There is an urgent need to develop a vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which is caused by a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 SARS CoV 2 infection. Although vaccine development typically requires 3 to 5 years, there is a possibility that the vaccine developed for either severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS or the middle east respiratory syndrome MERS could be used against COVID 19 as well. Therefore, a vaccine against COVID 19 is expected to be commercialized within 1 to 2 years. If so, it will be the fastest vaccine development in human history.In this review, we have summarized the information released as of April 10, 2020. Takuma Hayashi | Yasuaki Amano | Takashi Ura | Ikuo Konishi "Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38521.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38521/prospects-and-problems-of-development-of-candidate-vaccine-against-covid19/takuma-hayashi
Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine works by using mRNA to instruct the body to produce viral spike proteins, which train the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that fuse with cells, prompting them to make proteins that trigger an immune response. This involves B cells producing antibodies, T cells killing infected cells, and memory cells forming to recognize future infections. Clinical trials showed over 90% efficacy. Moderna partnered with NIH to develop the vaccine and has worked to scale up production.
Moderna Therapeutics is a $2 billion biotech company developing new drugs and vaccines using messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The company was founded on the idea that mRNA could be engineered to teach cells to make proteins to treat or prevent disease. Moderna has developed proprietary nucleoside modifications that allow injected mRNA to avoid degradation and provoke a minimal immune response, allowing protein production in the body. The company is now conducting clinical trials of mRNA-based vaccines for Zika virus and influenza, as well as a therapy for heart failure, but faces pressure to expand its pipeline and fulfill its vision of mRNA as a broad treatment platform.
Vaccines represent a medical intervention designed to train our defense system by administering weakened or dead versions of pathogens to warn the body so it is ready to fight if the natural version appears. Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and distributed around the world in less than a year, including those using mRNA, DNA, injecting the spike protein, or a dead virus. The different vaccines have efficacy rates from 62-95% and require storage from regular refrigeration to -70°C. While side effects can include pain and fever, the vaccines effectively prevent mortality from COVID-19 and significantly reduce hospitalization.
The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine uses an adenovirus to deliver genetic material encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human cells. The body's immune system then produces antibodies against the spike protein to prevent future infection. Clinical trials showed the vaccine was 66% effective overall and 85% effective against severe disease with a single dose. It received emergency use authorization in the United States and European Union in early 2021.
There are several types of vaccines in development for COVID-19 because having multiple approaches increases the chances of success. The document discusses live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. Each uses different technologies to prompt an immune response through exposure to part or all of the virus or by delivering genetic instructions for the body to make viral proteins. Understanding the variety of vaccine types being studied can help explain why there are so many candidates under evaluation.
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases. They work by containing an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, which stimulates the immune system to recognize and destroy it. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases and has been largely responsible for eradicating smallpox and restricting diseases like polio. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines must undergo clinical trials and require careful storage and transport to maintain effectiveness.
De Groot Nova Se Immunology Of Vaccines2009Annie De Groot
Brown University hosted a lecture on vaccine research and development given by Dr. Annie De Groot. The summary discusses:
1) It currently costs $200-500 million to develop a new vaccine, but the market has increased fivefold from 1990-2000 to $8 billion annually.
2) Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and fight infection without exposure to the pathogen. They include live attenuated, whole killed, subunit, and genetic vaccines.
3) Emerging infectious diseases since 1990 include hantavirus, ehrlichiosis, West Nile virus, SARS, and avian influenza. Preparedness for future pandemics requires vaccines for highly infectious pathogens.
Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine works by using mRNA to instruct the body to produce viral spike proteins, which train the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that fuse with cells, prompting them to make proteins that trigger an immune response. This involves B cells producing antibodies, T cells killing infected cells, and memory cells forming to recognize future infections. Clinical trials showed over 90% efficacy. Moderna partnered with NIH to develop the vaccine and has worked to scale up production.
Moderna Therapeutics is a $2 billion biotech company developing new drugs and vaccines using messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The company was founded on the idea that mRNA could be engineered to teach cells to make proteins to treat or prevent disease. Moderna has developed proprietary nucleoside modifications that allow injected mRNA to avoid degradation and provoke a minimal immune response, allowing protein production in the body. The company is now conducting clinical trials of mRNA-based vaccines for Zika virus and influenza, as well as a therapy for heart failure, but faces pressure to expand its pipeline and fulfill its vision of mRNA as a broad treatment platform.
Vaccines represent a medical intervention designed to train our defense system by administering weakened or dead versions of pathogens to warn the body so it is ready to fight if the natural version appears. Several vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and distributed around the world in less than a year, including those using mRNA, DNA, injecting the spike protein, or a dead virus. The different vaccines have efficacy rates from 62-95% and require storage from regular refrigeration to -70°C. While side effects can include pain and fever, the vaccines effectively prevent mortality from COVID-19 and significantly reduce hospitalization.
The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine uses an adenovirus to deliver genetic material encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human cells. The body's immune system then produces antibodies against the spike protein to prevent future infection. Clinical trials showed the vaccine was 66% effective overall and 85% effective against severe disease with a single dose. It received emergency use authorization in the United States and European Union in early 2021.
There are several types of vaccines in development for COVID-19 because having multiple approaches increases the chances of success. The document discusses live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. Each uses different technologies to prompt an immune response through exposure to part or all of the virus or by delivering genetic instructions for the body to make viral proteins. Understanding the variety of vaccine types being studied can help explain why there are so many candidates under evaluation.
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases. They work by containing an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, which stimulates the immune system to recognize and destroy it. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases and has been largely responsible for eradicating smallpox and restricting diseases like polio. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines must undergo clinical trials and require careful storage and transport to maintain effectiveness.
De Groot Nova Se Immunology Of Vaccines2009Annie De Groot
Brown University hosted a lecture on vaccine research and development given by Dr. Annie De Groot. The summary discusses:
1) It currently costs $200-500 million to develop a new vaccine, but the market has increased fivefold from 1990-2000 to $8 billion annually.
2) Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and fight infection without exposure to the pathogen. They include live attenuated, whole killed, subunit, and genetic vaccines.
3) Emerging infectious diseases since 1990 include hantavirus, ehrlichiosis, West Nile virus, SARS, and avian influenza. Preparedness for future pandemics requires vaccines for highly infectious pathogens.
The document summarizes information about pharmaceutical vaccine preparation for COVID-19 in India. It discusses the different types of vaccines including inactivated, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines. It provides details on two vaccines being produced in India - Covaxin, an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, and Covishield, a viral vector vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India under license from AstraZeneca. It also discusses the companies involved in vaccine development and production in India, as well as measures taken to ensure aseptic manufacturing conditions and the costs of the Covaxin and Covishield vaccines.
COVID-19 Vaccines, The Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction, by Igor Shephe...Guy Boulianne
This document discusses the potential use of vaccines and genetic engineering techniques to develop biological weapons. It describes how vaccines could be used to weaken a population's immunity before a secondary biological attack. It also outlines how genetic engineering of pathogens could make them more resistant, toxic, stable and virulent. Projects from Soviet-era bioweapons programs, like Obolensk and Vector, are cited as pursuing techniques like modifying viruses with toxin genes or creating antibiotic-resistant strains. The goals of such research are said to include increasing a pathogen's pathogenicity and creating novel strains with new dangerous properties.
Brief report on coronavirus by incubigAnkit Lekhra
This document provides a summary of information on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It discusses what coronaviruses are, the symptoms of COVID-19, and details of the ongoing global research effort. Statistics on the number of cases and deaths globally are presented. The potential economic impacts are discussed, including estimates that it could cost the global economy over $1 trillion if it becomes a pandemic. The document analyzes patent filing trends related to coronavirus research and highlights the top organizations, research areas, inventors, and recent patents.
The document discusses COVID-19 vaccines. It provides information on the types of vaccines currently in development including mRNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and vector vaccines. It also discusses three vaccines currently in advanced stages of development - AZD1222, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2. Common questions about the vaccines are addressed such as their effectiveness, potential side effects, and ability to prevent transmission.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
Scientists designed the first COVID-19 vaccines by studying the coronavirus spike protein and making tweaks to stabilize its shape. They used cells to mass produce the spike protein and cryo-electron microscopes to verify its 3D structure matched the virus. Some vaccines contain the genetic instructions for the spike instead of the protein itself. With years of prior coronavirus research, scientists developed these first vaccines in record time to potentially protect billions from COVID-19.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document discusses common myths about COVID-19 vaccines and provides facts to address hesitancy. It notes that side effects are usually mild and indicate the immune system is working. It also explains that vaccines were not developed too quickly and that all regulatory safety protocols were followed. The technology used has been studied for over a decade and mRNA vaccines do not alter DNA or cause infection. The information is evidence-based and transparently reported. The document aims to build trust in COVID-19 vaccines.
The Future Landscape of Covid-19 Vaccine MarketMehdiMehdiyev4
We believe that assessing the potential market for COVID-
19 vaccines is necessary in terms of reevaluating the risk/reward ratio of certain vaccine developing companies.
In addition, an overly utopian outlook for a potential COVID-19 vaccine market may lead to
disappointment and negatively affect future vaccine developers. And this concerns us more.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was developed through a partnership between Pfizer and BioNTech. Clinical trials showed it to be over 90% effective in preventing COVID-19. The mRNA vaccine works by instructing cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, training the immune system to recognize and attack the real virus. It requires two doses administered three weeks apart to provide full protection.
These slides highlight the approved & widely used vaccines for immunization against COVID-19 (as of end Q1 2021). At the time of writing, there are 3 COVID-19 vaccines that have been granted Emergency Use Authorization by the US FDA, 2 of which are using mRNA platforms.
How machine learning is used to find the covid 19 vaccineValiant Technosoft
Let us understand the concept by taking an example of the deadliest pandemic of coronavirus. Machine Learning algorithms may help in detecting the severity of coronavirus in patients having the doubt of this deadly disease.
https://valianttechnosoft.com/blog/how-machine-learning-is-used-to-find-the-coronavirus-vaccine/
Different types of vaccines work in different ways to offer protection. But with all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that virus in the future.
It typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
The highest point for Deaths/Day was 1281 on 15th September. This peak has held till now (67 days)
Deaths/Day have crossed 1000 on only 1 day after 3rd October. Declining trend had set in but is now plateauing/trending upwards due to a spike in Delhi and North India.
New/Active cases have also peaked and were declining.
The highest no of cases was on 16th September at 97,856. That peak has held till now.
Active Cases peaked at 10,17,718 on 17th September
Both New and Active cases are plateauing/trending upwards now
Vaccine developments hold promise for India via Astra Zeneca and Novavax tie up with Serum Institute of India, Sputnik with Dr Reddy’s, J&J with Biological E and Bharat Biotech. All these vaccines are in Phase 3. Cadila in Phase 2 is also promising.
Vaccine development for COVID-19 is a global race against time. Many public and private organizations are working to develop a vaccine, using different approaches like mRNA, DNA, and viral vectors. Malaysia is also involved through collaboration between IMR, MVP and TIDREC to test a vaccine based on previous coronavirus research. The country is also participating in international solidarity trials of potential drug treatments. Locally, blood plasma from recovered patients is being analyzed for antibodies and may help treat other patients. While plasma therapy shows promise, more controlled studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. The development of an effective vaccine remains a high priority in battling the pandemic.
(EN) 2021 COVID-19 Vaccines Social Buzz Insight Report [SM2Networks]디센트릭 DnA팀
This is a report that analyzes the responses and reputations of the COVID-19 vaccines by country.
We conducted in-depth data analysis such as engagement and correlation as well as simple quantitative analysis of social data generated in Korea, China, Japan and 7 countries with a large number of coronavirus confirmed cases.
If you have any questions about this report, please contact the SM2Networks Marketing Intelligence Team.
Web : www.sm2marketing.co.kr
E-mail : marketing@samhwa.com
Blog_1: https://blog.naver.com/synthesio
Blog_2 : https://blog.naver.com/dmktginsight
Tel : 031-478-1570
#COVID19 #coronavirus #corona vaccine #coronavirus vaccine #COVID vaccine #pfizer #astrazeneca #moderna #sinovac #sinopharm #janssen #novavax
Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2KuchealArivalagan
The document discusses the manufacturing process for COVID-19 vaccines. It describes the traditional vaccine development process which uses weakened pathogens versus the novel mRNA vaccine process used for COVID-19 vaccines which uses genetic code to produce antigens. The manufacturing process for vaccines involves fermentation, purification, formulation, filling and packaging. Challenges in developing COVID-19 vaccines include limited worldwide distribution due to cold chain requirements, lack of long term safety and efficacy data for novel mRNA vaccines, and ensuring proper vaccine administration to stimulate immunity.
Pfizer GET THE FACTS ON OUR COVID-19 VACCINE CANDIDATESSrinivasaReddy137
Pfizer and BioNTech announced dosing the first participants in the U.S. with their experimental mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to prevent disease without having to get the disease first. Pfizer and BioNTech are focusing on an mRNA technology that provides genetic instructions for cells to produce viral proteins to stimulate antibody production. They have selected four experimental mRNA vaccine candidates based on pre-clinical studies indicating potential safety and effectiveness against COVID-19.
The document summarizes information about pharmaceutical vaccine preparation for COVID-19 in India. It discusses the different types of vaccines including inactivated, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines. It provides details on two vaccines being produced in India - Covaxin, an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, and Covishield, a viral vector vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India under license from AstraZeneca. It also discusses the companies involved in vaccine development and production in India, as well as measures taken to ensure aseptic manufacturing conditions and the costs of the Covaxin and Covishield vaccines.
COVID-19 Vaccines, The Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction, by Igor Shephe...Guy Boulianne
This document discusses the potential use of vaccines and genetic engineering techniques to develop biological weapons. It describes how vaccines could be used to weaken a population's immunity before a secondary biological attack. It also outlines how genetic engineering of pathogens could make them more resistant, toxic, stable and virulent. Projects from Soviet-era bioweapons programs, like Obolensk and Vector, are cited as pursuing techniques like modifying viruses with toxin genes or creating antibiotic-resistant strains. The goals of such research are said to include increasing a pathogen's pathogenicity and creating novel strains with new dangerous properties.
Brief report on coronavirus by incubigAnkit Lekhra
This document provides a summary of information on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It discusses what coronaviruses are, the symptoms of COVID-19, and details of the ongoing global research effort. Statistics on the number of cases and deaths globally are presented. The potential economic impacts are discussed, including estimates that it could cost the global economy over $1 trillion if it becomes a pandemic. The document analyzes patent filing trends related to coronavirus research and highlights the top organizations, research areas, inventors, and recent patents.
The document discusses COVID-19 vaccines. It provides information on the types of vaccines currently in development including mRNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and vector vaccines. It also discusses three vaccines currently in advanced stages of development - AZD1222, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2. Common questions about the vaccines are addressed such as their effectiveness, potential side effects, and ability to prevent transmission.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
Scientists designed the first COVID-19 vaccines by studying the coronavirus spike protein and making tweaks to stabilize its shape. They used cells to mass produce the spike protein and cryo-electron microscopes to verify its 3D structure matched the virus. Some vaccines contain the genetic instructions for the spike instead of the protein itself. With years of prior coronavirus research, scientists developed these first vaccines in record time to potentially protect billions from COVID-19.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document discusses common myths about COVID-19 vaccines and provides facts to address hesitancy. It notes that side effects are usually mild and indicate the immune system is working. It also explains that vaccines were not developed too quickly and that all regulatory safety protocols were followed. The technology used has been studied for over a decade and mRNA vaccines do not alter DNA or cause infection. The information is evidence-based and transparently reported. The document aims to build trust in COVID-19 vaccines.
The Future Landscape of Covid-19 Vaccine MarketMehdiMehdiyev4
We believe that assessing the potential market for COVID-
19 vaccines is necessary in terms of reevaluating the risk/reward ratio of certain vaccine developing companies.
In addition, an overly utopian outlook for a potential COVID-19 vaccine market may lead to
disappointment and negatively affect future vaccine developers. And this concerns us more.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was developed through a partnership between Pfizer and BioNTech. Clinical trials showed it to be over 90% effective in preventing COVID-19. The mRNA vaccine works by instructing cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, training the immune system to recognize and attack the real virus. It requires two doses administered three weeks apart to provide full protection.
These slides highlight the approved & widely used vaccines for immunization against COVID-19 (as of end Q1 2021). At the time of writing, there are 3 COVID-19 vaccines that have been granted Emergency Use Authorization by the US FDA, 2 of which are using mRNA platforms.
How machine learning is used to find the covid 19 vaccineValiant Technosoft
Let us understand the concept by taking an example of the deadliest pandemic of coronavirus. Machine Learning algorithms may help in detecting the severity of coronavirus in patients having the doubt of this deadly disease.
https://valianttechnosoft.com/blog/how-machine-learning-is-used-to-find-the-coronavirus-vaccine/
Different types of vaccines work in different ways to offer protection. But with all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that virus in the future.
It typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
The highest point for Deaths/Day was 1281 on 15th September. This peak has held till now (67 days)
Deaths/Day have crossed 1000 on only 1 day after 3rd October. Declining trend had set in but is now plateauing/trending upwards due to a spike in Delhi and North India.
New/Active cases have also peaked and were declining.
The highest no of cases was on 16th September at 97,856. That peak has held till now.
Active Cases peaked at 10,17,718 on 17th September
Both New and Active cases are plateauing/trending upwards now
Vaccine developments hold promise for India via Astra Zeneca and Novavax tie up with Serum Institute of India, Sputnik with Dr Reddy’s, J&J with Biological E and Bharat Biotech. All these vaccines are in Phase 3. Cadila in Phase 2 is also promising.
Vaccine development for COVID-19 is a global race against time. Many public and private organizations are working to develop a vaccine, using different approaches like mRNA, DNA, and viral vectors. Malaysia is also involved through collaboration between IMR, MVP and TIDREC to test a vaccine based on previous coronavirus research. The country is also participating in international solidarity trials of potential drug treatments. Locally, blood plasma from recovered patients is being analyzed for antibodies and may help treat other patients. While plasma therapy shows promise, more controlled studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. The development of an effective vaccine remains a high priority in battling the pandemic.
(EN) 2021 COVID-19 Vaccines Social Buzz Insight Report [SM2Networks]디센트릭 DnA팀
This is a report that analyzes the responses and reputations of the COVID-19 vaccines by country.
We conducted in-depth data analysis such as engagement and correlation as well as simple quantitative analysis of social data generated in Korea, China, Japan and 7 countries with a large number of coronavirus confirmed cases.
If you have any questions about this report, please contact the SM2Networks Marketing Intelligence Team.
Web : www.sm2marketing.co.kr
E-mail : marketing@samhwa.com
Blog_1: https://blog.naver.com/synthesio
Blog_2 : https://blog.naver.com/dmktginsight
Tel : 031-478-1570
#COVID19 #coronavirus #corona vaccine #coronavirus vaccine #COVID vaccine #pfizer #astrazeneca #moderna #sinovac #sinopharm #janssen #novavax
Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2KuchealArivalagan
The document discusses the manufacturing process for COVID-19 vaccines. It describes the traditional vaccine development process which uses weakened pathogens versus the novel mRNA vaccine process used for COVID-19 vaccines which uses genetic code to produce antigens. The manufacturing process for vaccines involves fermentation, purification, formulation, filling and packaging. Challenges in developing COVID-19 vaccines include limited worldwide distribution due to cold chain requirements, lack of long term safety and efficacy data for novel mRNA vaccines, and ensuring proper vaccine administration to stimulate immunity.
Pfizer GET THE FACTS ON OUR COVID-19 VACCINE CANDIDATESSrinivasaReddy137
Pfizer and BioNTech announced dosing the first participants in the U.S. with their experimental mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to prevent disease without having to get the disease first. Pfizer and BioNTech are focusing on an mRNA technology that provides genetic instructions for cells to produce viral proteins to stimulate antibody production. They have selected four experimental mRNA vaccine candidates based on pre-clinical studies indicating potential safety and effectiveness against COVID-19.
1. Biotechnology applications can help in the discovery of new vaccines through recombinant DNA technology. This allows for the production of recombinant protein vaccines and DNA vaccines.
2. Recombinant protein vaccines involve isolating the gene for an immunogenic protein, expressing it in a host organism to produce the protein, which is then purified and used in a vaccine. DNA vaccines use the isolated gene itself as the vaccine.
3. While biotechnology offers advantages like safety and immune response, developing new vaccines faces challenges like high costs, storage requirements, and producing vaccines for diseases with many variable strains. Extensive research and testing is still required.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their development, clinical trials, efficacy, safety considerations, and side effects. Some key points:
- The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines were the first mRNA vaccines approved for emergency use. Clinical trials found them to be over 94% effective with common side effects being pain, swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.
- mRNA vaccines work by providing genetic instructions for cells to make the spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus, training the immune system without exposing the body to the live virus.
- Reported safety data found most side effects to be mild-to-moderate and resolve
More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world—and hopes are high to bring one to market in record time to ease the global crisis.
The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021.
Hello guys , today I am discussing about various stages of vaccine development and types of vaccines already developed by various biotech companies all over the world and their current status in clinical trial till now .
Hope , Very early we can get a ideal corona virus vaccine which would be safe and effective to human and also eradicate this disease from the world .
For more information please follow these link :
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...
https://www.precisionvaccinations.com...
https://www.who.int/publications/m/it...
This document reviews several viral vector vaccines for COVID-19, including those approved for use. It discusses how viral vector vaccines work by carrying the genetic information of a pathogen into host cells to induce an immune response. The Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, CanSino, and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines use adenovirus vectors to deliver the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein gene. Viral vector vaccines can efficiently stimulate both antibody and T cell immune responses.
This document summarizes the challenges of rapidly developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) during a pandemic. It discusses how previous epidemics like H1N1, Ebola, and Zika showed that vaccines often weren't available before the epidemics ended. New platforms like DNA, RNA, and recombinant protein vaccines may speed development but regulatory review and large-scale manufacturing are challenges. The pandemic requires overlapping and parallel development phases with high financial risk. Coordinated global efforts are needed to fund manufacturing at scale and establish a fair global allocation system for any successful vaccines.
1. The document discusses various questions and answers regarding the Corona virus vaccine. It provides information on the different types of vaccines including whole virus, protein subunit, nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines.
2. Details are given about Indian vaccines like Covaxin and Covishield, developed by Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India respectively.
3. Practical issues regarding registration and administration of the vaccine through the CoWIN portal are outlined in steps. Precautions to be taken by cancer patients in taking the vaccine are also explained.
The document provides information about COVID-19, including its structure, transmission, symptoms, detection, treatment and vaccine development. It describes the coronavirus's structure including spike proteins that allow it to enter human cells. COVID-19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when people cough or sneeze. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. While most cases are mild, it can cause severe complications in older people and those with pre-existing conditions. There is no specific treatment but supportive care is recommended. Several groups are working to develop a vaccine.
This document discusses concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccines for children, adolescents, and young adults. It notes that while the Pfizer vaccine has been authorized for those aged 12 and up, more data is still needed on long-term safety especially in younger groups. There is uncertainty around how long the spike protein circulates in the body and which organs may be producing it. New evidence suggests the spike protein can travel beyond the injection site and may cause undesirable effects by interacting with cells in different parts of the body. The document argues vaccination of lower-risk groups should be paused until further safety studies are conducted given existing early treatment options and the low risk of severe COVID in these populations.
1. Plant-based production of pharmaceuticals is a disruptive technology that could challenge traditional mammalian production methods. Over 400 biotech proteins are currently in development, mostly produced in microbial or animal systems.
2. Plants have been investigated as an alternative production platform since the 1980s and offer rapid, low-cost scalable production without the risks of using animal pathogens.
3. The first licensed human vaccine may combine plant and insect cell approaches for a cancer therapeutic, demonstrating the potential of plant-made pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses the key characteristics of an ideal COVID-19 vaccine. It outlines 9 important landscapes that should be considered when designing such a vaccine: 1) Safety, 2) Efficacy, 3) Use of adjuvants or delivery systems, 4) Purity and sterility, 5) Ability to protect against multiple strains or genotypes (valency), 6) Thermal stability, 7) Route of administration, preferably mucosal, 8) Affordability, and 9) Acceptability to the public and health systems. The vaccine should maximize protection while minimizing risks to recipients.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
This document discusses new generation vaccines and the role of bioinformatics in their development. It defines vaccines and describes problems with conventional vaccines. New generation vaccines include recombinant, DNA, and peptide-based vaccines. Recombinant vaccines use proteins from pathogens produced using genetic engineering. DNA vaccines use only pathogen DNA. Peptide vaccines are built from defined peptide antigens. Bioinformatics plays a key role through genomic analysis, epitope prediction, reverse vaccinology, vaccine design, immunoinformatics, adjuvant prediction, and vaccine surveillance. It integrates various omics data to gain insights into host-pathogen interactions and immune responses to aid vaccine development.
1) The document discusses new generation vaccines, including DNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and peptide-based vaccines.
2) It explains how bioinformatics plays a key role in various aspects of developing these new generation vaccines, such as genomic data analysis, epitope prediction, reverse vaccinology, vaccine antigen design, and immunoinformatics.
3) New generation vaccines aim to address limitations of conventional vaccines and leverage cutting-edge technologies enabled by bioinformatics.
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
This document provides an overview of biotechnology applications for the discovery of vaccines. It discusses different types of recombinant vaccines including recombinant protein vaccines and DNA vaccines. It describes the steps involved in producing a new vaccine, including generating the antigen, isolating and purifying the antigen, adding other components, and packaging. It also discusses some restrictions to discovering new vaccines such as the variety of influenza virus strains. The document concludes that biotechnology plays a major role in producing new vaccines that are tested, measured, cheaper and based on nanotechnology.
Similar to Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID 19 (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38521 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 605
At the end of December 2019, a “pneumonia neverseen” was
reported in China. A few weeks later, a Chinese research
team deciphered and published the virus' genomic
information, including spike glycoproteins. As a result, the
new coronavirus was determined to bea SARS-relatedvirus,
and the race to develop a vaccine began. Modelna Inc., a
company with experience developing a vaccineforSARSand
MERS, narrowed down the vaccine candidates in just 1.5
months based on the genome analysis of the virus and
started a phase I clinical trial in humans. According to the
best and shortest scenario, this mRNA vaccine may have
clinical application in approximately 1.5 years.
The challenge is that the mRNA vaccine's
immunostimulatory capacity is not very high. For this
reason, an immunostimulant known as an adjuvant must be
added to the mRNA vaccine. It is still unclear whether the
adjuvants used in traditional vaccines or the newly
developed adjuvants for mRNA will be effective because the
immune response observed in animal experiments cannot
always be detected in humans. First, researchers should
review the results of the phase I trials. If they see promise,
they should then further confirm the efficacy of the vaccine
in phase II and III trials in larger populations. In these
studies, problemssuchasvaccinesafetyandunexpected side
effects may arise.
Regarding mRNA vaccines, in addition to Modelna, Biontec
Co., Ltd. in Germany has announced that it will jointly
develop an mRNA vaccine, BNT162, with Pfizer Inc. for
global distribution. In Japan, the Institute ofMedical Science,
University of Tokyo, is co developing an mRNA vaccine with
a major pharmaceutical company, butthatstudyisstill inthe
animal experiment stage.
Regarding the development of DNA vaccines, Anges Co., Ltd.
is cooperating with Osaka University to produce a plasmid
DNA vaccine into whicha gene encodinga spikeglycoprotein
of SARS-CoV-2 has been introduced. When this DNA vaccine
is inoculated, a pseudo spike glycoprotein is producedinthe
body and an immune response is induced.
Unlike mRNA vaccines produced by chemical synthesis,
recombinantDNAisproducedandpurifiedusingEscherichia
coli as a host to produce a stock solution of the vaccine,
which is expected to shorten the production period. Takara
Bio Co., Ltd. is cooperating in the production of DNA
vaccines. Animal testing advanced in March 2020, and
clinical trials in humans are scheduled to begin in the fall.
Also, on April 6, 2020, it was reported that Inovio Inc. in the
United States started clinical trials for DNA vaccines for
humans. In this clinical study, 40 healthy adults will be
vaccinated twice at 4-week intervals to confirm the safety
and efficacy.
II. Inactivated and Attenuated Vaccine
Attenuated vaccines, suchasthemeaslesvaccine,areviruses
and bacteria that have extremely weakened virulence used
as vaccines. After immunity is obtained, there is an
advantage that the immune effect against the antigen is
strong and that the immune memory can last for a long time.
The disadvantage of this type of vaccine is that the pathogen
can regain toxicity and develop disease. In addition, strict
control is required in order to prevent contamination with
other microorganisms in the manufacturing process. In this
way, there are many hurdles to be cleared in the
manufacturing process of DNA vaccines.
Viruses and bacteria that have been cultivated in large
quantities are purified and treated with chemicals to
eliminate toxicity before being used as inactivated vaccines.
Inactivated vaccines do not grow in vivo likelivevaccines, so
multiple inoculations are required because a single
inoculation does notachieve ormaintaina sufficientimmune
effect against the antigen. Although biotechnology is
evolving, time and large-scale equipment are required to
attenuate the virus. For individuals who feel that the speed
of development of inactivated vaccines is too slow, an
inactivated vaccine that can achieve a high immune effect
may be a favorite. In February 2020, vaccine manufacturers
in the United States and India jointly announced the
development of an attenuated vaccine. In addition, vaccine
development is underway at several universities, research
institutes, and bioventure companies that have developed
SARS inactivated vaccines.
III. Gene Recombinant Protein Vaccine
In the biotechnology era, new vaccine candidates such as
mRNA vaccines are peptide vaccines producedusinggenetic
engineering technology. Viral antigenic proteins and some
peptides produced and purified by plant, insect, and animal
cells are clinically applied as vaccines.OnFebruary18,2020,
the French company Sanofi, which has experience
developing a SARS vaccine, announced that they will jointly
develop a new COVID-19 vaccine using genetic modification
technology with the United States Agency for Advanced
Biomedical Research. In addition, Johnson & Johnson in the
United States is developing genetically engineered protein
vaccines using proprietary technology.
IV. Vector Vaccine
One of the key points in vaccine development is the in vivo
expression method of the pseudo spike glycoprotein as an
antigen, which is a target of attack for immune cells. There is
a simple method of inoculating an attenuated strain, a
method of inoculating a “blueprint” of the mRNA or DNA to
replicate in a living cell, and a method of inoculating a
detoxified virus as a vector in vivo. The backbone of theviral
vector used is composed of genes such as an adenovirus or
measles virus that cause common colds. Currently, Sanofi,
Johnson & Johnson, Inc., and several bioventure companies
are preparing to manufacture vector vaccines. In addition,
Japan's ID Pharma Co., Ltd.,whichhasexperiencedeveloping
tuberculosis vaccines, is jointly developing a vector vaccine
based on the Sendai virusgenewiththe ShanghaiGuangzhou
Sanitary Clinical Center, Fudan University, in China.
V. Does BCG Prevent COVID-19?
Over the past few weeks, information has spread, centering
on the strategic national stockpile, questioning whether the
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine be effective in
preventing COVID-19 infection. The origin of this
information was a study published in 2011, which
demonstrated that BCG vaccination programs and vaccine
strains vary from country to country [1]. This study was a
reference for developing a better vaccination program.
However, the classification of BCG regular vaccination
countries and non-vaccination countries published in this
document exploded with countries where COVID-19
outbreaks were relatively moderate (eg, Japan, SouthKorea,
and Eastern countries)or countries that have been affected
by the epidemic (eg, European countries and the United
States). It has been reported that COVID-19 mortality rates
are low in countries that routinely inoculated Japanese and
Russian strains of BCG [2].
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38521 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 606
BCG is a vaccine that aims to prevent bacterial infections
known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In other words, BCG
has no effect in preventing viral infections and cannot
directly counter a SARS-CoV-2 infection.Atthistime,thereis
a solid hypothesis that BCG vaccinationmightstrengthen the
entire immune system, but there is no conclusive evidence.
However, because there is evidence that cannot be ignored
in this study, several countries, including the Netherlands
and Australia, have started prospective clinical trials of BCG
vaccination in healthcare workers who are at high risk of
infection. If a slight effect can be confirmed, BCG vaccination
may serve as a bridge until a formal vaccineisestablished.In
addition, since 1951, regularvaccinationshavebeengiven to
infants, children, and studentsinJapan.Becauseofthis,there
may be fewer COVID-19 deaths.
On April 4, 2020, the Vaccine SocietyofJapanofficiallystated
that the protective effect of BCG against SARS-CoV-2
infection has not been scientifically proven at this time and
announced that BCG vaccination against COVID-19 is not
recommended. Recent clinical study does not support the
idea that BCG vaccination in childhoodhasa protectiveeffect
againstCOVID-19 in adulthood [3].At this time, the
recommendationbestdeterminedtohavea preventiveeffect
is that people avoid contact with others in closed, dense
spaces. Furthermore, it is important for peopletowashtheir
hands and disinfect their hands after touching equipment
and tableware touched by an unspecified number of people.
People should avoid unnecessary and rushed outings. It is
important for people to stay home to save themselves, their
families, and others.
onclusion
On April 24, 2020, the World Health Organization
(WHO)indicated that there was no scientific basis for
preventing infected persons who recovered after being
infected with the new coronavirus from receiving a second
infection. When an individual is infected with a virus,
antibodies remain present in the body, making it difficultfor
that induvial to be re-infected with the same virus.TheWHO
indicated that an individual could prevent reinfection if
infected with the new virus and enough antibodies were
made in the body. However, the WHO pointed out that there
are cases in which the amount of antibody produced is
exceptionally low.
Therefore, there is no scientific basis that people will not
become re-infected if they carry the antibody. In addition,
some countries are considering issuinga so-calledimmunity
certificate that will allowpeoplewhohave beenconfirmedto
have antibodies to return to work. The WHO warned that
such systems could increase the risk of infection.
Unprecedented scale of resources has been invested in the
development of the COVID-19 vaccine, as such, this is likely
to have future benefits. Outbreaks of SARSintheearly2000s
were virtually eradicated by preventing infections,resulting
in no need for vaccines. But for pandemic COVID-19, thereis
a need for vaccines around the world. The WHO emphasizes
that COVID-19 vaccines and treatments must be available to
all people, regardless of country. In April 2020, WHO
announced the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator
as an international initiative to accelerate the development,
production, and fair distribution of COVID-19 vaccines,
diagnostics, and treatments.
Footnote
On May 18, 2020, an American biotechnology company
“Modelna” developing a novel coronavirus vaccine
announced that antibodies were confirmed in all
participants in an early stage clinical trial targeting a small
number of people. No major side effects were observed in
this clinical trial. From July 2020, Modelna will begin phase
III clinical trials in the thousand participants. A
spokeswoman for the local media said Modelna executives
could potentially commercialize the vaccine asearlyasearly
2021.
Disclosure
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. The
funders had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the
manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We thank Professor Richard A. Young (Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge,MA)forhisresearchassistance.This
study was supported in part by grants from the Japan
Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology (No.
24592510, No. 15K1079, and No. 19K09840), the
Foundation of Osaka Cancer Research, The Ichiro Kanehara
Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science and
Medical Care, the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer
Research, the Kanzawa Medical Research Foundation, The
Shinshu Medical Foundation, and the Takeda Foundationfor
Medical Science.
References
[1] Zwerling A, Behr MA, Verma A, et al. The BCG world
atlas: a database of global BCG vaccination policies
and practices. PLoS One 2011;8:e1001012.
[2] Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, et al.
Correlation betweenuniversal BCGvaccinationpolicy
and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19:
an epidemiolgocal study. medRxiv 2020 Mar 24.
doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937.
[3] Hamiel U, Kozer E, Youngster I. SARS-CoV-2Rates in
BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults.
JAMA. 2020 May 13. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8189.