This document discusses the nature and examples of various non-communicable diseases including allergies, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and kidney failure. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and in some cases types of each disease. For allergies specifically, it outlines several common types such as hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, eczema, hives, and anaphylactic shock, and their associated symptoms.

1. PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF DISEASES AND
DISORDERS

2. NATURE OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES (NCD)

3. Here are some common Non-
communicable Diseases
• 1. ALLERGY- is a misguided
reaction to foreign substances
by the immune system. The
allergic reaction is misguided in
that these are harmless. The
substances are usually
harmless. The substances that
trigger an allergy are called
allergen. Examples include
pollens, dust, mite, molds,
danders, and certain foods.

4. Example of Allergy
a. Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is
the most common of the allergic
diseases and is characterized by
seasonal nasal symptoms that
are due to pollens. The most
common sign and symptoms:
▪ Runny nose
▪ Stuffy nose
▪ Sneezing
▪ Nasal itching
▪ Itchy ears and throat
▪ Post nasal drip (throat clearing)

5. Example of Allergy
b. Allergic conjunctivitis is the
inflammation of the tissue
layers(membranes) that cover the
surface of the eyeball and the
undersurface of the eyelid. The most
common sign and symptoms:
▪ Redness under the lids and the eyes
▪ Watery, itchy eyes
▪ Swelling of the membranes

6. Example of Allergy
c. Allergic eczema is an allergic rash that
is usually caused by skin contact with an
allergen and features the following signs:
▪ Itching, redness and or dryness of the
skin
▪ Rash on the face, especially among
children
▪ Rash around the eyes, in the elbow

7. Example of Allergy
d. Hives (urticaria) are skin
reactions that appear as itchy,
swellings and can occur on
any part of the body. Signs
and symptoms
▪ Raised red welts or swollen
mark
▪ Intense itching

8. Example of Allergy
e. Allergic shock or (anaphylactic
shock) is a life-threatening reactions that
can affect a number of organs at the same
time. It typically occurs when the allergen
is eaten example, foods or injected, for
example, a bee sting) Signs and
symptoms:
▪ Hives or reddish discoloration of the skin
▪ Nasal congestion
▪ Swelling of the throat
▪ Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
▪ Shortness of breath, wheezing
▪ Low blood pressure

9. NATURE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCD)
2. ASTHMA- is a chronic lung
disorder that causes airways to
become inflamed, which means
that they swell and produce lots
of thick mucus. Sign and
symptoms:
▪ Shortness of breath
▪ Wheezing
▪ Coughing
▪ Chest tightness

10. NATURE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES (NCD)
3. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE- is the
disease of the heart and
blood vessel.

11. Example of
Cardiovascular Disease
a. HEART (CARDIO) DISEASES
▪ Congenital heart disease- is the abnormality in the heart
structure
▪ Congestive heart failure- is an abnormality in the heart to
keep up with the demands on it
▪ Arrhythmia- a condition in which the heart beats with an
irregular or abnormal rhythym
▪ Rheumatic heart disease- active or inactive heart disease
that results from rheumatic fever.
▪ Myocardial infraction(heart attack) occurs when the heart
muscle tissue dies from lack of oxygen because of reduced
blood flow.

12. Example of Cardiovascular Disease
a. VASCULAR (blood vessel) DISEASE
▪ Arteriosclerosis is a group of vascular
diseases characterized by thickening and
loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
▪ Hypertension or high blood pressure
occurs when blood pressure is higher than
normal.
▪ Stroke occurs when a clot blocks a small
blood vessel in the brain, thus brain cells
die from lack of oxygen.
▪ Aneurysm is an excessive localized
enlargement of an artery caused by a
weakening of the artery wall

13. NATURE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES (NCD)
4. CANCER is caused by abnormal cells growing without control. As these
abnormal cells grow, they form into masses called tumors. It can be benign or
malignant.
a. BENIGN- masses of cells that are not cancerous and do not spread
b. MALIGNANT –masses of cells that are cancerous. Most common cancer:
1. Skin
2. Colon and Rectum
3. Lungs
4. Breast
5. Reproductive Organ
6. Bone Marrow (leukemia and lymphoma

14. Signs and symptoms:
C- hange in bowel or bladder habits
A-Sore that does not heal
U-nusual bleeding or discharge
T- hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I- ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O-bvious change in wart or mole
N-aging cough or horseness
U-nexplained weight loss
P- resistant hoarseness Cancer maybe diagnosed in different ways:

15. WAYS IN DIAGNOSING
 Biopsy- the Doctors may take a piece of tissue
▪ Curettage- a tissue from within the body is removed
▪ X-ray- a quick painless test that produces an image of the structures
inside your body Treatment of Cancer:
▪ Surgery- the involves removal of tumor and repair of the affected organ
▪ Radiation Therapy- this involves attacking the cancer cells with x-rays.
▪ Drug therapy or Chemotherapy- this has become an increasingly important
method of cancer treatment.

16. NATURE OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCD)
5. DIABETES- is a disease that prevents the body from
converting food into energy.
Types of Diabetes
▪ Type I diabetes is the result of little or no insulin produced
by the pancreas.
▪ Type II diabetes- is the result of too little insulin produced
by the pancreas or failure of the insulin to function normally.
Signs and Symptoms
▪ Excessive Urination (Polyuria)
▪ Excessive Thirst (Polydipsia)
▪ Excessive Hunger (Polyphagia)

17. NATURE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES (NCD)
6. ARTHRITIS- refers to the
inflammation of joints. It usually
occurs during old age.
▪ Rheumatoid arthritis causes pain
and swelling in many joints
throughout the body
▪ Osteoarthritis is a disease of older
people

18. NATURE OF NON-
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES (NCD)
7. KIDNEY OR RENAL
FAILURE is a medical
condition in which the
kidneys fail to
adequately filter waste
products from the
blood.