This document discusses various topics related to marketing research. It begins by defining marketing research and its tasks, which include systematically identifying, collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information to improve decision making and address marketing problems and opportunities. It then discusses the differences between problem identification research and problem solving research, as well as differences between MIS and DSS systems. The document also covers analytical models, sampling processes, question design, data preparation and collection, hypothesis testing, and research methods.
Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative Research (Biostatistik)AKak Long
DEFINITION : Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
Described as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcome.
Importance of data collection:
Helps us search for answers and resolutions
Facilitates and improve decision-making processes and the quality of the decisions made.
#Types of quantitative research.
. Survey research
The collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by either in person, on paper, by phone or online.
2. Correlational research
Measures two variables, understand assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
3. Casual-comparative research
To find relationship between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
4. Experimental research
Researcher manipulates one variables, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodologyschool
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Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative Research (Biostatistik)AKak Long
DEFINITION : Quantitative research, is defined as a the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
Quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires etc., the results of which can be depicted in the form of numericals.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or service and make changes accordingly.
Described as the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcome.
Importance of data collection:
Helps us search for answers and resolutions
Facilitates and improve decision-making processes and the quality of the decisions made.
#Types of quantitative research.
. Survey research
The collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by either in person, on paper, by phone or online.
2. Correlational research
Measures two variables, understand assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.
3. Casual-comparative research
To find relationship between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
4. Experimental research
Researcher manipulates one variables, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables.
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodologyschool
This powerpoint presentation contains a brief overview of the contents of Chapter 3 or Research Methodology. You can also find a sample that shows the different components of Chapter 3.
Kindly hit the like and subscribe buttons, thank you.
answer the following questions thoroughly and provide justification.docxnolanalgernon
answer the following questions thoroughly and provide justification/support. The more complete and detailed your answers for these questions, the better prepared you are to successfully write your final paper.
Please submit your answers as a single 4- to 6-page document as a numbered list; this will ensure you do not inadvertently miss a question.
What is your research question?
Are adolescent girl’s body images influenced by the media?
What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to?
What are the variables in your study?
HINT:
Refer back to your hypothesis or hypotheses.
Provide operational definitions for each variable.
How will you measure each variable? Discuss the reliability and validity of these measures in general terms.
What technique will be used for data collection (e.g., observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)?
What type of research design is being used?
Briefly discuss the procedure that would be followed when conducting the research.
What are some
POTENTIAL
ethical issues? How might they be addressed?
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Explanation and justification of research question.
12
Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
16
Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16
Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12
Identification of study's variables.
12
Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
16
Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
16
Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12
Description of the research design being used.
12
Identification of the research procedure.
12
Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20
Organization:
Introduction
Thesis
Transitions
Conclusion
12
Usage and Mechanics:
Grammar
Spelling
Sentence Structure
12
APA Elements:
Attribution
Paraphrasing
Quotations
16
Style:
Audience
Word Choice
4
Total:
200
.
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Qualitative & Quantitative Research Methods.docxSobiaAlvi
Content List
Topic: Concept of Qualitative & Quantitative Research Design
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research
Topic: Comparison of Qualitative & Quantitative Research
1. Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research – A Comparison
References
CHAPTER 8 QUANTITATIVE METHODSWe turn now from the introductioJinElias52
CHAPTER 8 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
We turn now from the introduction, the purpose, and the questions and hypotheses to the method section of a proposal. This chapter presents essential steps in designing quantitative methods for a research proposal or study, with specific focus on survey and experimental designs. These designs reflect postpositivist philosophical assumptions, as discussed in Chapter 1. For example, determinism suggests that examining the relationships between and among variables is central to answering questions and hypotheses through surveys and experiments. In one case, a researcher might be interested in evaluating whether playing violent video games is associated with higher rates of playground aggression in kids, which is a correlational hypothesis that could be evaluated in a survey design. In another case, a researcher might be interested in evaluating whether violent video game playing causes aggressive behavior, which is a causal hypothesis that is best evaluated by a true experiment. In each case, these quantitative approaches focus on carefully measuring (or experimentally manipulating) a parsimonious set of variables to answer theory-guided research questions and hypotheses. In this chapter, the focus is on the essential components of a method section in proposals for a survey or experimental study.
DEFINING SURVEYS AND EXPERIMENTS
A survey design provides a quantitative description of trends, attitudes, and opinions of a population, or tests for associations among variables of a population, by studying a sample of that population. Survey designs help researchers answer three types of questions: (a) descriptive questions (e.g., What percentage of practicing nurses support the provision of hospital abortion services?); (b) questions about the relationships between variables (e.g., Is there a positive association between endorsement of hospital abortion services and support for implementing hospice care among nurses?); or in cases where a survey design is repeated over time in a longitudinal study; (c) questions about predictive relationships between variables over time (e.g., Does Time 1 endorsement of support for hospital abortion services predict greater Time 2 burnout in nurses?).
An experimental design systematically manipulates one or more variables in order to evaluate how this manipulation impacts an outcome (or outcomes) of interest. Importantly, an experiment isolates the effects of this manipulation by holding all other variables constant. When one group receives a treatment and the other group does not (which is a manipulated variable of interest), the experimenter can isolate whether the treatment and not other factors influence the outcome. For example, a sample of nurses could be randomly assigned to a 3-week expressive writing program (where they write about their deepest thoughts and feelings) or a matched 3-week control writing program (writing about the facts of their daily morning routine) to eval ...
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
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2. Q. What is meant by marketing research? What are the task of marketing research?
MARKETING RESEARCH:
MARKETING RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC AND OBJECTIVE, IDENTIFICATION, COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS, DISSEMINATION AND USE OF INFORMATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF
IMPROVING DECISION MAKING RELATED TO IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION OF THE
PROBLEM AND OPPORTUNITIES OF MARKETING.
TASK OF MARKETING RESEARCH:
• TO ASSESS THE INFORMATION NEEDS.
• TO PROVIDE MANAGEMENT WITH RELEVANT, ACCURATE, RELIABLE AND
ACTIONABLE INFORMATION.
3. Q. What is the Difference between problem identification research and
problem solving research?
Problem identification research:
Market potential research
Market characteristics research
Market share research
Image research
Sales analysis research
Forecasting research
Business trends research.
Problem solving research:
Segmentation research
Product research
Pricing research
Distribution research
Promotion research
4. Q. What is the Difference between MIS and DSS?
MIS (Management information
system):
Ongoing process
Structured problem
Use reports
Rigid structure
Information display
restricted
DSS (Decision support system):
Integrated system
Unstructured problem
Use model
User friendly
adaptability
5. Q. What are the common forms of analytical
model?
verbal model (written representation)
graphical model (graph)
mathematical model (y = a+bx)
6. Q. Discuss the step of sampling process?
Step of sampling process:
1.Define the target population.
2.Determine the sample frame
3.Select a sample technique
4.Determine the sample size
5.Execute the sampling process
7. Q. What do you mean funnel approach and branching question?
Funnel approach:
Ordering question
Sequence starts with
general question
To prevent specific
question from biasing
General question.
Branching question:
Survey directing by the
interviewer
To different spot
Questionnaire depend on
the answer given.
8. Q. What are the task involved in defining
research problem?
Task involved in defining research problem:
1.Discussion with the decision makers
2.Interviews with expert
3.Analysis of secondary data
4.To conduct some qualitative research such as
focused group discussion, depth interviews.
9. Q. what are the Data preparation process?
Preparing preliminary plan of data analysis
Questionnaire checking
Editing
Coding
Transcribing
Data cleaning
Statistically adjusting the data
Selecting data analysis strategy
10. Q. Difference between parametric test and non-parametric test?
Parametric test:
Measured on interval
scale
Metric data
In one sample
-t test
-z-test
Non-parametric test:
Measured on nominal
or ordinal scale
Nonmetric data
In one sample
-chi square
- K-S
-BINOMINAL
11. Q. What step involved in Data collection process?
1. Selection of field workers
2. Training of field workers
3. Supervision of field workers
4. Validation of field workers
5. Evaluation of field workers
12. Q. what are the classification of sampling technique?
A . Nonprobability sampling:
(Convenience)
1. Convenience sampling
(interviewing street people)
2. Judgmental sampling( shop
house)
3. Quota sampling(gender, age)
4. Snowball sampling(referrals from
referrals)
B . Probability sampling:(random)
1. Simple random
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Cluster sampling
13. Q. What are the classification of survey method?
14. Q. What are the step involved in Question design process?
1. Specify the information need
2. Specify the type of interviewing method
3. Determine the content of individual question
4. Design the question to overcome the respondents
inability and unwillingness to answer
5. Decide the question structure
6. Choosing question wording
7. Determine the order of the Question
8. Choose the form and layout
9. Reproduction of the questionnaire
10. Eliminate bugs by pretesting. (bugs-potential error)
15. Q. What are the principle of oral
presentation?
Tell em’ principle: the principle state
Tell em’ what you are going to Tell em’
Tell em’
Tell em’ what you have told em’
Kiss em’ principle:
Keep it simple and straight forward
16. Q. What are the criteria to be used when evaluating secondary
data?
1. Specification (methodology used in collect data)
2. Error (accuracy of data)
3. Currency (when the data collected)
4. Objective (the purpose which data collected)
5. Nature ( the content of the data)
6. Dependability (how dependable are the data)
18. Q. what are the elements of marketing proposal?
Elements of marketing proposal:
Executive summery (overview)
Background
Problem definition
Approach to the problem
Research design
Data collection
Data analysis
Reporting
Cost and time
Appendix
19. Q. what are the difference between sample and census?
Sample:
A subgroup of the element of
the population selected for
participation in the study
Need small budget
Population size large
Cost of sampling errors low
Destructive measurement
Census:
A complete enervation of
elements of population
Need large budget
Population size small
Cost of sampling errors
high
Nondestructive
measurement
20. Q. what is content and trace analysis?
Content analysis:
It is a research tool or technique that help to
analyze the actual content and it is features
of any kind, whether it was a word, picture,
themes, text, and try to present the content
in objective and quantitative manner.
Content analysis is a research tool focused
on the actual content and internal features
of media. It is used to determine the
presence of certain words, concepts,
themes, phrases, characters, or sentences
within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this
presence in an objective manner.
it enables researcher to shift through large
volume of data
it allow us to discover and describe the focus
of individual group, social attention
Trace analysis:
Trace analysis as a
measurement below one ppm
(μg/g) while others use the term
to describe an analyze
concentration low enough to
cause difficulty. This difficulty
may be caused by the sample
size or the matrix (i.e. - the
concentration of analyze of
interest relative to the matrix or
the sample size causes difficulty
for the analyst). Most trace
analysts using ICP-OES / ICP-MS
prefer the latter definition.
21. Q. what is type I &type II error?
Type I error:
A type I error (or error of the first kind)
is the incorrect rejection of a true null
hypothesis. Usually a type I error leads
one to conclude that a supposed
effect or relationship exists when in
fact it doesn't. Examples of type I
errors include a test that shows a
patient to have a disease when in
fact the patient does not have the
disease, a fire alarm going off
indicating a fire when in fact there is
no fire or an experiment indicating
that a medical treatment should cure
a disease when in fact it does not.
Type II error:
A type II error (or error of the
second kind) is the failure to
reject a false null hypothesis.
Examples of type II errors
would be a blood test failing
to detect the disease it was
designed to detect, in a
patient who really has the
disease; a fire breaking out
and the fire alarm does not
ring or a clinical trial of a
medical treatment failing to
show that the treatment works
when really it does.
22. Q. what is central limit theorem?
A statistical theory that states that given a
sufficiently large sample size from a
population with a finite level of variance,
the mean of all samples from the same
population will be approximately equal to
the mean of the population.
23. Q.WHAT THE GOOD CHARECTRAISTICS & TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
TESTING?