Rishav Prakash discusses heavy metal removal technologies. Trace amounts of heavy metals like copper, iron, and zinc are required by organisms, but excessive levels can be toxic. Sources of heavy metals include mining, agriculture, solid waste, automobiles, and fossil fuel emissions. Removal technologies discussed include reverse osmosis, precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, and biosorption. Biosorption is the passive binding of heavy metals by inactive biomass like algae, fungi, and bacteria through mechanisms like adsorption, ion exchange, complexation, and precipitation. Obligate halophilic fungi like Aspergillus flavus and Sterigmatomyces halophilus show potential for biosorbing cadm
Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganismsIke Nwiyi
Biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Microbes have been widely used in the process of environmental clean-up and are known as bioremediators
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganismsIke Nwiyi
Biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Microbes have been widely used in the process of environmental clean-up and are known as bioremediators
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
Synthesis of Calcium Silicate (Casio3) Using Calcium Fluoride, Quartz and Mic...IJERA Editor
Microbes like bacteria, algae, fungi and virus play an important role to catalyst chemical reactions. In Nature,
ores or minerals of different compounds are formed due to microbial environment and other factors like
weathering. Microbial environment is also instrumental in forming calcium containing silicate minerals.
Chemical reactions occur under microbial environment because microbes have the ability to control or modify
different factors like pH, chemical potential and temperature during reactions. In this paper, synthesis of calcium
silicate (CaSiO3) using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and quartz (SiO2) under microbial environment in a laboratory is
being adopted to produce the required material. XRD technique is used to confirm the formation of CaSiO3.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
Synthesis of Calcium Silicate (Casio3) Using Calcium Fluoride, Quartz and Mic...IJERA Editor
Microbes like bacteria, algae, fungi and virus play an important role to catalyst chemical reactions. In Nature,
ores or minerals of different compounds are formed due to microbial environment and other factors like
weathering. Microbial environment is also instrumental in forming calcium containing silicate minerals.
Chemical reactions occur under microbial environment because microbes have the ability to control or modify
different factors like pH, chemical potential and temperature during reactions. In this paper, synthesis of calcium
silicate (CaSiO3) using calcium fluoride (CaF2) and quartz (SiO2) under microbial environment in a laboratory is
being adopted to produce the required material. XRD technique is used to confirm the formation of CaSiO3.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
Sorption and transformation of toxic metals by microorganismsKhadija tul kubra
in which i discuss about the metals which are remediate by some microorganisms, these mtals poduce toxicity in the enviorment. some technologies or techniiques used to remove the heavy metals by the help of enginnered microorganisms.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
Iron acquisition and mineral transformation by cyanobacteria living in extrem...Sérgio Sacani
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most living organisms, including cyanobacteria. These microorganisms have
been found in Earth's driest polar and non-polar deserts, including the Atacama Desert, Chile. Iron-containing
minerals were identified in colonized rock substrates from the Atacama Desert, however, the interactions be-
tween microorganisms and iron minerals remain unclear. In the current study, we determined that colonized
gypsum rocks collected from the Atacama Desert contained both magnetite and hematite phases. A cyanobacteria
isolate was cultured on substrates consisting of gypsum with embedded magnetite nanoparticles. Transmission
electron microscopy imaging revealed a significant reduction in the size of magnetite nanoparticles due to their
dissolution, which occurred around the microbial biofilms. Concurrently, hematite was detected, likely from the
oxidation of the magnetite nanoparticles. Higher cell counts and production of siderophores were observed in
cultures with magnetite nanoparticles suggesting that cyanobacteria were actively acquiring iron from the
magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite dissolution and iron acquisition by the cyanobacteria was further confirmed
using large bulk magnetite crystals, uncovering a survival strategy of cyanobacteria in these extreme
environments.
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Trace amounts of heavy metals are
required by living organism
including copper, iron, zinc but
however excessive levels of these
metals can be toxic to the organism
due to their toxicity and
accumulation behavior(Franke S, Grass G,
Rensing C, Nies DH (2003) )
3. Sources of Heavy Metals
Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG (2001) An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environmental Reviews 9: 269-
298.
Czekalski N, Gascón Díez E, Bürgmann H (2014) Waste-water as a point source of antibiotic-resistance genes in the sediment of a freshwater lake. ISME J 8: 1381-1390. 8. Duruibe J,
Ogwuegbu M, Egwurugwu J (2007) Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences 2: 112-118.
Sources of heavy
metal
Mining Agriculture and
Farming Solid Waste
Automobile spear
parts
Emission of fossil fuels gases
Batteries and E-waste
5. Basic concepts and
terminology
Biosorption passive sequestration by non-metabolizing non-living
biomass
Bioaccumulation Metabolically mediated transport and deposition of
chemical species in living cells
Adsorption Involves the interface accumulation or
concentration of substances at a surface or interface
Sorption +
Absorption Molecules or atoms of one phase
interpenetrate among other of another phase to form a
«solution»
Davis TA, Volesky B, Mucci A. Water Research. 2003
6. Properties of heavy metals
• They occur near the bottom of the periodic table
• Have high densities
• Toxic in nature
• Nondegradable
Note: Arsenic is not actually a metal but is a semimetal
i.e. its properties are intermediate between those of
metals and nonmetals.
7. • It is particularly the cell wall structure of certain algae, fungi and bacteria
which was found responsible for this phenomenon (Volesky, 1986)
• Bioaccumulation is nothing but a biosorption but it happens in a living
cells
Biosorption is a property of certain types of inactive, dead,
microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals.
13. Transport across cell membrane
transport across microbial cell membranes may be mediated by the
same mechanism used to convey metabolically important ions such as
potassium, magnesium and sodium.
Basically biosorption by living organisms comprises of two steps.
1. Metabolism independent binding where the metals are bound to
the cell walls and
2. Metabolism dependent intracellular uptake, whereby metal ions
are transported across the cell membrane. ( Costa, et.al., 1990,
Gadd et.al., 1988, Ghourdon et.al., 1990, Huang et.al., 1990.,
Nourbaksh et.al., 1994)
14.
15. Physical adsorption
• In this category, physical adsorption takes place with the help
of van der Waals' forces.
– Kuyucak and Volesky 1988, hypothesized that uranium,
cadmium, zinc, copper and cobalt biosorption by dead
biomasses of algae, fungi and yeasts takes place through
electrostatic interactions between the metal ions in
solutions and cell walls of microbial cells.
• Electrostatic interactions have been demonstrated to be
responsible for copper biosorption by bacterium Zoogloea
ramigera and alga Chiarella vulgaris (Aksu et al. 1992), for
chromium biosorption by fungi Ganoderma
lucidum and Aspergillus niger .
16. Ion Exchange
Cell walls of microorganisms contain polysaccharides
and bivalent metal ions exchange with the counter
ions of the polysaccharides.
o Kuyucak and Volesky 1988: the alginates of
marine algae occur as salts of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and
Mg2+. These ions can exchange with counter ions
such as CO2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ resulting in the
biosorptive uptake of heavy metals
o Muraleedharan and Venkobachr, 1990: The
biosorption of copper by fungi Ganoderma
lucidium and Aspergillus niger was also up taken
by ion exchange mechanism.
17. Complexation
removal can take place by complex formation on the cell surface
after the interaction between the metal and the active groups.
Metal +Active group---- complex
Aksu et al. 1992 hypothesized that biosorption of copper by
C. vulgaris and Z. ramigera takes place through both adsorption and
formation of coordination bonds between metals and amino and
carboxyl groups of cell wall polysaccharides.
Microorganisms + metals -----chelate metallo-organic
(citric, oxalic, gluonic, fumaric, lactic and malic acids)
Metals may be biosorbed or complexed by carboxyl groups found in
microbial polysaccharides and other polymers.
18. Precipitation
Precipitation may be either dependent
cellular metabolism or independent of it. In the former
case, the metal removal from solution is often associated
with active defense system of the microorganisms.
They react in the presence of a toxic metal producing
compounds, which favour the precipitation process.
In the case of precipitation not dependent on the cellular
metabolism, it may be a consequence of the chemical
interaction between the metal and the cell surface.
19. it affects the solution chemistry of
the metals, the activity of the
functional groups in the biomass
and the competition of metallic
ions (Friis and Myers-Keith, 1986,
Galun
Temperature seems not to influence the
biosorption performances in the range of 20-
35 0C (Aksu et al. 1992)
Biomass concentration in solution seems to influence the specific
uptake: for lower values of biomass concentrations there is an
increase in the specific uptake (Fourest and Roux, 1992; Gadd et al.
1988). Gadd et al. 1988 suggested that an increase in biomass
concentration leads to interference between the binding sites.
Fourest and Roux, 1992 invalidated this hypothesis attributing the
responsibility of the specific uptake decrease to metal concentration
shortage in solution.
20. Bacteria as Biosorbents
• Bacterial biosorption is mainly used for the removal of metals
ions and dyes.
Leitão AL (2009) Potential of Penicillium species in the bioremediation field. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6: 1393-1417.
. Li X, Li A, Long M, Tian X (2015) Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper biosorption by dead Ceriporia lacerata biomass isolated from the litter of an invasive plant in China. J Environ
Health Sci Eng 13: 37.
Cho DH, Kim EY, Hung YT (2010) Heavy metal removal by microbial biosorbents Environmental Bioengineering Springer 11: 375-402.
Lone MI, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Yang XE (2008) Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: progresses and perspectives. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 9: 210-220.
. Green-Ruiz C, Rodriguez-Tirado V, Gomez-Gil B (2008) Cadmium and zinc removal from aqueous solutions by Bacillus jeotgali: pH, salinity and temperature effects. Bioresour Technol 99:
3864-3870.
21. Algae as Biosorbents
• Algae are efficient and cheap biosorbents
– algae absorb about 15.3% - 84.6% which is higher as
compared to other microbial biosorbents.
• Brown algae
– known to have high absorption capacity. Biosorption of
metal ions occurs on the cell surface by means of ion
exchange method.
– absorbed metals like Cd, Ni, Pb through chemical
groups on their surface such as carboxyl,
Sulfonate, amino, as well as sulfhydryl.
22.
23. Fungi as Biosorbents of Heavy Metals
• The use of fungi as bio sorbents material has been shown to be efficient
material is also one of the cost-effective and eco-friendly methods with
serves as an alternative to chemically bound treatment process.
• The capability of the many type of fungi to produce extracellular enzymes
for the assimilation of complex carbohydrates for former hydrolysis makes
capable the degradation of various degrees of pollutants.
• They also have the benefit of being relatively uncomplicated to grow in
fermenters, therefore being appropriate for large scale production.
• Another benefit is the easy separation of fungal biomass by filtration
because of its filamentous structure. In comparison to yeasts, filamentous
fungi are less sensitive to variations in nutrients, aeration, pH,
temperature and have a lower nucleic content in the biomass
24.
25. Biosorption of heavy metals by
obligate halophilic fungi
Highlights
First report of using obligate halophilic fungi for biosorption of
heavy metals.
Cadmium, copper, ferrous, manganese, lead and zinc were
effectively removed from their medium by obligate halophilic
fungi.
A. flavus and S. halophilus showed best performance for the
biosorption of heavy metals.
Over all, Fe and Zn were most removed by obligate halophilic
fungi.
This study provides a cost effective solution of removing
heavy metals
Javaid Hussain , Chemosphere 199 (2018) 218-222
26. Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in the environment poses a serious threat to human
health. Remediation of this problem using microorganisms has been widely
researched to find a sustainable solution.
Obligate halophilic fungi comprising Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus gracilis,
Aspergillus penicillioides (sp. 1), Aspergillus penicillioides (sp. 2), Aspergillus
restrictus and Sterigmatomyces halophilus were used for the biosorption of
cadmium, copper, ferrous, manganese, lead and zinc.
The metals were supplemented as salts in potato dextrose broth for the growth of
obligate halophilic fungi and incubated for 14 days. The supernatant and biomass
were obtained by the acid digestion method.
The biosorption was screened by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All tested fungi
showed moderate to high adsorption of heavy metals, amongst which A. flavus
and S. halophilus showed the best average adsorption of all heavy metals studied,
with an average of 86 and 83%, respectively.
On average, Fe and Zn are best removed from the liquid media of obligate
halophilic fungi, with an average of 85 and 84%, respectively.
27. Materials and methods
Aspergillus restrictus
Aspergillus pencillodes
Aspergillus gracilis
A.flavus
(5%Nacl)
Potato broth Agar
Or
Sterigmatomyces
halophilus
36. Result
Heavy Metal Species showing maximum or absorption
Cadmium Aspergillus flavus, Sterigmatomyces halophilus
Copper A.flavus , A.restrictus ,S.halophilus
Iron A.restrictus (least)
Manganese A.flavus , S.halophilus
Lead A.restrictus, S.halophilus
Zinc A.grailis, S.halophilus(90%)
37. Inference
It was observed that out of six species three species shows
excellent absorption property for heavy metal such as zinc
lead , cadmium
Species such as Aspergillus flavus , A.restrictus,
Sterigmatomyces halophilus
In that also Sterigmatomyces halophilus showed absorbance
in every heavy metal
In case of Zinc Sterigmatomyces halophilus absorbed 90% of
heavy metal.
38. Mechanism of Pb2+ removal from aqueous solution
using a nonliving moss biomass
Highlights
The moss plant Barbula lambarenensis (RBL) will be useful for
metal adsorption from aqueous solution.
" The maximum adsorption capacity (Qo) for Pb adsorption is
62.50 mg/g at 298 K and 90.91 mg/g at 323 K.
" The pH for optimum adsorption is 5.0 while maximum
adsorption was attained in 30 min.
" The adsorption data obeyed the pseudo-second-order
model.
" The free energy changes (DGo) are positive and the reaction
is exothermic.
Bamidele I. Olu-Owolabi, Paul N. Diagboya, William C. Ebaddan ,Chemical Engineering
Journal (2012), 270–275
39. Protocol
• Sampling, pre-treatment and characterization of biosorbent
material
The B. Lambarenensis was obtained in August 2011 in
Agbor(611060 0E; 615090 0N), Delta State, Nigeria; washed
severally withtap water and deionized water to remove impurities,
then air-dried,ground, sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh size sieve,
and the sieved particles were used for the study. This was called the
raw BL
40. • 1000 mg/L of standardized Pb2+ stock solution was prepared from
the analytical grade chloride salt. Working solutions of required
concentrations were prepared from this stock as required.
• Replicate batch experiments were used to determine metal sorption
capacity of the biomass in 60 mL polyethylene bottles by contacting
approximately 0.1 g of the RBL biomass with 20 mL of metal solution,
except where otherwise stated, for determining effect of pH, time,
temperature and sorbate concentration.
• The sorbent–sorbate mixtures were shaken on a mechanical shaker
duringthe course of the adsorption experiment and concentrations of
metal in the filtrate solutions were determined using the Buck
Scientific 205 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) with air-
acetyleneflame on absorbance mode.
41. FT-IR test spectra of unloaded RBL biomass
showed several absorption peaks between the
scanning frequency range of4500–500 cm1
42. The water content in the RBL biomass and the numerous free hydroxyl groups in
the polysaccharide structure of this moss plant wall may explain the presence of the
band.
The sharp absorption just below 3000 𝑐𝑚−1
is indicative of CAH stretch likely from
alkanes while the band at around 2350 𝑐𝑚−1
is suggestive of cumulative double bonds
stretch of
The band around 1700 𝑐𝑚−1
is characteristic of the stretch of carbonyl double bond
either from free or esterified carboxyl groups. However, closer band frequencies at 1655
𝑐𝑚−1
have been attributed to amide-I of protein secondary structures.
The absorption peak at about 1424 𝑐𝑚−1 suggests aromatic methyl group/methyl ketone
and carboxylate vibrations or likely CAH deformations of alkanes. The strong band around
1090 cm1 is due likely to the bond and stretching, which are characteristic
for polysaccharides.
Peaks below 1000 𝑐𝑚−1
have been attributed to such groups as aromatic bending
vibrations (874 𝑐𝑚−1), thioesters (672 𝑐𝑚−1), but majorly plane deformations.
The broad band positioned around 3400 𝑐𝑚−1
is indicative of the stretching band of the
carbonyl double bond from some carboxylic acids and their salts, a stretching vibration of
free hydroxyl functional groups of aromatic and aliphatic origins, and possibly NH stretch
of amides
44. The uptake of Pb2+ ions is pH dependent. At the low pH value of 3.0, RBL
adsorbed lower amount (56.4 mg/g or 57.8%) of Pb2+ onto its surface active
adsorption sites. With increase in solution pH, the quantity adsorbed increased
steadily until pH 5.0 (70.6 mg/g or 71.6%) and 6.0 (72.4 mg/g or 73.3%) where
the quantities of Pb2+ adsorbed made a plateau on the graph before
precipitation of Pb2+ ions set in.
In summary, steady increment in adsorption was observed from pH 3.0 to 5.0,
indicating that more Pb2+ ions were adsorbed on RBL surfaces as pH increased.
Then adsorption reached a plateau between pH 5.0 and 6.0. The optimum pH
for adsorption of Pb2+ was recorded at pH 5.0.
Above this pH, there was an apparent increase in adsorption of Pb2+.
This has been attributed mainly to solvation and hydrolysis of Pb2+ ion products
leading to precipitation of Pb2+ from solution.
In aqueous solutions of pH less than 5, Pb2+ ions exist as either Pb2+ or Pb(OH)+
or both. However, the formation of Pb2+ hydrolysis products begins to occur at
pH values between 5 and 6, and this brings about precipitation.
Due to this reason all the experiments were carried out at pH 5.
49. The ability of B. lambarenensis biosorbent to remove Pb2+ from
aqueous solution was investigated in equilibrium, kinetics and
thermodynamics studies.
The results obtained show that the biomass of B. lambarenensis has
an optimum pH for Pb2+ adsorption at 5.0, nearly attains maximum
adsorption within 1 h at 298 K, and obeys the pseudo-second order
kinetics with an exothermic reaction. Pb2+ adsorption increased with
increase in temperature.
The Langmuir isotherm described the equilibrium data better than
other isotherms indicating adsorption is monolayer with monolayer
adsorption capacity of 62.50 mg/g at 298 K and 90.91 mg/gat 323 K.
The FT-IR analysis showed that possible functional groups responsible
for metal adsorption are carboxyl, carbonyl, amides, hydroxyl and
possibly other smaller groups that cannot be identified using only FT-
IR spectra.
50. The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
seminar should be, but incomplete without the mention of the people who made
it possible.
We sincere thank to our guide Mr. R Manjunath and Mr.Ishwar Chandra
(Assistant Professor, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore)
for his constant guidance, support and encouragement in conceptualizing,
developing and executing the presentation.
I also thank Dr. Mrinalini menon for her constant support and encouragement.
We express our gratitude to Dr. H. G. Nagendra (HOD, Sir M. Visvesvaraya
Institute of Technology, Bangalore) for giving us the opportunity to present such
an enriching topic.
Our heartfelt thanks to the entire faculty of Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of
Technology for enabling us with the necessary knowledge, skills and capabilities
to present this topic successfully.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
51.
52. Extra Slides
• Potato dextrose broth and agar were prepared
using 250 g of potato boiled in 100 ml of
distilled water for 30 min and the filtrate is
mixed with 2 g of dextrose and for agar plates
1.5 g of agar was added with this mixture.
• Extreme or obligate halophiles require high
osmotic pressure (up to 30% salt)
Facultative halophiles tolerate high osmotic
pressure.