This document evaluates the performance of small wind turbines in Egypt through a case study in El Kharga Oasis. It first reviews literature on small wind turbines and collects data on 189 turbines under 50kW from the global market. It then analyzes wind conditions in El Kharga Oasis and uses a probabilistic method to estimate wind speeds at different tower heights. Finally, it models the energy output of three Class I turbines at El Kharga and finds one turbine suitable for off-grid applications due to its small size and energy production.
Investigate the effect of blade tip geometry on the performance Vertical Axis...Mohamed Sabry Mohamed
Fluids always flow from high-pressure region to low pressure region, this is the principle of the
airflow around the airfoil and this can create vortices at the trailing edge which reduce the lift
and increase the induced drag and turbulence around the blade turbine. Winglets are a
different method to change the geometry of the blade tip which in turn can affect the whole
performance of the turbine by reducing the vortices or by enhancing the turbine power
coefficient. This project experimentally and numerical investigates the effect of winglets on the
aerodynamic performance of the vertical axis wind turbine (H-Rotor).
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in remote areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to generate 35W of power. It uses a J-type drag configuration with 3 blades made of galvanized iron sheet. Testing showed the turbine achieved efficiencies of up to 23.3% and was able to generate up to 26.39W of power, meeting expectations. Future work may aim to further improve efficiencies and develop designs using other materials.
Design and construction of vertical axis wind turbineIAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in rural areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to capture 1 square meter of wind. It uses three J-shaped blades made of galvanized iron sheets. Testing showed the turbine generated up to 26.4 watts of power, achieving an efficiency of 23.3%. While lower than theoretical maximum efficiency, the design shows potential for power generation in off-grid rural applications. Future work may aim to further improve efficiency through more optimized blade designs.
The document discusses different types of wind turbines, including horizontal axis wind turbines which have rotors that spin around a horizontal axis, and vertical axis wind turbines which have rotors that spin around a vertical axis. It describes the basic components of wind turbines, such as blades, gearboxes, generators, and controllers. It also outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of different wind turbine designs.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
Investigate the effect of blade tip geometry on the performance Vertical Axis...Mohamed Sabry Mohamed
Fluids always flow from high-pressure region to low pressure region, this is the principle of the
airflow around the airfoil and this can create vortices at the trailing edge which reduce the lift
and increase the induced drag and turbulence around the blade turbine. Winglets are a
different method to change the geometry of the blade tip which in turn can affect the whole
performance of the turbine by reducing the vortices or by enhancing the turbine power
coefficient. This project experimentally and numerical investigates the effect of winglets on the
aerodynamic performance of the vertical axis wind turbine (H-Rotor).
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in remote areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to generate 35W of power. It uses a J-type drag configuration with 3 blades made of galvanized iron sheet. Testing showed the turbine achieved efficiencies of up to 23.3% and was able to generate up to 26.39W of power, meeting expectations. Future work may aim to further improve efficiencies and develop designs using other materials.
Design and construction of vertical axis wind turbineIAEME Publication
This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in rural areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to capture 1 square meter of wind. It uses three J-shaped blades made of galvanized iron sheets. Testing showed the turbine generated up to 26.4 watts of power, achieving an efficiency of 23.3%. While lower than theoretical maximum efficiency, the design shows potential for power generation in off-grid rural applications. Future work may aim to further improve efficiency through more optimized blade designs.
The document discusses different types of wind turbines, including horizontal axis wind turbines which have rotors that spin around a horizontal axis, and vertical axis wind turbines which have rotors that spin around a vertical axis. It describes the basic components of wind turbines, such as blades, gearboxes, generators, and controllers. It also outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of different wind turbine designs.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
Design Selection of Transformer on Based Load Capacities for Industrial Zoneijtsrd
This document discusses the design selection of transformers based on load capacities for an industrial zone. It presents mathematical equations for calculating load capacities and demand based on factors like power consumption, operating units, supply voltage, and power factor. Tables show the selection of various transformers for different blocks in the industrial zone based on their calculated load capacities and power demands, taking into account the power factor. The total power demand of the industrial zone is calculated considering the capacity, number and power factor of the different transformers selected.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides an overview of wind power, why renewable energy is important, the Kyoto agreement on reducing greenhouse gases, and wind power potential and development in India. It then discusses ALTEM Power Limited, an Indian company that manufactures wind turbines, and provides technical details on its product range and the factors to consider when setting up a wind turbine.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Small Scale Horizontal Wind Turbine System Using DC-DC Boost ConverterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a small-scale horizontal wind turbine system that uses a DC-DC boost converter. The system captures kinetic energy from wind using blades connected to a generator. The generator produces a variable voltage direct current. A boost converter maintains a constant voltage to charge a battery. An inverter then converts the stored battery power to alternating current to power loads. The system was designed to generate electricity for small, off-grid applications using inexpensive and accessible materials like PVC pipes for the blades. Test results showed the system could generate electricity from wind speeds of 4-6 m/s and successfully power a 60W AC load.
Wind power capacity has experienced tremendous growth in the Past decade.This paper presents the recent developments in wind energy conversion systems, and their social and environmental benefits. Integration of large scale wind farms into power systems presents some challenges that must be addressed, such assystem operation and control, system stability, and power quality
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
This document describes a proposed maglev windmill design. Some key points:
- The maglev windmill uses magnetic levitation to suspend the turbine blades in air, eliminating mechanical friction and allowing the turbine to operate in very low wind speeds starting at 1.5 m/s.
- The design aims to increase power generation capacity by 20% over conventional wind turbines and decrease operational costs by 50% by using magnetic levitation bearings.
- The document provides background on wind power technologies, components of conventional wind turbines, and introduces the concept of using an axial flux generator and magnetic levitation in the proposed maglev windmill design.
Design Calculation of 40 MW Francis Turbine Runnerijtsrd
A water turbine is one of the most important parts to generate electricity in hydroelectric power plants. The generation of hydroelectric power is relatively cheaper than the power generated by other sources. There are various types of turbines such as Pelton Turbine, Cross flow Turbine, and Francis Turbine which are being used in Myanmar. In this paper, one of the hydroelectric power plant which is used Vertical Francis Turbine type. The Francis turbine is one of the powerful turbine types. Francis Turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James Bicheno Francis. Hydroelectric Power Plant, Thaukyegat No.2, is selected to design the runner. This Vertical Francis Turbine is designed to produce 40 MW electric powers from the head of 65 m and flow rate of 70.10m3 s. The design parameters of 40 MW Vertical Francis Turbine runner's diameter, height, elevation, shaft, numbers of blades and blade angles are calculated. The initial value of turbine output is assumed as 94 . The number of guide blades and runner blades are also assumed. The detailed design calculations of the runner are carried out. Moreover, the selection of the turbine type according to the head, the flow rate and the power are also performed. Kyi Pyar Oo | Khaing Zar Nyunt | Ei Cho Cho Theik "Design Calculation of 40 MW Francis Turbine (Runner)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26412.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26412/design-calculation-of-40-mw-francis-turbine-runner/kyi-pyar-oo
This document provides an overview of wind energy fundamentals and design considerations for wind turbines. It discusses how wind power depends on air volume, velocity, and density. It also explains power coefficients and the Betz limit for wind turbine efficiency. The two main types of wind turbines - horizontal axis and vertical axis - are described. Key design considerations for wind turbines include the number of blades, blade composition and construction, and factors that influence turbine performance like airfoil shape, twist, taper, tip-speed ratio, and rotor solidity.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
IRJET- Experimental Performance Evaluation of 600 W Small Wind Turbine to Ove...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study conducted to evaluate the performance of a 600W small wind turbine designed for domestic use in Pakistan. Researchers designed, fabricated, and tested a horizontal axis wind turbine with 3 fiber blades, a permanent magnet DC generator, and a tubular steel tower. Testing showed the turbine operated at wind speeds above 2.8 m/s, reached 987 RPM, produced 478.5 Watts of power, and achieved 79.2% of its designed capacity during 180 hours of continuous operation. The study aims to help address Pakistan's energy crisis by developing small wind turbines suitable for powering individual homes.
This document discusses hybrid grounding schemes for the electrical power system of offshore oil and gas installations. Due to space constraints in offshore utility plants, multiple generators often feed directly into 11kV switchgear without generator transformers. This introduces high capacitive charging currents that can damage generator cores during earth faults.
The document evaluates different grounding methods, including high resistance grounding through a neutral earthing resistor for generators and low resistance grounding for the 11kV switchgear through a zig-zag transformer. This hybrid scheme aims to limit fault currents while preventing core damage during single grounding occurrences. Factors like capacitive currents, third harmonic voltages, generator core damage curves, and neutral earthing resistor specifications are also analyzed
The electrical power system in offshore oil & gas installation, consists of a large
distribution network, generally operating in island mode i.e., without grid support. For a compact
utility plate form design, multiple gas turbine-generators without generator transformers, feed
directly to 11kV switchgear. Such a configuration however, introduces high capacitive charging
current (Ico), which is more than the preferred high resistance grounding of generator neutral
through 10A, 10sec resistor, to safeguard the generator core from damage during an earth fault.
Therefore, some utility prefers to select low resistance grounding to limit the fault current above
Ico; however this can cause severe damage to generator core. Generally, oil & gas installation is a
customized design. So, earthing scheme of 11kV generating utility system should be selected
judiciously at basic engineering stage to avoid equipment damage and protection mal-operation
during operation. Different methods of earthing scheme are available to mitigate the same. One of
the method is presented here in which generator neutral is connected to high resistance grounding
and 11kV switchgear connected to low resistance grounding though zig-zag transformer, subject to
single grounding operation at a time. Prior to synchronization or under complete load throw
scenario, generator circuit breaker is opened. So, an earth fault in generator or evacuation system,
create over-voltage or ferro-resonance conditions, stressing insulation of generator and associated
system. This is mitigated by putting neutral earthing resistor into service at generator neutral. This
paper presents the experience learned in designing neutral earthing scheme for off-shore utility
plant in view of high capacitive charging current at 11kV voltage level, outlines impact on stator
core damage, mitigation and conclusion
Performance Analysis of Aerodynamic Design for Wind Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
1) Researchers in Nigeria designed and simulated a wind turbine blade in MATLAB to serve as an alternative energy source for a university faculty building.
2) The simulation analyzed how varying wind speed and tip speed ratio affected the blade's power output and power coefficient. It found that maximum power could be generated at 12m/s wind speed.
3) The results showed the blade could produce 150kW of power needed for the faculty at a wind speed of 9m/s, with a maximum theoretical power coefficient of 0.48, showing high wind energy utilization.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants and provides information on their operation and components. It describes the different sizes of hydroelectric plants from pico to large-scale plants. Details are given on common turbine types used in hydroelectric plants like Kaplan, Francis, Pelton and their efficiencies. The document also provides an overview of Pakistan's power sector, including hydroelectric potential and installed capacity details.
An Overview of Wind Power Generation and Design Aspects in Indiaijiert bestjournal
There is huge activity in wind power,pan-India with the instal led capacity increasing to 10,000MW. India today has the fifth largest installed capacity of wind power in the world w ith 11087MW installed capacity and potential for on-shore capabilities of 65000MW. However the plant load factor (PLF) in wi nd power generation is very low,often in the single digits. The increase in interest in wind energy is due to inves tment subsidies,tax holidays,and government action towards renewable energy playing a big part in nation�s energy system. T here is a need to generate environment friendly power that not only raises energy efficiency and is sustainable too. The time has come for moving to generation based subsidies and understanding the drawbacks associated with wind power in India. The capital cost of wind power is third higher than Conventional thermal power;further electrical problems like v oltage flicker and variable frequency affect the implementation of wind farm. However advances in technologies such as offshore construction of wind turbines,advanced control methodologies,and simulation of wind energy affecting over all grid performance are making a case for wind energy.
Integration of a Wind Turbine Based Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using STAT...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on integrating a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) into the power grid using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and crowbar protection to improve transient stability. A DFIG consists of a wound rotor induction generator connected to the grid via a partial-scale power converter. During faults, a crowbar is used to protect the converter by short-circuiting the rotor, while a STATCOM senses voltage sags and provides quick compensation. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that using STATCOM and DFIG control schemes can improve power quality and grid stability by regulating voltage and reactive power during disturbances.
This document discusses wind turbine power plants. It provides information on where electricity comes from, with coal being the largest source at 58%. It then discusses the basic components and workings of wind turbines, including how they convert wind energy into electrical energy. Different types of wind turbines like horizontal and vertical axis designs are described. The document also covers topics like the importance of wind speed for power generation, state-wise installed wind power capacities in India, major wind power companies, advantages and disadvantages of wind power.
The document discusses repowering, which is replacing older, smaller wind turbines with newer, larger turbines. Countries that started with wind energy early like Germany and Denmark have occupied the best wind locations with older turbines that have lower outputs than modern turbines. Repowering programs replace first-generation turbines with multi-megawatt turbines, increasing wind power generation from the same land area and reducing the number of turbines needed. Repowering has benefits like higher efficiency, lower costs, better grid integration, and utilizing already known wind conditions at sites. Germany is expected to be a major market for repowering, with a potential of replacing up to 15,000 MW of turbines by 2020.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of micro wind turbines installed at an experimental housing development called the EcoSmart Show Village over a 12-month period. Five micro wind turbines of two different models were tested under real-world conditions. Measured outputs were lower than theoretical outputs, likely due to turbulence from the urban environment and inefficiencies in the inverters. Factors like lateral turbulence and inverter consumption need to be considered to accurately assess the potential output of micro turbines in built-up areas.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Design Selection of Transformer on Based Load Capacities for Industrial Zoneijtsrd
This document discusses the design selection of transformers based on load capacities for an industrial zone. It presents mathematical equations for calculating load capacities and demand based on factors like power consumption, operating units, supply voltage, and power factor. Tables show the selection of various transformers for different blocks in the industrial zone based on their calculated load capacities and power demands, taking into account the power factor. The total power demand of the industrial zone is calculated considering the capacity, number and power factor of the different transformers selected.
The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It provides an overview of wind power, why renewable energy is important, the Kyoto agreement on reducing greenhouse gases, and wind power potential and development in India. It then discusses ALTEM Power Limited, an Indian company that manufactures wind turbines, and provides technical details on its product range and the factors to consider when setting up a wind turbine.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Small Scale Horizontal Wind Turbine System Using DC-DC Boost ConverterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a small-scale horizontal wind turbine system that uses a DC-DC boost converter. The system captures kinetic energy from wind using blades connected to a generator. The generator produces a variable voltage direct current. A boost converter maintains a constant voltage to charge a battery. An inverter then converts the stored battery power to alternating current to power loads. The system was designed to generate electricity for small, off-grid applications using inexpensive and accessible materials like PVC pipes for the blades. Test results showed the system could generate electricity from wind speeds of 4-6 m/s and successfully power a 60W AC load.
Wind power capacity has experienced tremendous growth in the Past decade.This paper presents the recent developments in wind energy conversion systems, and their social and environmental benefits. Integration of large scale wind farms into power systems presents some challenges that must be addressed, such assystem operation and control, system stability, and power quality
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
This document describes a proposed maglev windmill design. Some key points:
- The maglev windmill uses magnetic levitation to suspend the turbine blades in air, eliminating mechanical friction and allowing the turbine to operate in very low wind speeds starting at 1.5 m/s.
- The design aims to increase power generation capacity by 20% over conventional wind turbines and decrease operational costs by 50% by using magnetic levitation bearings.
- The document provides background on wind power technologies, components of conventional wind turbines, and introduces the concept of using an axial flux generator and magnetic levitation in the proposed maglev windmill design.
Design Calculation of 40 MW Francis Turbine Runnerijtsrd
A water turbine is one of the most important parts to generate electricity in hydroelectric power plants. The generation of hydroelectric power is relatively cheaper than the power generated by other sources. There are various types of turbines such as Pelton Turbine, Cross flow Turbine, and Francis Turbine which are being used in Myanmar. In this paper, one of the hydroelectric power plant which is used Vertical Francis Turbine type. The Francis turbine is one of the powerful turbine types. Francis Turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James Bicheno Francis. Hydroelectric Power Plant, Thaukyegat No.2, is selected to design the runner. This Vertical Francis Turbine is designed to produce 40 MW electric powers from the head of 65 m and flow rate of 70.10m3 s. The design parameters of 40 MW Vertical Francis Turbine runner's diameter, height, elevation, shaft, numbers of blades and blade angles are calculated. The initial value of turbine output is assumed as 94 . The number of guide blades and runner blades are also assumed. The detailed design calculations of the runner are carried out. Moreover, the selection of the turbine type according to the head, the flow rate and the power are also performed. Kyi Pyar Oo | Khaing Zar Nyunt | Ei Cho Cho Theik "Design Calculation of 40 MW Francis Turbine (Runner)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26412.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26412/design-calculation-of-40-mw-francis-turbine-runner/kyi-pyar-oo
This document provides an overview of wind energy fundamentals and design considerations for wind turbines. It discusses how wind power depends on air volume, velocity, and density. It also explains power coefficients and the Betz limit for wind turbine efficiency. The two main types of wind turbines - horizontal axis and vertical axis - are described. Key design considerations for wind turbines include the number of blades, blade composition and construction, and factors that influence turbine performance like airfoil shape, twist, taper, tip-speed ratio, and rotor solidity.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
IRJET- Experimental Performance Evaluation of 600 W Small Wind Turbine to Ove...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study conducted to evaluate the performance of a 600W small wind turbine designed for domestic use in Pakistan. Researchers designed, fabricated, and tested a horizontal axis wind turbine with 3 fiber blades, a permanent magnet DC generator, and a tubular steel tower. Testing showed the turbine operated at wind speeds above 2.8 m/s, reached 987 RPM, produced 478.5 Watts of power, and achieved 79.2% of its designed capacity during 180 hours of continuous operation. The study aims to help address Pakistan's energy crisis by developing small wind turbines suitable for powering individual homes.
This document discusses hybrid grounding schemes for the electrical power system of offshore oil and gas installations. Due to space constraints in offshore utility plants, multiple generators often feed directly into 11kV switchgear without generator transformers. This introduces high capacitive charging currents that can damage generator cores during earth faults.
The document evaluates different grounding methods, including high resistance grounding through a neutral earthing resistor for generators and low resistance grounding for the 11kV switchgear through a zig-zag transformer. This hybrid scheme aims to limit fault currents while preventing core damage during single grounding occurrences. Factors like capacitive currents, third harmonic voltages, generator core damage curves, and neutral earthing resistor specifications are also analyzed
The electrical power system in offshore oil & gas installation, consists of a large
distribution network, generally operating in island mode i.e., without grid support. For a compact
utility plate form design, multiple gas turbine-generators without generator transformers, feed
directly to 11kV switchgear. Such a configuration however, introduces high capacitive charging
current (Ico), which is more than the preferred high resistance grounding of generator neutral
through 10A, 10sec resistor, to safeguard the generator core from damage during an earth fault.
Therefore, some utility prefers to select low resistance grounding to limit the fault current above
Ico; however this can cause severe damage to generator core. Generally, oil & gas installation is a
customized design. So, earthing scheme of 11kV generating utility system should be selected
judiciously at basic engineering stage to avoid equipment damage and protection mal-operation
during operation. Different methods of earthing scheme are available to mitigate the same. One of
the method is presented here in which generator neutral is connected to high resistance grounding
and 11kV switchgear connected to low resistance grounding though zig-zag transformer, subject to
single grounding operation at a time. Prior to synchronization or under complete load throw
scenario, generator circuit breaker is opened. So, an earth fault in generator or evacuation system,
create over-voltage or ferro-resonance conditions, stressing insulation of generator and associated
system. This is mitigated by putting neutral earthing resistor into service at generator neutral. This
paper presents the experience learned in designing neutral earthing scheme for off-shore utility
plant in view of high capacitive charging current at 11kV voltage level, outlines impact on stator
core damage, mitigation and conclusion
Performance Analysis of Aerodynamic Design for Wind Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
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Integration of a Wind Turbine Based Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using STAT...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on integrating a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) into the power grid using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and crowbar protection to improve transient stability. A DFIG consists of a wound rotor induction generator connected to the grid via a partial-scale power converter. During faults, a crowbar is used to protect the converter by short-circuiting the rotor, while a STATCOM senses voltage sags and provides quick compensation. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that using STATCOM and DFIG control schemes can improve power quality and grid stability by regulating voltage and reactive power during disturbances.
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The document discusses repowering, which is replacing older, smaller wind turbines with newer, larger turbines. Countries that started with wind energy early like Germany and Denmark have occupied the best wind locations with older turbines that have lower outputs than modern turbines. Repowering programs replace first-generation turbines with multi-megawatt turbines, increasing wind power generation from the same land area and reducing the number of turbines needed. Repowering has benefits like higher efficiency, lower costs, better grid integration, and utilizing already known wind conditions at sites. Germany is expected to be a major market for repowering, with a potential of replacing up to 15,000 MW of turbines by 2020.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of micro wind turbines installed at an experimental housing development called the EcoSmart Show Village over a 12-month period. Five micro wind turbines of two different models were tested under real-world conditions. Measured outputs were lower than theoretical outputs, likely due to turbulence from the urban environment and inefficiencies in the inverters. Factors like lateral turbulence and inverter consumption need to be considered to accurately assess the potential output of micro turbines in built-up areas.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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2. Evaluating the Performance of Small Wind
Turbines: A Case Study in Egypt
By:
Eng. Sameh Fares Abd El Azeem
(BSc of mechanical engineering-power)
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Ramadan Youssef Sakr Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Moawed
Mechanical Power Eng. Department Mechanical Power Eng. Department
Shoubra faculty Of Engineering Shoubra faculty Of Engineering
Benha University Benha University
Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Abd El Rahman Ahmed
Mechanical Power Eng. Department
Shoubra faculty Of Engineering
Benha University
2020
3. Outline:
01 Introduction
02 Aims & Objectives The Study
03 Literature Review
04 A Brief Review of Small Wind Turbine
05 El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
06 Results and Discussion
07 Conclusion and Future Work
4. The oil and gas sector, according to Egypt's 2030 Energy Strategy
and current modernization to reach 2035, Egypt is expected to become a
permanent importer of oil and gas during a period that will not exceed
several years from the beginning of the third decade of this century.[1]
Therefore, the diversification of energy sources should be
reconsidered to maximize the use of domestic resources that enjoy
sustainability and stability in prices.
On the level of the private sector, the government opted for the
Build, Own & Operate (BOO) system and the reverse auctions. The
government offered very competitive prices for the electricity generated
from wind power turbines which led to the attraction of many investors.
Introduction
5. Increase installation capacity and produced power from wind
energy in the privet sector.
Aims & Objectives
Objectives
Collect small wind turbines available on the world market
1
Study the distribution of wind energy sources in Egypt
2
Determining the use of electric energy in remote areas of Egypt
3
Determine the appropriate small wind turbines in the selected remote area in Egypt
4
An economic evaluation of small wind turbines in the selected remote area in Egypt
5
Evaluation of the use of small wind turbines in the wind pumping system
6
6. Literature Review
Abhishiktha Tummala
A review on small scale
wind turbines
Range 1.4–20 kW
Small scale wind tur- bines
offer a great scope for
producing valuable power
which can be sufficient for
domestic needs without
altering the climatic
conditions[5].
Mohamed I. El-
Anwar, et al
Red Sea, Egypt
200 Watts
Recommended
using small
vertical wind
turbine NACA0021
200W on top
roofs[8].
Sarah Allardyce
Hoy in Orkney,
Scotland
Any change in the
power factor affects
the gross profit and
recovery of the
small wind turbine
period[3].
Suzan Abdelhady
Egypt
From 2.5 to 200
KW
Recommended
using wind turbines
with rated power
higher than 200
KW[6].
Mostafaeipour
Shahrbabak in Iran
It is recommended
to install small size
wind turbines for
electricity
production of the
houses[2].
2018
2017
2015
2015
2014
2011
2010
Many studies have focused on large wind turbines that produce tremendous
energy and operate in good operating conditions, but there are limitations in studies of
small turbines operating in complex locations and low wind speeds.
Messino and
Colota
South of Italy
From 0.5 to 25 KW
The prevalence of
small turbines in
remote areas
depends mainly on
government funding
and incentives[4].
Maciej and Piotr
Lodz, Poland
Economic Analysis Of
Small Wind Turbines.
The study showed that
to be economically
justifiable, a realistic
cost of the SWT should
not exceed 3000 €[7].
7. A Brief Review of Small Wind Turbine
There is still no globally unified definition of small wind. Originally, the small wind
was defined by its characteristics to produce a small amount of electricity for house
appliances or to cover various household-based electricity demand.
American family would need a 10 kW turbine[9].
Chinese household requires as small as a 1 kW turbine[9].
European household demands a 4 kW turbine[9].
wind turbines with a rotary shelf area smaller than or equal to 200 square meters, which correspond
roughly to P <50 KW[10].
UK classified small wind turbines to three classes 0-1.5KW, 1.5-15KW and 15-100 KW turbine [9].
8. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
Class
Power
Range
(KW)
Turbine
Classification
NO. OF
Turbine
Diameter
Range (m)
Tower
Height (m)
Cut-In
Speed
(m/s)
Rated
Speed
(m/s)
Cut-out
Speed
(m/s)
Class I 0 to 1.5 Micro wind 42 0.5 to 3.2 2.5 to 10 1.5 to 3.8 7 to 16 13 to 30
Class II 1.6 to 5 Small wind 43 1.3 to 7 4 to 24 1.5 to 4 7 to 17 12 to 25
Class III 6 to 10 Small wind 49 3.1 to 14 10 to 30 1.5 to 4.5 6 to 14 10 to 30
Class IV 11 to 20
Small-medium
wind
26 6.5 to 19 12 to 27 1.8 to 4 6.6 to 12 15 to 30
Class V 21 to 50
Small-medium
Wind
29 10.3 to 20 12 to 30 2 to 4.2 7.5 to 13 15 to 26
In this study, all brands of small wind turbines less than 50 kW available on the
world market are 189 turbines as shown in Appendix A.
According to previous studies and the available data on Appendix A, small wind turbines can be
classified to five classes as shown in Table.
H-Type
85%
V-Type
15%
H-Type V-Type
Note:
S.W.T : Small Wind Turbine
9. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
100%
93%
78% 73%
55%
7%
26% 31%
45%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V
TURBINES
PROBABILITY
NUMBER
PER
CLASS
-
%
WIND TURBINE CLASSES
Synchronous Genertor Asynchronous Generator
Probability of Generator Type Related to Turbine Rated
Power
11
43
63
40
12
3
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.4 ≤0.5 ≤0.6 ≤0.7
Noumber
Of
Turbines
Wind Turbine Power Coffecient - Cp
Small W.T ≤50KW
Probability of Wind Turbine Power Coefficient
10. The Collected S.W.T from the world market
3
8
10
21
37
50
25
14
3
5
2 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Noumber
of
Turbines
Wind Turbines Rated Speed - m/S
Probability of Wind Turbine Rated Speed
11. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
Area Statues Wind Power Class
50 m
Wind Power Density
(W/m2)
Wind Speed (m/s)
Alexandria
Arish
Cairo
Farafra
Ismailia
Luxor
Minya
Siwa
Wadi El-Natron
Poor 1 ≤200 ≤5.6
Aswan
El Galala
El Kharga
DakhlaEGYPT
Shark El-Ouinat
El-Kosier
Sidi Barrani
Marginal 2 ≤300 ≤6.4
PortSaid Moderate 3 ≤400 ≤7.0
Ras Sedr
Hurghada
Good 4 ≤500 ≤7.5
El-Tor Very Good 5 ≤600 ≤8.0
Saint Paul
Abu Darag
Excellent 6 ≤800 ≤8.8
Zafarana
Ras Ghareb
Gulf of El-Zayt
Excellent 7 ≤2000 ≤11.9
Egypt wind Atlas[11] and the Survey by
Essa and Mubarak[12] used to segregate
places on Egypt according to power classes
as shown in Table:
EGYPT
12. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
The Government of Egypt (GOE) embarked on applying the policy of horizontal
expansion through a comprehensive development plan included the reclamation of about 1.5
million Feddans to be implemented in 3 phases of 0.5 million Feddans each. Most of the
project’s areas will rely mainly on underground water for agricultural purposes, where the total
number of wells expected to be used is estimated to be around 4,800 wells[13].
El Kharga Oasis is one of the regions in Egypt that
lack electric power and has many irrigation activities. Therefore,
This study aims to evaluate the performance of small wind
turbines in this region.
Irrigation
Activities
Electric Power
13. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
The Weather Online Ltd has historical
weather data for El kharga from 1988 till now so
some of the recorded data has been collected on
wind speed dated from 9/9/2018 to 9/9/2019,
this data is recorded at height 10m every 3 hours
as shown in Appendix C.
Linear regression method[14] (LRM) as well
as the name of the PIN method were used to
calculate the probability of wind speeds in
Kharga Oasis at altitudes 10m where:
c = e
−
k
a
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Y
X
LRM Slope for El Kharga Oasis at 10m
K=Slope a = intercept C
1.915783998 -2.521348807 3.728822
K&C factors for El Kharga at 10m
14. El kharga Oasis As A Case Study
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
FREQUENCY
%
WIND SPEED M/S
10m
15m
18m
24m
Tower Haight (m)
Weibull distribution curve for El Kharga at a different height.
PDF = f u = −
dF u
du
= k
uk−1
ck ex p −
u
c
k
….[15]
u = uo
h
ho
∝
……[16]
Tower Heights 10m 15m 18m 24m
K 1.799 1.799 1.799 1.799
C 3.298 3.713 4.008 4.237
K&C for El kharga Oasis at different heights
El Kharga Weibull distribution curve :
15. Class I at El kharga Oasis
Type Class TYPE
Power
KW
Rotor
Diameter
m
Blade
s No.
Swep
t Area
m2
VI
m/s
VR
m/s
DS-700
Class
I
V 0.7 1.93 3 3.1 3 12
Aeolos-H 500W H 0.5 2.7 3 5.72 2.5 12
Zonhan-S-
300W
H 0.3 1.3 3 1.327 2 12.5 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
POWER
KW
VELOCITY M/S
DS-700
ZONHAN S-300W
AEOLOS-H-500
Turbine Brands
This class is mainly used off-grid and it has an
advantage of its small size, it is applicable to use in various
locations. its Power rating from 0 to 1.5 KW.
16. Class I at El kharga Oasis
784
410
929
883
477
1078
1001
555
1247
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
VAWT1 (DS-700) HAWT 2 ZONHAN S-300W HAWT3 (AEOLOS 500)
Annual
Eneregy
Output
(KWh)
Wind Turbine Brands
10 m 15 m 18 m
Tower Haight (m)
0.100
0.140
0.180
0.220
0.260
0.300
10 M 15 M 18 M
CAPAPCITY
FACTOR
-
CF
TOWER HAIGHT (M)
DS-700
ZONHAN S-300W
AEOLOS-H-500
Turbine Brands
17. 1. Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, “Annual Report 2018,” www.nrea.gov.eg, p. 33, 2018.
2. A. Mostafaeipour, A.Sedaghat, A.A. Dehghan-Niri and V. Kalantar “Wind energy feasibility study for city of Shahrbabak in Iran”, Science Direct
Renewable, No. August, p.15, 2011.
3. S. Allardyce, “Small Scale Wind Power Case Study : North Walls Community School,” Dep. Mech. Eng. Strat. Univ., no. September, p. 73, 2011.
4. A. Messineo and S. Culotta, “Evaluating the Performances of Small Wind Turbines : A Case Study in the Energy Procedia Evaluating the
Performances of Small Wind Turbines : A Case Study in the South of Italy,” Elsevier B.V. Sel., no. December, p. 9, 2012.
5. A. Tummala, R. Kishore, D. Kumar, V. Indraja, and V. H. Krishna, “A review on small scale wind turbines,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 56,
p. 1351, 2016.
6. S. Abdelhady, D. Borello, and S. Santori, “Economic Feasibility of Small Wind Turbines for Domestic Consumers in Economic feasibility of small
wind turbines for domestic consumers in Egypt based on the new Feed-in Tariff,” Energy Procedia, vol. 664, no. September, p. 7, 2015.
7. M. KARCZEWSKI, P. BASZCZYNSKI, P. WIKLAK, K. SOBCZAK and K. JOZWIK “ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL WIND
TURBINES”, Journal of Machine Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2017
8. M. I. El-anwar, A. M. Elzahaby, M. K. Khalil, and A. S. Mohamed, “Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design Case study : 200 Watts for use on
top roofs in Egypt,” IOSRJEN, vol. 08, no. August, p. 79, 2018.
References
18. References
9. New Energy Husum, “Small Wind World Report,” World Wind Energy Assoc., p. 20, 2014.
10. Irish Standard, “Wind turbines - Part 2 : Small wind turbines,” NSAI Stand. EN 61400-2, 2014.
11. N. Gylling, S. Said, and S. Said, “Wind Atlas for Egypt,” Third Middle East-North Africa Renew. Energy Conf., p. 13, 2006.
12. F. Mubarak and K. Essa, “Survey and Assessment of Wind-speed and Wind-power in Egypt, including Air Density
Variation,” Wind Eng., vol. 30, no. 2, p. 14, 2006.
13. I. Abou-Khodier and M. Mahmoud, “Market Assessment Study of Socio-Economic Impacts of Solar Pumping Systems in
Terms of Local Job and Value Creation in Egyp,” RCREEE, p. 98, 2017.
14. F. Mahmuddin, “Analysis of Wind Energy Potential With a Mobile Floating Structure Around Sulawesi and Maluku Islands
of Indonesia,” no. April, 2016.
15. T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, and E. Bossanyi, “wind energy Handbook,” John Wiley Sons, Ltd, p. 642, 2001.
16. H. Sefidgar and S. A. Gholamian, “Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in IRAN
Hadi,” Int. J. Cybern. Informatics ( IJCI), vol. 2, no. 6, p. 12, 2013.