaysia. Our Group achieved its first gold pour on July 21, 2010 and its gold production has since been increasing steadily and as of July 2014, production had exceeded one metric tonne of gold bullion.
Leveraging on its experience and depth of knowledge as an explorer and producer in the Malaysian mining sector as well as a focus on long term growth, The Company is always on the lookout for strategic opportunities to collaborate with potential project partners or to acquire new exploration and mining licenses within the ASEAN region and Australasia.
Research Interests: Gold Mineralization, Gold mining, Exploration for Gold Deposits, and Gold Prospecting
Scrap metal refers to recyclable materials left over from manufacturing that still contain valuable raw materials. It includes parts from vehicles, buildings, and surplus materials. Scrap metal is processed and sorted by wrecking yards and scrap yards before being sold by weight to smelters. Recycling scrap metal provides significant energy savings compared to extracting raw materials from mines. It also reduces air and water pollution and mining wastes. The United States scrap metal recycling industry is a major part of the economy, supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs and billions in revenue and exports annually. Common metals recycled include steel, iron, aluminum, copper, and lead.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing processes. It defines manufacturing as the application of physical and chemical processes to materials in order to create useful products. Manufacturing is important both technologically and economically, as it provides society with necessary goods and supports economic growth. The document outlines various primary, secondary and tertiary industries. It also discusses different manufacturing processes like casting, forming, machining, and joining, and how they are applied based on the type of material and production quantity.
Taguchi method for analysing the lathe machinechiragkolambe
The aim of the study of this method in Taguchi is to analyst a lathe machine operation while turning by some given
parameter. The parameter on which we will study is speed, feed, depth of cut, MRR, cutting force, feed force, thrust force. We
will use the Taguchi method to measure this type of parameter. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) will help to measure the effect and error Confirmation tests with the optimal levels of cutting parameters are
administered so, for instance, the effectiveness of Taguchi optimization method. It is thus shown that the Taguchi method is
extremely suitable to solve the problem
Steel is made through a process that begins with iron ore, coke, and limestone being fed into the top of a blast furnace. Hot air blown into the bottom of the blast furnace causes a series of reactions where carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore to molten iron, which is drained from the bottom. The limestone also reacts to form slag, which is separated from the molten iron. The molten iron can then be cast or further processed to produce steel, which has a variety of important uses including in construction, automobiles, packaging, and infrastructure. Steel production is crucial to modern society but manufacturers must consider the environmental impact of their processes.
The document discusses refractory failure at the nose ring and cooling zone of kilns. It identifies several causes of refractory failure including uncontrollable axial thrust due to uneven expansion, shell warping, wear on refractories from incorrect selection and installation, and mechanical and thermal stresses. It provides recommendations to address these issues such as using spinel bricks and castables that can withstand high stresses, providing adequate expansion joints, improving nozzle design and cooling, and modifying retainer ring design.
This slide will cover the following points: General properties of copper, density,copper alloy, Specific heat,Thermal conductivity,Electrical conductivity and crystal structure of copper. Email: khairul.me08@gmail.com
These slides are about coal preservation. Why is it lost when left in the open?... Why sometimes it catches fires? How to store it and what to do in case a fire erupts.
1. Fine, dusty clinker leads to segregation in the kiln and non-uniform clinker beds in coolers due to differences in particle size and density.
2. When high-velocity cooling air hits closely-packed fine clinker dust, the air is heated, expands, and fluidizes the dust causing it to flow rapidly down the cooler in a "red river."
3. Newer cooler designs use stationary inclined grates and mechanical air flow regulators to better control air distribution and reduce issues caused by red rivers of fine, hot clinker dust.
1. The document describes the manufacturing process for galvanized steel frames used in power transmission towers. It involves planning and design, obtaining raw materials, fabrication which includes cutting, marking, drilling and other machining, and a final galvanization process to prevent corrosion.
2. Key steps in the fabrication process are cutting the steel angles to size, marking them according to drawings, drilling holes using precision machines, and bending frames into shape. Coolants are used to prevent overheating during machining.
3. The galvanization process provides corrosion protection by coating the fabricated steel frames with zinc via hot-dipping. Zinc corrodes more slowly than steel, protecting the frames for decades in harsh environments.
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
Gas welding, also known as oxy-fuel welding, is a manual metal joining process that uses gas flames to heat and melt metals. Oxygen and fuel gases like acetylene or hydrogen are supplied through hoses to a torch, which produces a flame reaching temperatures over 3,500°C. This allows melting and joining of metals, with filler rods sometimes added. Gas welding is portable and inexpensive but requires skill to control the torch and flame. It can weld steel and cast iron but is less suitable for aluminum, stainless steel, or reactive metals.
Thermal Properties of Stony Soils: How To Get the Right Answer in a Soil/Rock...METER Group, Inc. USA
You can’t directly measure the thermal conductivity or resistivity of a stony soil
Rocks typically have a much higher thermal conductivity than the soil around them. You can measure the thermal conductivity of the rocks and of the interstitial soil, but how do you combine them to get the conductivity or resistivity of the soil profile? If you average the two, you’ll end up with the wrong number, which could be catastrophic. In underground power cable applications, if you overestimate, you’re in danger of damaging the cable. If you underestimate, you’ll spend too much on your installation.
How to combine the conductivity of rock and soil to get the right value for the profile
In this 30-minute webinar, world-renowned soil physicist Dr. Gaylon Campbell teaches how to combine the conductivity of rock and soil to get the right thermal conductivity or thermal resistivity value for the soil profile. You’ll learn:
- How to both measure and model soil thermal conductivity
- How to measure the thermal conductivity of rocks
- How to combine those two measurements to get the right conductivity value for the entire soil profile
The role of magnesium and other alloying elements in aluminium alloy producti...Martin Tauber
The role of magnesium and other alloying elements in aluminium alloy production and recycling
• Which series of alloys contain magnesium and what are the main applications?
• Examining the supply-demand fundamentals of magnesium – what implications for procurement by aluminium companies?
• What other raw materials flagged as "critical" are key to alloy performance and quality?
• What issues do these pose for aluminium recycling loops and what are the main environmental considerations?
• How does recycling of these alloying elements contribute to resource conservation and efficiency?
Presentation given at the 24th Aluminium Recycling Conference in Bratislava 21-23 November 2016 organised by Metal Bulletin.
IRJET - Magnesium Oxychloride Cement with Partial Replacement of Fly Ash and ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) with partial replacement of fly ash and magnesium sulphate. MOC-fly ash mixes were evaluated with various compositions. When fly ash was 20% of the MgO content, the MOC mix attained high strength compared to other combinations after air curing. The MOC-fly ash mix set within 4 hours and showed good workability, aggregate-cement bonding, and compressive strengths ranging from 20-68MPa. The document provides details on the materials used, including their chemical compositions and properties. The methodology for preparing Sorel cement pastes using molar ratios of MgO and MgCl2 is also described.
The document describes the process of refining copper from its ore. There are several key steps:
1) Mining the copper ore from underground deposits. 2) Crushing and grinding the ore to liberate copper particles from waste rock. 3) Concentrating the ore using froth flotation to separate copper minerals from waste gangue. 4) Extracting copper through roasting to form copper oxide and smelting to produce copper matte and remove iron. 5) Further refining copper using bessemerization and electrorefining or distillation to produce high purity copper.
Graham, Stephen. "Lessons in urbicide." New Left Review (2003): 63-78. APA Stephen Graham
This document summarizes and analyzes Israel's strategy of "urbicide" or deliberate destruction of Palestinian urban areas and infrastructure. It describes Operation Defensive Shield in 2002 where the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) demolished over 1,500 homes in the Jenin refugee camp, leaving thousands homeless. It argues this went beyond dismantling terrorist infrastructure and was intended to destroy the foundations of a Palestinian state. It discusses how urbicide is part of a broader strategy combining expanded Jewish settlements, economic strangulation of Palestinians, and discriminatory building regulations. The document analyzes the ideological justifications for urbicide, including demographic anxieties about Arab population growth and metaphors that depict uncontrolled Palestinian urbanization as a "cancer" or threat to
Iron and steel constitute over 90% of all metal production and a similar fraction of the scrap metals market. Steel mills consume about three quarters of the scrap, and iron and steel foundries consume the remainder to produce ferrous castings.
Economic Facts of Iron & Steel Recycling
•Almost 40% of the world’s steel production is made from scrap.
•Every ton of recycled steel can help saving 1.4 ton of iron ore.
•Conversely, a steel can land-filled will take 100 years to vanish.
•Steel is the most recycled material on earth! In Luxembourg, 2,292 tons of steel packaging have been collected in 2013.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 1,100 kg of iron ore, 630 kg of coal, and 55 kg of limestone.
•CO2 emissions are reduced by 58% through the use of ferrous scrap.
•Recycling one tonne of steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels (287 litres) of oil, 10.9 million Btu's of energy and 2.3 cubic metres of landfill space.
•Recycling steel uses 75% less energy compared to creating steel from raw materials - enough to power 18 million homes.
•Steel recycling uses 74% less energy, 90% less virgin materials and 40% less water; it also produces 76% fewer water pollutants, 86% fewer air pollutants and 97% less mining waste.
•Steel automobile frames contain at least 25% recycled steel and a typical electrical appliance will usually be made of 75% recycled steel. Steel cans consist of at least 25% recycled steel.
This document provides an overview of rotary kilns, including how they work, common processes they are used for, and considerations for sizing and design. Rotary kilns rotate solids at high temperatures to cause chemical reactions or physical changes. They are comprised of a rotating cylinder and can be direct-fired or indirect-fired. Common processes include calcination, thermal desorption, combustion, and sintering. Sizing and design depend on material characteristics like particle size and density. Thermal testing helps determine optimal temperature profiles.
Producción de ferromanganeso en horno de cubaJorge Madias
The production of High Carbon Ferromanganese in shaft furnaces is reviewed. First, an overview on the subject is presented. Then, raw materials are discussed, as well as their agglomeration, when needed. Blast furnace design and operation is detailed, taking into account published information from Japan, Russia and other countries. Finally, a short reference to other shaft furnaces is made.
Ref failur e analysis tip casting & retainer area fpradeepdeepi
This document summarizes refractory failures at various locations in different kilns. It describes the causes of failures such as uncontrolled steam pressure during heating, inadequate expansion joints, aggressive clinker liquid attack, and lack of proper nose ring cooling. Remedies provided include modifying tip casting designs, increasing expansion gaps, improving nose ring airflow, controlling chemistry variations, and switching to higher grade refractories. Common failure locations addressed are the tip casting area, outlet cones, and retainer rings. Analysis of each case identifies specific issues and recommends customized solutions.
Pyrometallurgy is a metallurgical process that uses heat to extract and refine metals from ores. It involves roasting ores at high temperatures to remove volatile materials without melting, smelting to separate impurities from precious metals like gold and silver through heating to form alloys and slags, and cupellation to further purify precious metals using their resistance to oxidation at high heat compared to base metals. Key steps include roasting ores from 1200-1800°C, smelting for two hours to separate gold and silver alloys from slag, and refining gold purity to 99% through carbon ashing, borax mixing, aqua regia purification, and final furnace refining.
Insights Into Gold Exploration & Mining Business Presented by Chris Lim Kuoh ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Abstract:
Insights Into Gold Exploration & Mining Business
Presented by Chris Lim Kuoh Yang
January 2013
http://www.cnmc.com.hk/our_project.html
https://www.set.or.th/th/asean_exchanges/files/CNMC_Insights_Into_Gold_Exploration&Mining_Business.pdf
CNMC Goldmine Holdings Limited (the “Company”) is the first Catalist-listed gold producer on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (the “SGX-ST”). The Company commenced trading on the Catalist Board on 28 October 2011. The Company is currently spearheaded by Professor Lin Xiang Xiong as the Executive Chairman and Mr. Chris Lim Kuoh Yang as the Chief Executive Officer.
The Company together with its subsidiaries (the “Group”) are principally engaged in the business of exploration, mining of gold and the processing of mined ore into gold dores. The Group is currently focused on the development of its flagship project - the Sokor Gold Field Project which is located in the State of Kelantan, Malaysia. Our Group achieved its first gold pour on July 21, 2010 and its gold production has since been increasing steadily and as of July 2014, production had exceeded one metric tonne of gold bullion.
Leveraging on its experience and depth of knowledge as an explorer and producer in the Malaysian mining sector as well as a focus on long term growth, The Company is always on the lookout for strategic opportunities to collaborate with potential project partners or to acquire new exploration and mining licenses within the ASEAN region and Australasia.
Research Interests: Gold Mineralization, Gold mining, Exploration for Gold Deposits, and Gold Prospecting
Scrap metal refers to recyclable materials left over from manufacturing that still contain valuable raw materials. It includes parts from vehicles, buildings, and surplus materials. Scrap metal is processed and sorted by wrecking yards and scrap yards before being sold by weight to smelters. Recycling scrap metal provides significant energy savings compared to extracting raw materials from mines. It also reduces air and water pollution and mining wastes. The United States scrap metal recycling industry is a major part of the economy, supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs and billions in revenue and exports annually. Common metals recycled include steel, iron, aluminum, copper, and lead.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing processes. It defines manufacturing as the application of physical and chemical processes to materials in order to create useful products. Manufacturing is important both technologically and economically, as it provides society with necessary goods and supports economic growth. The document outlines various primary, secondary and tertiary industries. It also discusses different manufacturing processes like casting, forming, machining, and joining, and how they are applied based on the type of material and production quantity.
Taguchi method for analysing the lathe machinechiragkolambe
The aim of the study of this method in Taguchi is to analyst a lathe machine operation while turning by some given
parameter. The parameter on which we will study is speed, feed, depth of cut, MRR, cutting force, feed force, thrust force. We
will use the Taguchi method to measure this type of parameter. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) will help to measure the effect and error Confirmation tests with the optimal levels of cutting parameters are
administered so, for instance, the effectiveness of Taguchi optimization method. It is thus shown that the Taguchi method is
extremely suitable to solve the problem
Steel is made through a process that begins with iron ore, coke, and limestone being fed into the top of a blast furnace. Hot air blown into the bottom of the blast furnace causes a series of reactions where carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore to molten iron, which is drained from the bottom. The limestone also reacts to form slag, which is separated from the molten iron. The molten iron can then be cast or further processed to produce steel, which has a variety of important uses including in construction, automobiles, packaging, and infrastructure. Steel production is crucial to modern society but manufacturers must consider the environmental impact of their processes.
The document discusses refractory failure at the nose ring and cooling zone of kilns. It identifies several causes of refractory failure including uncontrollable axial thrust due to uneven expansion, shell warping, wear on refractories from incorrect selection and installation, and mechanical and thermal stresses. It provides recommendations to address these issues such as using spinel bricks and castables that can withstand high stresses, providing adequate expansion joints, improving nozzle design and cooling, and modifying retainer ring design.
This slide will cover the following points: General properties of copper, density,copper alloy, Specific heat,Thermal conductivity,Electrical conductivity and crystal structure of copper. Email: khairul.me08@gmail.com
These slides are about coal preservation. Why is it lost when left in the open?... Why sometimes it catches fires? How to store it and what to do in case a fire erupts.
1. Fine, dusty clinker leads to segregation in the kiln and non-uniform clinker beds in coolers due to differences in particle size and density.
2. When high-velocity cooling air hits closely-packed fine clinker dust, the air is heated, expands, and fluidizes the dust causing it to flow rapidly down the cooler in a "red river."
3. Newer cooler designs use stationary inclined grates and mechanical air flow regulators to better control air distribution and reduce issues caused by red rivers of fine, hot clinker dust.
1. The document describes the manufacturing process for galvanized steel frames used in power transmission towers. It involves planning and design, obtaining raw materials, fabrication which includes cutting, marking, drilling and other machining, and a final galvanization process to prevent corrosion.
2. Key steps in the fabrication process are cutting the steel angles to size, marking them according to drawings, drilling holes using precision machines, and bending frames into shape. Coolants are used to prevent overheating during machining.
3. The galvanization process provides corrosion protection by coating the fabricated steel frames with zinc via hot-dipping. Zinc corrodes more slowly than steel, protecting the frames for decades in harsh environments.
This document discusses combustible dust safety. It begins with a brief history of dust explosions, noting the first recorded incident in 1785 and 281 incidents in the US from 1980-2005 resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries. It then provides examples of combustible dust accidents in various industries that resulted in fatalities and injuries. The document discusses NFPA standards related to combustible dust hazards and provides data on combustible dust incidents in the US by industry and material type. It also lists potential ignition sources and describes OSHA's National Emphasis Program focused on combustible dust.
Gas welding, also known as oxy-fuel welding, is a manual metal joining process that uses gas flames to heat and melt metals. Oxygen and fuel gases like acetylene or hydrogen are supplied through hoses to a torch, which produces a flame reaching temperatures over 3,500°C. This allows melting and joining of metals, with filler rods sometimes added. Gas welding is portable and inexpensive but requires skill to control the torch and flame. It can weld steel and cast iron but is less suitable for aluminum, stainless steel, or reactive metals.
Thermal Properties of Stony Soils: How To Get the Right Answer in a Soil/Rock...METER Group, Inc. USA
You can’t directly measure the thermal conductivity or resistivity of a stony soil
Rocks typically have a much higher thermal conductivity than the soil around them. You can measure the thermal conductivity of the rocks and of the interstitial soil, but how do you combine them to get the conductivity or resistivity of the soil profile? If you average the two, you’ll end up with the wrong number, which could be catastrophic. In underground power cable applications, if you overestimate, you’re in danger of damaging the cable. If you underestimate, you’ll spend too much on your installation.
How to combine the conductivity of rock and soil to get the right value for the profile
In this 30-minute webinar, world-renowned soil physicist Dr. Gaylon Campbell teaches how to combine the conductivity of rock and soil to get the right thermal conductivity or thermal resistivity value for the soil profile. You’ll learn:
- How to both measure and model soil thermal conductivity
- How to measure the thermal conductivity of rocks
- How to combine those two measurements to get the right conductivity value for the entire soil profile
The role of magnesium and other alloying elements in aluminium alloy producti...Martin Tauber
The role of magnesium and other alloying elements in aluminium alloy production and recycling
• Which series of alloys contain magnesium and what are the main applications?
• Examining the supply-demand fundamentals of magnesium – what implications for procurement by aluminium companies?
• What other raw materials flagged as "critical" are key to alloy performance and quality?
• What issues do these pose for aluminium recycling loops and what are the main environmental considerations?
• How does recycling of these alloying elements contribute to resource conservation and efficiency?
Presentation given at the 24th Aluminium Recycling Conference in Bratislava 21-23 November 2016 organised by Metal Bulletin.
IRJET - Magnesium Oxychloride Cement with Partial Replacement of Fly Ash and ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research into magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) with partial replacement of fly ash and magnesium sulphate. MOC-fly ash mixes were evaluated with various compositions. When fly ash was 20% of the MgO content, the MOC mix attained high strength compared to other combinations after air curing. The MOC-fly ash mix set within 4 hours and showed good workability, aggregate-cement bonding, and compressive strengths ranging from 20-68MPa. The document provides details on the materials used, including their chemical compositions and properties. The methodology for preparing Sorel cement pastes using molar ratios of MgO and MgCl2 is also described.
This document reports on the sustainability of the European aluminium industry in 2010. It provides data on 34 indicators measuring the industry's environmental, social and economic performance across the aluminium production process and value chain. Key findings include reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, hazardous waste, and improvements in worker health and safety. It also outlines sustainability metrics for aluminium applications in automotive, packaging and building sectors. The report demonstrates the industry's commitment to continuous progress on sustainability through transparent reporting and benchmarking of indicators over time.
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Industry overview
Stable supply with moderate demand growth-
(Apart from cases of stolen or missing containers in Africa)
Primary mine production down by half and increasing restrictions on conflict-produced tantalum is complicating the supply chain
Effect of SEC act, which requires US-listed companies to report sources of materials, causing conflict-free tantalum (contract) prices to increase
Demand, driven by high technology and super alloy industries, expected to increase moderately
Stable supply with moderate demand growth-
(Apart from cases of stolen or missing containers in Africa)
Primary mine production down by half and increasing restrictions on conflict-produced tantalum is complicating the supply chain
Effect of SEC act, which requires US-listed companies to report sources of materials, causing conflict-free tantalum (contract) prices to increase
Demand, driven by high technology and super alloy industries, expected to increase moderately
Day 1- Session 2: Speciality Metals
Outlook for Niobium
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Mark Sumich - Globe Metals & Mining
La synthèse du tour de table ACIER du 12 février Thierry Labro
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The 2015 data demonstrate strong improvement by the industry. First, the environmental impact of the primary production has decreased significantly (by 21 percent for Global Warming Potential) while the environmental performance of the primary aluminium consumed in Europe has remained stable. For the semi-fabrication (rolling and extrusion) and the recycling industry, there has been a strong improvement in the environmental performance of those processes in Europe.
The full report is available upon request.
2012 deep research report on china alumina industrysmarter2011
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Amrt technology overview september 2014Victor James
Advanced Mineral Recovery Technologies, (AMRT Ltd.) is an authorised & licensed operating company utilising the Advanced Mineral Recovery Technologies (“AMRT”) patented process. Some of the shareholders of IMS are also shareholders in AMRT.
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This presentation provides an overview of Magnesita to investors. Key points include:
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Govt. Policies for Non Ferrous Metal Industry-Primary/Secondary/MSME - Mr. J ...Mtlexs.com
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Pervious concrete technology can efficiently and cost-effectively treat water through precipitation, coagulation, and adsorption processes, removing various metals and other contaminants. Pilot studies show promising results in acid mine drainage remediation and oil/gas wastewater treatment. The company seeks $450,000 for further field tests and business development, with a potential 5x return on investment within 3-5 years. It is looking to hire a CEO/business development lead to help commercialize the technology.
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2. A case study was conducted of the Gorbi abandoned coal mine in India to evaluate acid neutralization capabilities of fly ash and overburden materials. Experiments mixing fly ash and overburden with acidic mine water showed both materials have high neutralization potential to efficiently neutralize acidity.
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The Cebra and Platirus projects aim to develop more sustainable solutions for platinum group metals (PGMs) in automotive catalysts. PGMs are critical raw materials where Europe relies heavily on imports. Both projects seek to commercialize innovative technologies for recovering PGMs from spent autocatalysts at an industrial scale. Cebra will create a new catalyst containing partially substituted and fully recycled PGMs, closing the loop. Platirus focuses on developing a cost-efficient PGM recovery process using ionometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. The projects synergize by applying Platirus' recovery technology at an advanced readiness level to produce materials for Cebra's new catalyst, integrating circular economy principles for PGMs.
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Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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Business analysis - Prescriptive analytics Introduction to Prescriptive analytics
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Material flow analysis of magnesium (metal) in the EU
1. Magnesium-‐Recycling-‐Studie:
Materialflussanalyse von
Magnesium
(Metall)
in
der
EU
Material
flow
analysis
of
magnesium
(metal)
in
the
EU
Dr. Ing.
Martin
Tauber/President
Critical
Raw
Material
(CRM)
Alliance;
European
Chairman
International
Magnesium
Association
(IMA)
Research
commissioned
by
theJanuary
2018
5. Project
overview
Objective:
“..to
map
and
quantify
all
magnesium
(metal)
flows
inside
the
EU
for
2012..”
Purpose:
-‐ To
better
understand
the
supply
and
demand
profile
of
Mg
in
the
EU
-‐ To
better
understand
the
environmental
credentials
of
Mg
use
in
the
EU
including
its
landfill
and
End
of
Life
-‐ Recycling
Input
Rate
-‐ To
produce
materials
to
help
communicate
a
realistic
view
of
Mg
in
the
EU
to
policy
makers
and
other
stakeholders
Mg
=
magnesium
(metal)
as
found
in
magnesium
alloys,
aluminium
alloys,
pig
iron
desulphurisation
agents
and
other
applications
6. Background
and
motivation
The
commissioning
of
this
study
was
spurred
on
by
the
publication
of
this
concerning
figure
Reference:
Study
on
Data
for
a
Raw
Material
System
Analysis:
Roadmap
and
Test
of
the
Fully
Operational
MSA
for
Raw
Materials
(Final
report),
Published
in
Nov
2015
by
the
European
Commission
(DG-‐GROW)
7. Methodology
In
order
to
supplant
the
evidence
base
behind
the
offending
figure
the
methodology
was
kept
as
similar
as
possible,
i.e.:
-‐ Full
material
flow
analysis
conducted
-‐ Flows
and
stages
dealt
with
similarly
-‐ Same
sources
of
official
statistics
used
…but
was
augmented
with…
-‐ In-‐depth
interviews
with
industry
stakeholders
-‐ Input
and
guidance
from
the
IMA
steering
board
Steel
desulphurisation
and
other
powder
applications
-‐ Almamet,
-‐ Tata
Steel,
-‐ MPIUK,
-‐ non
ferrum
Mg
foundries
and
recyclers
-‐ Magnesium
Elektron,
-‐ CAEF,
-‐ Meridian
Lightweight
Technologies,
-‐ Magontec,
-‐ Stihl,
-‐ Husqvarna
Al
alloy
specialists
and
other
-‐ Avon
Metals,
-‐ BMRA,
-‐ FEDEREC,
-‐ EAA
-‐ Innoval,
-‐ Realalloy,
-‐ Pilling
Interviews
&
data
analysis
Spreadsheets Flow
diagrams
Sankey
diagrams
Report
8. Overall
situation
for
Mg
in
the
EU
No
primary
Mg
production
in
the
EU:
100%
reliant
on
imports
(196
kT)
‘Other’
includes
nodular
cast
iron
and
applications
for
magnesium
powder
including
Grignard
reagents,
pyrotechnics
and
refractory
materials
Re-‐export
(9.5
kT)
For
use
in
the
EU
De-‐stocking
in
the
EU
(2.8
kT)
9. Key
flow:
Automotive
Typical
car
built
in
2012
Contains:
140
kg
Al
alloys
-‐ of
which
1.44
kg
is
Mg
&
2.7
kg
of
Mg
in
cast
Mg
alloy
components
Total
=
4.14
kg
of
Mg/car
≈
16
million
cars
produced
of
which
6
million
exported
&
2
million
imported
in
2012
Typical
car
at
EoL in
2012
Contains:
116
kg
Al
alloys
-‐ of
which
0.93
kg
is
Mg
&
2.2
kg
of
Mg
in
cast
Mg
alloy
components
Total
=
3.13
kg
of
Mg/car
≈
11.4
million
cars
reaching
EoL in
2012
Significant
in-‐use
accumulation
of
Mg
in
vehicles
≈
14
kT
of
Mg
10. Automotive
(cont.)
Assumptions:
-‐ Split
between
ELV
processing
in
the
EU
and
export
for
reuse
is
81:19.1
-‐ ‘Export
of
vehicle
scrap
at
EoL’
derived
using
statistic
that
44%
of
Al
scrap
originates
from
vehicles
and
trade
data.2
-‐ 80%
of
the
Mg
in
vehicles
ends
up
in
the
shredded
non-‐ferrous
fraction,
and
20%
in
dismantled
Al
components.3
-‐ All
shredded
Al
scrap
is
refined,
whilst
2/3
of
the
dismantled
Al
alloys
are
refined
and
1/3
remelted.3
-‐ Mg
melt
losses
associated
with
Al
alloy
remelting are
1/3.3
-‐ The
Mg
in
Al
salt
slags
can
be
non-‐
functionally
recycled
and
used
in
cement
and
mineral
wool
production.3
1Based
on
Öko-‐Institut analysis
of
Eurostat
data
for
2013
2End-‐of-‐waste
Criteria
for
Aluminium
and
Aluminium
Alloy
Scrap,
JRC,
2010
3Based
on
estimates
and
information
from
various
industry
sources
Available
Mg
from
EoL
automotive
vehicles
37.1
kT
Sent
for
EU
processing
at
EoL
16.0
kT
In
use
accumulation
of
Mg
in
the
Al
alloys
of
motor
vehicles
14.2
kT
Sent
for
disposal
in
the
EU
at
EoL
5.5
kT
5.5
kT
(G.1.5)
Non-‐functional
recycling
at
EoL
9.1
kT
Functional
recycling
at
EoL
1.4
kT
9.1
kT
(G.1.4)
Mg
in
new
vehicles
in
the
EU
49.9
kT
Export
of
automotive
vehicles
(for
reuse)
6.8
kT
14.2
kT
(E.1.1)
6.8
kT
(E.1.3)
Export
of
vehicle
scrap
at
EoL
14.3
kT
14.3
kT
(F.1.1)
16.0
kT
(F.1.4)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ Break
1.4
kT
(G.1.1)
Al
scrap
imports
New
vehicles
imports
EU
produced
vehicles
1.4
kT
(F.1.2)
41.7
kT
(D.1.1)
8.2
kT
(E.1.4)
To
2ary
Al
applications
in
the
EU
1.4
kT
(G.1.2)
11. Functional versus
Non-‐
Functional
Mg
recycling
Functional
recycling
– Mg’s
value
and
functionality
retained
Non-‐functional
recycling
of
slags
– Mg’s
value
and
functionality
lost
…
...
but
landfill
avoided
EoL or
new
scrap
Mg
or
Al
alloys
Alloy
sorting
Remelting
EoL Al
alloys
Refining
Salt
(and
other)
slags
Pig
iron
desulphurisation
slags
Salt
slags:
recycled
to
recover
Al
content.
Metal
oxide
residue
(containing
Mg)
used
to
produce
cement,
mineral
wool
and
aggregates.
Other
Mg-‐containing
slags:
used
in
aggregates,
backfilling
and
cement
12. Key
flow:
Al
packaging
Beverage
cans
Average
Mg
content
of
1.6%
Weighted
average
of
83%
Al
Alloy
3004
(1.04%
Mg)
used
for
the
body
and
17%
Al
Alloy
5182
(4.5%
Mg)
used
for
the
ends.
EU
production
of
cans
in
2012
≈
1.3
Mt
of
Al
(20
kT of
Mg)
Average
EU
collection
rate
in
2012
=
70%
Other Al
packaging
Average
Mg
content
of
0.5%
EU
production
of
other
Al
packaging
in
2012
≈
1.0
Mt
of
Al
(5
kT of
Mg)
Average
EU
collection
rate
in
2012
=
45%
Sources
include
World
Aluminium,
the
EAA,
Alupro
and
Industry
stakeholders
Mg
melt
losses
associated
with
Al
packaging
recycling
assumed
to
be
1/3.1
1Market
dynamics,
recycling
and
recovery
of
magnesium
from
aluminium
alloy
scrap:
A.J.
Gesing and
S.K.
Das
Al
packaging
is
the
most
important
EoL functional
recycling
flow
for
Mg
=
9.0
kT
13. High
level
Sankey diagram
Revised
high-‐level
Sanky
diagram
to
go
here
Functional
recycling
New-‐scrap
recycling
=
51.7
kT
Old-‐scrap
recycling
=
11.7
kT
Total
=
63.3
kT
Exports
Processed
material
=
12.1
kT
New
products
=
39.6
kT
Products
for
reuse
=
7.5
kT
Waste:
30.0
kT
Total
=
89.2
kT
Addition
to
landfill
and
tailings
Total
=
35.0
kT
Losses
In
use
dissipation
=
12.3
kT
Non-‐functional
recycling
=
28.9
kT
Total
=
41.2
kT
In-‐use
accumulation
Total
=
34.3
kT
Imports
Primary
material
=
65.8
kT
Processed
material
=
87.5
kT
Product
=
37.8
kT
Waste
=
5.8
kT
Total
=
196.9
kT
EU
de-‐stocking
=
2.8
kT
This
study
14. Recycling
rate
derivation:
EoL-‐RIR
“The
end-‐of-‐life recycling
input
rate
(EoL-‐RIR)
quantifies
the
ratio
of
recycling
from
old
scrap
to
the
EU
supply
of
raw
material.”
Source:
MSA
methodology
for
deriving
EoL-‐RIR
Output
from
the
value
chain
at
the
manufacturing
step
Stock
of
manufactured
products
in
use
in
EU
Stock
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
Exports
from
EU
of
manufactured
products
for
reuse
Imports
to
EU
of
manufactured
products
In
use
dissipation
in
EU
Products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
collected
for
treatment
Annual
Addition
to
in-‐use
stock
of
manufactured
products
in
EU
Annual
addition
to
end-‐of-‐life
stock
of
manufactured
products
in
Exports
from
EU
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
Imports
to
EU
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
Manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
sent
for
disposal
in
EU
Manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
sent
for
recycling
in
EU
Stock
in
landfill
in
EU
Annual
addition
to
stock
in
landfill
in
EU
In
use
stock
End-‐of-‐life
stock
Stock
in
tailings
Processing
from
primary
material
Manufacture Use Collection
Primary
material
as
main
product
Processed
material Product
Product
at
end
of
life
collectedEU
Reserve
Extraction
Primary
material
ROW
Reserve
Extraction
Processed
material
Product Product
for
reuse
Primary
material
Secondary
material
Extraction
waste
/
tailings
Processed
material
Product Product
at
end-‐of-‐life
Product
at
end
of
life
Product
at
end
of
life
for
disposal
Product
at
end
of
life
for
recycling
Manufacture
waste
for
disposal
Manufacture
waste
for
reprocessing
=
Secondary
material
from
manufacture
(new
scrap)
Processing
waste
for
disposal
Manufacture
waste
In
use
dissipation
Processing
waste
Secondary
material
from
post
consumer
functional
recycling
(old
scrap)
sent
to
processing/manufacturing
Arrow
color
A.1.1
A.1.2
B.1.1
B.1.3
B.1.4
C.1.1
C.1.2
C.1.3
C.1.4
D.1.5
C.1.5
C.1.6
D.1.4
D.1.6
D.1.3
D.1.2
D.1.1
E.1.5
E.1.6
E.1.4
E.1.3 F.1.2
E.1.2
F.1.1
F.1.3
F.1.4
Secondary
material
from
post
consumer
non
functional
recycling
G.1.5
Processing
from
secondary
materials
Recycling
Primary
material
as
by-‐product
B.1.2
Secondary
Material
from
post
consumer
recycling
G.1.3
Recycling
waste
for
disposal G.1.4
G.1.1/2
EU-‐27
boundary
Stock
in
landfill
E.1.1
B.1.5 F.1.5
𝐸𝑜𝐿 − 𝑅𝐼𝑅'( =
𝐺. 1.2
𝐶. 1.3 + 𝐷. 1.3 + 𝐶. 1.4 + 𝐺. 1.2
=
11.7
52.7 + 105.2 + 3.6 + 11.7
= 𝟕%
Using
same
methodology
Aluminium’s
global
EoL-‐RIR
was
12%*
*Global
Aluminium
Flow
2012,
World
Aluminium
15. Conclusions
• Original
material
flow
analysis
identified
114
kT (or
67%
of
Mg
imports)
going
to
landfill
or
tailings
in
the
EU.
This
study
only
identified
35
kT (or
18%
of
Mg
imports).
• An
important
caveat
is
that
this
study
also
identified
30
kT of
Mg
in
waste
exported
from
the
EU
in
2012.
Of
which:
o 50%
is
old
scrap
o 63%
is
in
predominantly
Al
scrap
• The
EOL-‐RIR
of
Mg
in
the
EU
in
2012
was
determined
to
be
7%.
• We
hope
that
these
results
will
help
shift
the
focus
of
R&D,
funding
and
investment in
the
EU
away
from
Mg
substitution
(because
of
the
high
landfill
rate
reported
previously)
and
towards
more
Mg
utilisation.
16. Methodology
(cont.)
Interviews
&
data
analysis
Spreadsheets Flow
diagrams
Sankey
diagrams
Report
Open
download:
IMA
website:
http://www.intlmag.org/page/sustain_
eu_study
17. Get
in
touch
Main
contact
at
the
IMA:
Christian
Payn
Tel +33
(0)6
79
91
44
37
Email christian.payn@gmail.com
Twitter @INTLMagOrg
Website www.intlmag.org
Main
contact
at
Oakdene Hollins:
David
Parker
Tel +44
(0)1296
423915
ext.
104
Email david.parker@oakdenehollins.com
Twitter @OakdeneHollins
Website www.oakdenehollins.com