A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world—and hopes are high to bring one to market in record time to ease the global crisis.
The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021.
Hello guys , today I am discussing about various stages of vaccine development and types of vaccines already developed by various biotech companies all over the world and their current status in clinical trial till now .
Hope , Very early we can get a ideal corona virus vaccine which would be safe and effective to human and also eradicate this disease from the world .
For more information please follow these link :
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...
https://www.precisionvaccinations.com...
https://www.who.int/publications/m/it...
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Low Lee Lee, Infectious Disease Physician at the Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world—and hopes are high to bring one to market in record time to ease the global crisis.
The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021.
Hello guys , today I am discussing about various stages of vaccine development and types of vaccines already developed by various biotech companies all over the world and their current status in clinical trial till now .
Hope , Very early we can get a ideal corona virus vaccine which would be safe and effective to human and also eradicate this disease from the world .
For more information please follow these link :
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...
https://www.precisionvaccinations.com...
https://www.who.int/publications/m/it...
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Low Lee Lee, Infectious Disease Physician at the Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Corona virus disease-2019 (Covid-19 outbreak) epidemiology prevention and con...Arun Singh
This PPT is created and updated on 14 February 2020 and it is about the epidemiology of Corona Virus Disease-19, Its preventive measures were also given, useful for department of Community Medicine
Brief presentation about COVID19 diagnosis ,management and discharge criteria from isolation. Short Discussion about guideline given by Nepal medical council and TUTH for management.
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
Webinar Series on Demystifying Phases in Clinical Trials & COVID-19 Updates organized by Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Cheah Wee Kooi, Physician & Geriatrician, Head of Medical Dept & Clinical Research Centre, Taiping Hospital
More information please visit: https://clinupcovid.mailerpage.com/resources/r0x8r9-webinar-series-on-demystifying-cl
The Corona virus pandemic has costed a lot of lives through out the world.
Here are some in formations about what is known so far.
It includes cause, Spread, Signs and Symptoms.
it also has the ongoing myths about corona virus.
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr.Benedict Sim Lim Heng is a Consultant Infectious Disease Physician at the Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Rekha Dehariya (M.Sc nursing 1st year) Bhopal Nursing College, Bhopal
Covid -19 has effected broud number of people all over the world. the health education is necessary to aware people about it.
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
Corona virus disease-2019 (Covid-19 outbreak) epidemiology prevention and con...Arun Singh
This PPT is created and updated on 14 February 2020 and it is about the epidemiology of Corona Virus Disease-19, Its preventive measures were also given, useful for department of Community Medicine
Brief presentation about COVID19 diagnosis ,management and discharge criteria from isolation. Short Discussion about guideline given by Nepal medical council and TUTH for management.
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Three years ago, the Zika virus was nowhere to be found in the Western Hemisphere. But in 2015, Brazil suddenly found itself in the throes of an unprecedented Zika outbreak — with more than a million people infected by the mosquito-transmitted disease
Webinar Series on Demystifying Phases in Clinical Trials & COVID-19 Updates organized by Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Cheah Wee Kooi, Physician & Geriatrician, Head of Medical Dept & Clinical Research Centre, Taiping Hospital
More information please visit: https://clinupcovid.mailerpage.com/resources/r0x8r9-webinar-series-on-demystifying-cl
The Corona virus pandemic has costed a lot of lives through out the world.
Here are some in formations about what is known so far.
It includes cause, Spread, Signs and Symptoms.
it also has the ongoing myths about corona virus.
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr.Benedict Sim Lim Heng is a Consultant Infectious Disease Physician at the Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Rekha Dehariya (M.Sc nursing 1st year) Bhopal Nursing College, Bhopal
Covid -19 has effected broud number of people all over the world. the health education is necessary to aware people about it.
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines under the most intense safety monitoring in US history. VITAS Healthcare offer an educational presentation for our partner organizations to use for their own in-house or staff training.
This was a lecture I gave for the Upstate Nurse Practitioners Association. This is a comprehensive overview. I would to thank all health care professionals for doing their jobs as well as they can.
This is a lecture I gave for the Upstate Nurse Practitioner's Association September 29, 2020. Parts may no longer be valid, because the topic is changing so rapidly. I did the best I could.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Covid 19, vaccine and it's development process - Group 1
1. CHEW CHEE KEI, LOCK TIAN JENQ, SOO XIN LU, YIAP FU WEI
COVID-19,
Vaccine and it’s
development process
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY BIO62104
2. 01.
ABOUT COVID-19 & VACCINE
Introduction on COVID-19, Vaccine
and AZD1222 Vaccine
COVID-19 VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
TRADITIONAL VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
COMPARISON
Between Traditional and COVID-19
vaccine development process
03.
02.
04.
AZD1222 Vaccine
Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine
3. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the
recently found virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (or
coronavirus) which is under the Coronaviridae
family. It was first reported in Wuhan City,
China on December 2019. It is a disease that
affects the human respiratory system.
COVID-19
GLOBAL PANDEMIC DISEASE
(Singhal, 2020)
Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
4. HIGH FEVERTIREDNESS
DIFFICULTY BREATHINGDRY COUGH
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19
The body temperature can
exceed 37.3 Celsius degrees
The body feels completely
tired, without energy
Breathing actually feels
more difficult
Constant coughing without
expelling any mucus
(Singhal, 2020)
Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
5. This disease can spread from person to
person through small droplets from the
nose or the mouth when the infected
person coughs or exhales
TRANSMISSION ROUTES OF COVID-19
SURFACESPEOPLE
These small droplets land on surfaces,
which means any person that touches
these surfaces and then their eyes, nose
or mouth can become infected
(Singhal, 2020)
Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
6. VACCINES
What is a vaccine?
- A type of medicine that
trains the body’s immune
system to create
antibodies to fight disease
- Contain killed/weakened
forms of germs that do not
cause the disease or at
risk of its complications
Why is there a need for vaccines?
- To prevent disease
- Protect against many
different diseases such as
pneumonia, cholera,
hepatitis B, influenza,
typhoid etc.
- Critical to the prevention &
control of infectious-disease
outbreaks.
(What is a vaccine, and how do vaccines work?, 2019; Vaccines and immunization, n.d.)
Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
7. COVID-19 VACCINE
157
As of 1
June 2020
vaccine candidates are
undergoing
development by
academic labs and
industry (and
partnerships thereof).
COVID-19 vaccine candidates:
> live-attenuated vaccines
> inactivated vaccines
> subunit vaccines
> virus-like particles (VLPs)
> viral vectors (replicating
and non-replicating)
> DNA and RNA vaccines
16
vaccine candidates
have entered
clinical testing
(Shin et al., 2020)Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
8. AZD1222 Vaccine : COVID-19 VACCINE
> formerly known as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
> Replication deficient viral vectors
> from University of Oxford and Vaccitech
> genetically engineered adenovirus that
causes a common cold in chimpanzees
● Vaccination of AZD1222 hopes to
make the body recognize and develop
an immune response to the Spike
protein that will inhibit SARS-CoV-2
virus from entering human cells and
therefore prevent infection.
● It has been proved to be able to protect
rhesus macaques which have similar
immune systems to human from
developing COVID-19
● Safe and tolerated, cause temporary
side effects, such as temperature,
headache, or a sore arm
Presented by: Soo Xin Lu
Phase 1 and 2 (July 20, 2020):
> single dose cause 4x increase in antibodies
to the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein in 95%
of participants one month after injection
Phase 3 clinical trials: late phase (ongoing)
(Baggaley, 2020; Carlson and Reiter, 2020)
9. Exploratory stage -
● 2-4 years
● Identify natural or synthetic
antigens
Preclinical stage -
● Tissue-culture or cell-culture
systems and animal testing
● Provides rough idea of the
cellular response in humans
● Submit application for clinical
testing
Traditional vaccine development process
(Foley, 2013; Heaton, 2020)
Clinical stage -
● Phase 1 - Testing with small sample of participants, to assess the safety
● Phase 2 - Testing with several hundreds of participants to assess safety and
immunogenicity
● Phase 3 - Testing with several thousands of participants to assess safety, efficacy
Regulatory review and approval -
● Submit application for approval by
governing body
● Once approved, vaccine production is
monitored by governing body
Presented by: Yiap Fu Wei
10. Traditional vaccine manufacturing process
Upstream processing -
● Antigen is generated in the the
upstream process.
It can be the pathogen itself or it can
be an antigen
generated from a recombinant protein
Downstream processing -
● Antigen is separated from impurities.
This improves product safety and
stability.
● A wide variety of purification
techniques can be used
(Gomez and Robinson, 2018)
Example: Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine
Presented by: Yiap Fu Wei
11. Phase 1: Clinical safety
testing
➢ Vaccine is given to
small amount of
healthy and
immunocompetent
individuals
➢ To observe immune
response
➢ Test for safety and
appropriate dosage
COVID-19 vaccine development process
Phase 2: Expanded safety
testing
➢ Vaccine is given to
hundreds of
individuals
➢ To confirm:
○ Safeness
○ Immunogenic
○ Amount of
dosage
(Sharma, Sultan, Ding and Triggle, 2020)
Presented by: Lock Tian Jenq
12. Phase 3: Efficacy
➢ Vaccine is given to thousands of
individual
➢ Half people receive vaccine,
other half receive placebo
➢ Large sample size to reduce
required time for trial
COVID-19 Vaccine
Phase 4: Review and Approval
➢ Clinical trial data submit to
regulatory bodies:
○ U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
○ European Medicines
Agency in EU
Phase 5: Manufacturing and Post-
Marketing Surveillance
➢ Continue monitor the vaccine
even after marketed for public
use
➢ Approval for emergency use
(Funk, Laferrière and Ardakani, 2020)
Presented by: Lock Tian Jenq
13. Oxford vaccine production:
1. Coronavirus surface protein encoded into chimpanzee adenovirus vector
2. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells used as mini-factories to produce the vector particles
3. Grown in bioreactor
Manufacturing Process of COVID-19 Vaccine
Downstream Processing
The cells undergo:
● Purification
● Concentration
● Solid-liquid
separation
(filtration and
centrifugation)
(Ketchell, 2020)
(About the Oxford COVID-19 vaccine, 2020)
Presented by: Lock Tian Jenq
14. COMPARISON
Traditional vaccine development process COVID-19 pandemic development process
Longer development time (approx 6 -20 years) Shorter development time (approx 12-18 months)
Slower Speed and faster
Have gone through small scale clinical trial
materials.
No gone through any small scale clinical trial
materials and straight to manufacturing
Lower risk and more stable as it gone through
different types of pre clinical and clinical trials
before manufacturing
High risks associated with delivering a licensed
vaccine and requires multiple activities to be
conducted at financial risk to developers and
manufacturers and without knowing whether the vaccine
candidate will be safe and effective
Manufacturing scale up to commercial scale after
establishment of clinical proof
Early manufacturing scale-up to commercial scale
before establishment of clinical proof of concept
Presented by: Chew Chee Kei
15. Comparison between traditional and COVID-19 vaccine
development process
(Lurie, Saville, Hatchett and
Halton, 2020)Presented by: Chew Chee Kei
16. CONCLUSION
★ COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the recently found virus known as
SARS-CoV-2 and can spread from person to person through small droplets
★ Vaccine is a type of medicine that trains the body’s immune system to prevent
and protect from different disease by creating antibodies to fight disease.
★ Due to Covid 19 epidemic , many vaccines candidates are undergoing development
and 16 vaccine candidates have entered clinical testing.
★ AZD1222 Vaccine, train the body to make antibodies to fight the virus. After
going through many clinical trials , it is proved to have 94.7% effectiveness
★ Traditional vaccine development take longer time to manufacture the vaccine as
performs each step in sequence whereas COVID-19 vaccine development take very
short time to manufacture as the production steps are done in parallel
★ Traditional Vaccine is safer to use whereas COVID-19 vaccine development have
higher risk however, COVID-19 vaccine development is able to face emergency
situation.
Presented by: Chew Chee Kei
17. References
Baggaley, K., 2020. Oxford University’S Timeline For A COVID-19 Vaccine Is Shorter Than Previous Estimates. [online] Popular Science.
Available at: <https://www.popsci.com/story/health/covid-19-vaccine-oxford-september/> [Accessed 18 November 2020].
Carlson, R. and Reiter, D., 2020. AZD1222 SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine. [online] Precisionvaccinations.com. Available at:
<https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/azd1222-sars-cov-2-vaccine> [Accessed 18 November 2020].
Foley, J., 2013. Vaccine Development In The United States. [online] Vaccination Research Group. Available at:
<https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/79931/Vaccine_Development-information_sheet.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>
[Accessed 18 November 2020].
Funk, C., Laferrière, C. and Ardakani, A., 2020. A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19
Pandemic. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11.
Gomez, P. and Robinson, J., 2018. Vaccine Manufacturing. Plotkin's Vaccines, pp.51-60.
Heaton, P., 2020. The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development Multiverse. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(20), pp.1986-1988.
Ketchell, M., 2020. Coronavirus Vaccine Search: How We're Preparing To Make Enough For The Whole World. [online] The Conversation.
Available at: <https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-vaccine-search-how-were-preparing-to-make-enough-for-the-whole-world-
137970> [Accessed 18 November 2020].
Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R. and Halton, J., 2020. Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. New England Journal of
Medicine, [online] 382(21), pp.1969-1973. Available at: <https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005630> [Accessed 18 November
2020].
18. References
Oxford Vaccine Group 2020. 2019. What Is A Vaccine, And How Do Vaccines Work?. [online] Available at: <https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/how-
do-vaccines-work> [Accessed 1 November 2020].
Sharma, O., Sultan, A., Ding, H. and Triggle, C., 2020. A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19.
Frontiers in Immunology, [online] 11. Available at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354/full> [Accessed 17
November 2020].
Shin, M., Shukla, S., Chung, Y., Beiss, V., Chan, S., Ortega-Rivera, O., Wirth, D., Chen, A., Sack, M., Pokorski, J. and Steinmetz, N., 2020.
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. Nature Nanotechnology, [online] 15(8), pp.646-655. Available
at: <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-020-0737-y?elqTrackId=5debe8a10e41435b86d1608376c3e89a> [Accessed 1 November 2020].
Singhal, T., 2020. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, [online] 87(4), pp.281-286. Available
at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090728/> [Accessed 1 November 2020].
Research.ox.ac.uk. 2020. About The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine. [online] Available at: <https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/Article/2020-07-19-
the-oxford-covid-19-vaccine> [Accessed 18 November 2020].
Who.int. n.d. Vaccines And Immunization. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization>
[Accessed 1 November 2020].
