Great job identifying tasks. Remember that cumulative trauma from repetitive tasks also need to be considered. Twisting, bending, vibration and other dynamic factors increase risk as well. The next model looks at physiological limits.
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
12
This material for training use only
Physiological Approach
The Physiological Approach attempts to establish the stresses imposed on the human body
based on physiological limits. This model focuses on the body's cardiovascular and
metabolic responses to physical work rather than on specific biomechanical stresses.
Some key physiological limits include:
- Heart Rate - Maximum heart rate is estimated as 220 - age. Sustained work should be
below 85
This document outlines various office safety hazards and procedures. It discusses ergonomic issues, slips and falls, fire safety, lighting, storage, furniture safety, lifting techniques, and lockout/tagout procedures for office equipment. Slips, trips and falls are identified as the number one cause of office injuries. Proper posture and ergonomics while sitting are emphasized to avoid strain and injury.
This document provides an overview of safety policies and procedures for Fairdeal QHSE. It defines key safety terms and outlines responsibilities for management, supervisors, and employees to ensure a safe work environment and prevent accidents. Specific safety topics covered include personal protective equipment, housekeeping, electrical safety, fire prevention, lifting techniques, confined spaces, and prohibited behaviors. Management is responsible for training and safety compliance, while employees must follow safety rules and report any issues or injuries. Non-compliance may result in disciplinary actions up to termination.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) account for 41% of all work-related illnesses in the UK, with the main causes being manual handling and repetitive strain from tasks like keyboard work. MSDs, which include back pain and joint injuries, affect over a million workers annually. While training and information can raise awareness, minimizing risk through strategies like considering the task, individual, load, and environment (TILE) when manual handling, as well as using proper lifting techniques, will better decrease workplace injuries.
This document provides an introduction and contents for a health and safety training. The introduction discusses how accidents can cause suffering and how all hazardous situations must be identified and corrected. It emphasizes employees' responsibility to comply with health and safety requirements.
The contents section lists 28 topics that will be covered in the training, including health and safety policies, duties and responsibilities, personal protective equipment, permits to work, first aid, and fire prevention. The training aims to help employees fulfill their obligation to work safely.
The document discusses the importance of following COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) procedures when using chemicals for cleaning. It emphasizes that COSHH aims to protect workers' health from hazardous substances and is a legal requirement. It notes that COSHH involves identifying hazards and managing risks associated with chemicals. The document also discusses personal protective equipment and following safety instructions and procedures to safely handle chemicals.
CONTENTS:
I. What is a Hot Work ?
II. Training
III. PPE`s
IV. Hot Work Permit
V. Electric Welding
VI. Fire Prevention
VII. Fire Watch
VIII. Generator Sets
IX. Welding Equipment Checks
X. Oxy Cutting Equipment
XI. Fire Safety Precautions
XII. Compressed Gas Cylinders
XIII. Safe Practices
XIV. Heat Stress
This daily toolbox meeting form documents a safety review for construction work. It includes:
- A job description and details like permits required.
- A risk assessment of the tasks and confirmation all workers understand the hazards.
- A discussion of emergency response and equipment checks.
- Signatures from workers confirming they understand the risks and are fit for duty.
- Space to note any incidents, stop works, or areas for improvement during the work.
The document discusses permit to work (PTW), which is a formal safety system used to control potentially hazardous work activities. It outlines the PTW process involving the permit applicant, responsible asset holder supervisor, asset holder site supervisor, and permit holder. The PTW contains details of the job, required documents like a job hazard analysis, and safety precautions. Certificates and personal protective equipment requirements are also specified. The validity, handover, and closure of the PTW are further described.
This document outlines various office safety hazards and procedures. It discusses ergonomic issues, slips and falls, fire safety, lighting, storage, furniture safety, lifting techniques, and lockout/tagout procedures for office equipment. Slips, trips and falls are identified as the number one cause of office injuries. Proper posture and ergonomics while sitting are emphasized to avoid strain and injury.
This document provides an overview of safety policies and procedures for Fairdeal QHSE. It defines key safety terms and outlines responsibilities for management, supervisors, and employees to ensure a safe work environment and prevent accidents. Specific safety topics covered include personal protective equipment, housekeeping, electrical safety, fire prevention, lifting techniques, confined spaces, and prohibited behaviors. Management is responsible for training and safety compliance, while employees must follow safety rules and report any issues or injuries. Non-compliance may result in disciplinary actions up to termination.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) account for 41% of all work-related illnesses in the UK, with the main causes being manual handling and repetitive strain from tasks like keyboard work. MSDs, which include back pain and joint injuries, affect over a million workers annually. While training and information can raise awareness, minimizing risk through strategies like considering the task, individual, load, and environment (TILE) when manual handling, as well as using proper lifting techniques, will better decrease workplace injuries.
This document provides an introduction and contents for a health and safety training. The introduction discusses how accidents can cause suffering and how all hazardous situations must be identified and corrected. It emphasizes employees' responsibility to comply with health and safety requirements.
The contents section lists 28 topics that will be covered in the training, including health and safety policies, duties and responsibilities, personal protective equipment, permits to work, first aid, and fire prevention. The training aims to help employees fulfill their obligation to work safely.
The document discusses the importance of following COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) procedures when using chemicals for cleaning. It emphasizes that COSHH aims to protect workers' health from hazardous substances and is a legal requirement. It notes that COSHH involves identifying hazards and managing risks associated with chemicals. The document also discusses personal protective equipment and following safety instructions and procedures to safely handle chemicals.
CONTENTS:
I. What is a Hot Work ?
II. Training
III. PPE`s
IV. Hot Work Permit
V. Electric Welding
VI. Fire Prevention
VII. Fire Watch
VIII. Generator Sets
IX. Welding Equipment Checks
X. Oxy Cutting Equipment
XI. Fire Safety Precautions
XII. Compressed Gas Cylinders
XIII. Safe Practices
XIV. Heat Stress
This daily toolbox meeting form documents a safety review for construction work. It includes:
- A job description and details like permits required.
- A risk assessment of the tasks and confirmation all workers understand the hazards.
- A discussion of emergency response and equipment checks.
- Signatures from workers confirming they understand the risks and are fit for duty.
- Space to note any incidents, stop works, or areas for improvement during the work.
The document discusses permit to work (PTW), which is a formal safety system used to control potentially hazardous work activities. It outlines the PTW process involving the permit applicant, responsible asset holder supervisor, asset holder site supervisor, and permit holder. The PTW contains details of the job, required documents like a job hazard analysis, and safety precautions. Certificates and personal protective equipment requirements are also specified. The validity, handover, and closure of the PTW are further described.
Lifting operations carry high risks and require proper planning and safety precautions to prevent injuries and deaths among workers. A risk assessment must be done before starting any lifting work. Loads must be balanced and rigged securely, lifting gear like lorry cranes fully extended on firm ground, and lifting plans and instructions followed closely. Workers should report any health or safety issues to supervisors, including defective equipment. The lifting zone needs to be barricaded to avoid suspending loads over persons.
Falls from heights are a major cause of injuries and fatalities. This document outlines regulations and best practices for working safely at heights. It defines fall hazards and introduces a new five-level hierarchy of controls. The highest levels involve eliminating falls or using passive fall prevention devices. Lower levels like ladders should only be used as a last resort. The document provides examples of common fall hazards and injuries in the department and recommends control measures like staying off roofs and using long-handled tools to access high areas instead of ladders whenever possible.
This document outlines health and safety topics covered in an induction training. It discusses hazards associated with working at heights, proper use of ladders and scaffolding, fall protection, machine safety, chemical hazards, traffic safety, fire safety, and more. Safety signage and their meanings are explained. Penalties for safety infractions are listed to encourage compliance with safety rules and regulations. The goal is to educate workers on best practices to avoid accidents and injuries on the jobsite.
Visitors SHE Induction Presentation 2016Chris Morris
The document provides an induction for a construction site. It summarizes the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the legal health and safety requirements for the construction site, including providing training and ensuring workers use proper protective equipment. It also details various hazards on site like working at heights, electricity, and chemicals. The induction covers emergency procedures, incident reporting, and use of personal protective equipment like hard hats and safety shoes.
The document discusses the causes of workplace accidents. It states that accidents typically occur due to failures in the worker, tools used, materials used, or methods used. Unsafe acts by workers such as operating equipment unsafely, disconnecting safety devices, or taking shortcuts can lead to accidents. Unsafe acts may result from improper attitudes, lack of skills or knowledge, or reduced mental/physical capacities. Unsafe conditions in the workplace like defective equipment, improper guarding, or poor lighting can also cause accidents. To prevent accidents, the document recommends training workers, developing safe procedures, using proper tools, and selecting the right tool for each task.
The document defines work at height as any work performed 1.8 meters or more above ground level, including below ground. Work above 1.8 meters requires a permit and safety checklist. Fall distances increase rapidly with time, emphasizing the need for fall protection like railings, safety harnesses attached to lifelines, and safety nets. Proper planning, equipment, and rescue procedures are required for working at heights.
This site induction presentation provides essential health and safety information for personnel working on an construction project to build a university building. It outlines the site location and operating hours, management team and emergency procedures, welfare facilities, site rules that must be followed, significant hazards, requirements for housekeeping, first aid and accident reporting, fire safety procedures, and types of fire extinguishers. The presentation emphasizes that attending induction and following all procedures are compulsory for all personnel working on the site.
This document outlines various workplace safety hazards and best practices for office employees. It discusses ergonomic issues, slips and falls, fire safety, electrical safety, safe material handling, emergency preparedness, and general hazard control. Office employees should be aware of potential risks like repetitive strain injuries, tripping hazards, unsafe equipment, and chemical exposures. Proper ergonomics, housekeeping, training, and following safety procedures can help reduce risks.
This document provides an induction training summary for a construction project at the Dubai Design District Office Building. It includes:
1. Key personnel overseeing the project including the Project Manager, Technical Manager, and HSE Manager.
2. Health and safety policies and objectives to provide a safe working environment and achieve zero injuries or fatalities through compliance with regulations and building a strong safety culture.
3. Safety requirements and prohibited behaviors covering smoking, alcohol and drugs, horseplay, proper PPE use, traffic and pedestrian rules, and more. Failure to comply can result in removal from the site or legal penalties.
The document discusses the Work at Height Regulations in the UK. It notes that falls from height are a major cause of workplace fatalities and injuries. The regulations were introduced to improve safety by establishing a clear and consistent framework to manage risks associated with working at height. The regulations require hazards to be identified and risks to be properly assessed, controlled, and mitigated through measures such as proper planning, supervision, safe work equipment selection, inspection, and worker training.
The document provides an overview of forklift operator safety training. It covers legislation requirements, pre-use checks of forklifts, safe operating practices like looking in the direction of travel and applying the parking brake before operating hydraulics. It also discusses safely handling loads and their effect on forklift stability, as well as operating on slopes, parking procedures, and pedestrian safety. The conclusion emphasizes that forklifts require pre-use checks, loads impact stability, and operators must watch out for hazards and pedestrians.
The document provides an overview of safety policies and procedures for new hires at Control Flow Inc. It outlines proper procedures and personal protective equipment requirements for various machinery, chemical handling, injury reporting, and other potential hazards. Non-compliance with safety rules could result in disciplinary action up to and including termination.
A work permit document outlines the type of work, location, equipment, time required, hazards, and safety precautions for a task. There are various types of work permits including hot work, cold work, chemical/acid work, work at height, excavation, electrical, confined space, vehicular/earthmoving equipment, and radiology permits. Hot work permits cover tasks involving heat, fire or sparks like welding, cutting, drilling, grinding, and sandblasting. Each task outlines its hazards like burns, sparks, fumes, and required safety equipment like fire extinguishers, protective clothing, ventilation and more.
This document provides a hazard and risk assessment for pipeline construction activities. It identifies 18 activities including excavation, material handling, welding, and civil works. Hazards include electric shock, falling objects, trench collapse, and health issues. The risk level before controls is identified as medium to high. Control measures include using PPE, experienced supervision, barricades, and safe work procedures. With controls, the risk level is reduced to low.
Toolbox talks are short daily safety discussions between supervisors and employees lasting 5-10 minutes. They address a specific safety topic for the day's scheduled work activities and potential hazards. Toolbox talks provide an opportunity for supervisors to emphasize safety concerns and procedures, and for employees to ask questions. Discussing actual and anticipated safety issues helps workers understand how to perform their jobs safely.
This document provides an overview of construction safety. It begins by defining building operations according to relevant regulations. It then lists common hazards at construction sites like falls, electricity, and vehicles. The document outlines the types of accidents that occur, such as falling from heights, being hit by falling objects, and drowning. It also discusses the employer's safety management responsibilities, including establishing committees, training workers, and inspecting worksites. The goal is to educate about safety requirements and strategies to prevent accidents in the construction industry.
This document discusses confined space entry and safety. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry, with limited means of entry/exit, not meant for continuous occupancy. Examples include boilers, sewers and bins. Hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment and process hazards. Proper entry procedures require isolating, ventilating and testing the atmosphere of the space, using permits and attendants to monitor entrants. Rescue procedures and emergency planning are also vital parts of safe confined space work.
The document discusses the history and evolution of industrial safety. It begins by defining industrial safety as measures implemented to reduce risk of injury in manufacturing facilities. It then discusses how industrial safety has evolved from a focus on compensation to prevention and addressing long term hazards. Key aspects covered include categories of workplace hazards, legislation like OSHA, and the modern view of safety measures as an investment. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current approach to industrial safety.
The document outlines employers' and employees' health and safety duties and responsibilities under UK law. It explains that employers must protect employees' health and safety through measures like risk assessments, safety policies, training, and personal protective equipment if needed. Employees must follow safety instructions and report any hazards. Accidents must be reported, and some are legally required to be recorded. The Health and Safety Executive enforces these regulations through inspections and potential penalties.
The document provides an overview of manual materials handling (MMH) and ergonomics services from Oregon OSHA. It discusses the costs of MMH injuries, which totaled $600 million from 1990 to 1992. It also outlines the five types of activities involved in MMH: lifting/lowering, pushing/pulling, twisting, carrying, and holding. Additionally, it introduces three scientific models for analyzing MMH, including biomechanical models which examine the physical stresses on the body. The document provides diagrams of the spine and discusses how compressive forces on the L5/S1 disc are influenced by factors like weight and angles of the arms and load.
How to shift materials safely
Understand what is meant by the term “manual tasks” and how they cause injury
How to identify, assess and control manual task risks in a systematic manner.
How Injuries Occur
Lifting operations carry high risks and require proper planning and safety precautions to prevent injuries and deaths among workers. A risk assessment must be done before starting any lifting work. Loads must be balanced and rigged securely, lifting gear like lorry cranes fully extended on firm ground, and lifting plans and instructions followed closely. Workers should report any health or safety issues to supervisors, including defective equipment. The lifting zone needs to be barricaded to avoid suspending loads over persons.
Falls from heights are a major cause of injuries and fatalities. This document outlines regulations and best practices for working safely at heights. It defines fall hazards and introduces a new five-level hierarchy of controls. The highest levels involve eliminating falls or using passive fall prevention devices. Lower levels like ladders should only be used as a last resort. The document provides examples of common fall hazards and injuries in the department and recommends control measures like staying off roofs and using long-handled tools to access high areas instead of ladders whenever possible.
This document outlines health and safety topics covered in an induction training. It discusses hazards associated with working at heights, proper use of ladders and scaffolding, fall protection, machine safety, chemical hazards, traffic safety, fire safety, and more. Safety signage and their meanings are explained. Penalties for safety infractions are listed to encourage compliance with safety rules and regulations. The goal is to educate workers on best practices to avoid accidents and injuries on the jobsite.
Visitors SHE Induction Presentation 2016Chris Morris
The document provides an induction for a construction site. It summarizes the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the legal health and safety requirements for the construction site, including providing training and ensuring workers use proper protective equipment. It also details various hazards on site like working at heights, electricity, and chemicals. The induction covers emergency procedures, incident reporting, and use of personal protective equipment like hard hats and safety shoes.
The document discusses the causes of workplace accidents. It states that accidents typically occur due to failures in the worker, tools used, materials used, or methods used. Unsafe acts by workers such as operating equipment unsafely, disconnecting safety devices, or taking shortcuts can lead to accidents. Unsafe acts may result from improper attitudes, lack of skills or knowledge, or reduced mental/physical capacities. Unsafe conditions in the workplace like defective equipment, improper guarding, or poor lighting can also cause accidents. To prevent accidents, the document recommends training workers, developing safe procedures, using proper tools, and selecting the right tool for each task.
The document defines work at height as any work performed 1.8 meters or more above ground level, including below ground. Work above 1.8 meters requires a permit and safety checklist. Fall distances increase rapidly with time, emphasizing the need for fall protection like railings, safety harnesses attached to lifelines, and safety nets. Proper planning, equipment, and rescue procedures are required for working at heights.
This site induction presentation provides essential health and safety information for personnel working on an construction project to build a university building. It outlines the site location and operating hours, management team and emergency procedures, welfare facilities, site rules that must be followed, significant hazards, requirements for housekeeping, first aid and accident reporting, fire safety procedures, and types of fire extinguishers. The presentation emphasizes that attending induction and following all procedures are compulsory for all personnel working on the site.
This document outlines various workplace safety hazards and best practices for office employees. It discusses ergonomic issues, slips and falls, fire safety, electrical safety, safe material handling, emergency preparedness, and general hazard control. Office employees should be aware of potential risks like repetitive strain injuries, tripping hazards, unsafe equipment, and chemical exposures. Proper ergonomics, housekeeping, training, and following safety procedures can help reduce risks.
This document provides an induction training summary for a construction project at the Dubai Design District Office Building. It includes:
1. Key personnel overseeing the project including the Project Manager, Technical Manager, and HSE Manager.
2. Health and safety policies and objectives to provide a safe working environment and achieve zero injuries or fatalities through compliance with regulations and building a strong safety culture.
3. Safety requirements and prohibited behaviors covering smoking, alcohol and drugs, horseplay, proper PPE use, traffic and pedestrian rules, and more. Failure to comply can result in removal from the site or legal penalties.
The document discusses the Work at Height Regulations in the UK. It notes that falls from height are a major cause of workplace fatalities and injuries. The regulations were introduced to improve safety by establishing a clear and consistent framework to manage risks associated with working at height. The regulations require hazards to be identified and risks to be properly assessed, controlled, and mitigated through measures such as proper planning, supervision, safe work equipment selection, inspection, and worker training.
The document provides an overview of forklift operator safety training. It covers legislation requirements, pre-use checks of forklifts, safe operating practices like looking in the direction of travel and applying the parking brake before operating hydraulics. It also discusses safely handling loads and their effect on forklift stability, as well as operating on slopes, parking procedures, and pedestrian safety. The conclusion emphasizes that forklifts require pre-use checks, loads impact stability, and operators must watch out for hazards and pedestrians.
The document provides an overview of safety policies and procedures for new hires at Control Flow Inc. It outlines proper procedures and personal protective equipment requirements for various machinery, chemical handling, injury reporting, and other potential hazards. Non-compliance with safety rules could result in disciplinary action up to and including termination.
A work permit document outlines the type of work, location, equipment, time required, hazards, and safety precautions for a task. There are various types of work permits including hot work, cold work, chemical/acid work, work at height, excavation, electrical, confined space, vehicular/earthmoving equipment, and radiology permits. Hot work permits cover tasks involving heat, fire or sparks like welding, cutting, drilling, grinding, and sandblasting. Each task outlines its hazards like burns, sparks, fumes, and required safety equipment like fire extinguishers, protective clothing, ventilation and more.
This document provides a hazard and risk assessment for pipeline construction activities. It identifies 18 activities including excavation, material handling, welding, and civil works. Hazards include electric shock, falling objects, trench collapse, and health issues. The risk level before controls is identified as medium to high. Control measures include using PPE, experienced supervision, barricades, and safe work procedures. With controls, the risk level is reduced to low.
Toolbox talks are short daily safety discussions between supervisors and employees lasting 5-10 minutes. They address a specific safety topic for the day's scheduled work activities and potential hazards. Toolbox talks provide an opportunity for supervisors to emphasize safety concerns and procedures, and for employees to ask questions. Discussing actual and anticipated safety issues helps workers understand how to perform their jobs safely.
This document provides an overview of construction safety. It begins by defining building operations according to relevant regulations. It then lists common hazards at construction sites like falls, electricity, and vehicles. The document outlines the types of accidents that occur, such as falling from heights, being hit by falling objects, and drowning. It also discusses the employer's safety management responsibilities, including establishing committees, training workers, and inspecting worksites. The goal is to educate about safety requirements and strategies to prevent accidents in the construction industry.
This document discusses confined space entry and safety. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry, with limited means of entry/exit, not meant for continuous occupancy. Examples include boilers, sewers and bins. Hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment and process hazards. Proper entry procedures require isolating, ventilating and testing the atmosphere of the space, using permits and attendants to monitor entrants. Rescue procedures and emergency planning are also vital parts of safe confined space work.
The document discusses the history and evolution of industrial safety. It begins by defining industrial safety as measures implemented to reduce risk of injury in manufacturing facilities. It then discusses how industrial safety has evolved from a focus on compensation to prevention and addressing long term hazards. Key aspects covered include categories of workplace hazards, legislation like OSHA, and the modern view of safety measures as an investment. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current approach to industrial safety.
The document outlines employers' and employees' health and safety duties and responsibilities under UK law. It explains that employers must protect employees' health and safety through measures like risk assessments, safety policies, training, and personal protective equipment if needed. Employees must follow safety instructions and report any hazards. Accidents must be reported, and some are legally required to be recorded. The Health and Safety Executive enforces these regulations through inspections and potential penalties.
The document provides an overview of manual materials handling (MMH) and ergonomics services from Oregon OSHA. It discusses the costs of MMH injuries, which totaled $600 million from 1990 to 1992. It also outlines the five types of activities involved in MMH: lifting/lowering, pushing/pulling, twisting, carrying, and holding. Additionally, it introduces three scientific models for analyzing MMH, including biomechanical models which examine the physical stresses on the body. The document provides diagrams of the spine and discusses how compressive forces on the L5/S1 disc are influenced by factors like weight and angles of the arms and load.
How to shift materials safely
Understand what is meant by the term “manual tasks” and how they cause injury
How to identify, assess and control manual task risks in a systematic manner.
How Injuries Occur
This document provides information on manual handling risks and safety. It defines manual handling as any activity requiring force to move objects or people. Common manual handling injuries include back strains from bending, lifting, and pushing objects in awkward postures. The document recommends evaluating risks, using lifting aids when possible, modifying tasks to reduce risks, and training workers on proper lifting techniques to prevent manual handling injuries.
This document provides guidance on manual handling in the metalworking industries. It discusses hazards associated with manual handling such as heavy loads, sharp objects, and toxic substances. Common injuries from improper manual handling include back strains, wrist sprains, and cuts. The document recommends following proper lifting techniques, using lifting aids, and implementing job designs that reduce risks like rotating jobs and providing mechanical aids. Employers must also assess risks, select appropriate personal protective equipment, and manage risks through identification, assessment and control of hazards. Overall, the document emphasizes that musculoskeletal injuries and occupational diseases from manual handling can be prevented through proactive risk management practices.
Low weight pick up processing for the 80SDHANRAJ DESAI
This document summarizes techniques for low wet pick up processing of cotton fabric, including:
1) It discusses how machinery manufacturers have attempted to reduce energy consumption in drying processes, but with limited success. The IIC provides incentives to develop low wet pick up processing to save energy and chemicals.
2) It describes the Tritex MA system which uses an independently controlled lick roller to adjust wet pick up levels for polyester/cotton blends.
3) Various alternatives to pad mangles are discussed, including lick rollers, spray applicators, metered rollers, and foam applicators from different manufacturers. Factors influencing wet pick up values are also reviewed.
26 amazing solutions built on the versatility and performance of the multi-directional Rotacaster, the only omni-directional wheel robust enough be effective as a floor wheel, hand-truck wheel-base, conveyors and robotics, and many more solutions. There are many more applications yet to be developed and we hope that this pack of growing solution spotlights gives you the inspiration to develop your very own ideas.
This document provides guidance on safely using various material handling aids. It identifies potential hazards like losing loads from dollies and hand trucks or overexerting oneself. It recommends selecting the proper aid for the job, loading and operating it safely, and inspecting rope aids regularly to prevent deterioration and ensure safety. Proper techniques like lifting with legs not back, securing loads, and moving slowly are emphasized.
The manual handling course aims to develop safer moving and handling practices through teaching how to protect oneself from injury, knowledge of manual handling techniques, and practical controlled lifts with assessment of knowledge. It explains why learning the right way to move and lift things is important to reduce the risk of strains, sprains, fractures, hernias and wounds. The document provides guidance on moving things the wrong way which can injure one's back, and tips to prevent pain, injuries and damage which include examining the load, planning the job, getting a good grip, getting help, resting frequently, wearing proper clothing, talking and lifting properly. It also covers specific lifting techniques for one person, carrying, unloading, special lifts, awkward objects and
Working Through the Risks of Manual Materials HandlingCCOHS
This document provides an overview of manual materials handling risks and assessment tools. It discusses musculoskeletal disorders and how physical demands from tasks like force, repetition, posture, and environment can contribute to injuries over time or from peak loads. The document examines tools from organizations like the Health and Safety Executive and European Agency for Safety and Health to screen for and assess risks, including the Manual Handling Assessment Charts which evaluate factors like load, posture, and environment. The goal is to help identify high-risk manual handling tasks and guide efforts to reduce musculoskeletal injury risks.
This document provides statistical data on workplace injuries related to lifting, handling objects, and improper body mechanics from September 2011 through March 2012. It shows that 311,280.08 was incurred in claims for these types of injuries. The training aims to reduce future employee injuries by teaching safe lifting and body mechanics techniques.
To determine if a helicopter is within weight limits, a pilot must calculate the basic empty weight and consider the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, and helicopter structure. The maximum gross weight and center of gravity range must also be checked to ensure structural integrity and safe handling. Improper loading that shifts the center of gravity outside the allowable range could cause stability and control issues. Accurate weight and balance calculations are important for safety.
The document outlines 8 steps for safely lifting objects to avoid back injury. It discusses the responsibilities of both employers and employees to ensure safety. The spine, especially the lower back, is most vulnerable to damage from improper lifting. Employers must assess risks and provide training, while employees must follow safe lifting techniques. These include keeping feet flat, bending knees, keeping the back straight, using an optimal grip, and holding loads close to the body. Turning the feet in the direction of movement is the final step.
The document discusses different types of lightweight and heavyweight concrete. It defines lightweight concrete as having a density less than 1850 kg/m3 and a compressive strength over 17 MPa. Lightweight concrete uses porous lightweight aggregates like expanded shale, clay or slate to reduce weight. Heavyweight concrete uses dense aggregates like barites or magnetite to increase density for radiation shielding. The document provides details on the composition, properties and uses of different types of lightweight and heavyweight concrete.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an industrial setting. It defines ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities in order to reduce MSDs caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. It outlines general signs and symptoms of MSDs, common MSD types, and risk factors that can lead to MSDs like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. The document recommends identifying and controlling MSD hazards through engineering controls, work practice changes, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment as part of an ergonomics management program.
This document provides information on preventing back injuries from manual material handling. It discusses lifting mechanics and forces on the back, common causes of injuries which include lifting heavy or awkward loads, and twisting while lifting. Proper lifting techniques are emphasized, such as keeping loads close to the body and lifting with the legs rather than back. The use of lifting aids, good posture, physical fitness, and taking breaks are recommended to avoid back strains or other injuries from manual handling tasks.
The document discusses materials handling and storage safety. It provides guidance on preventing common injuries from handling materials, which account for 20-45% of occupational injuries. Proper personal protective equipment like gloves, safety shoes, and protective clothing can help reduce strains, sprains, fractures and contusions. The document also discusses fall protection, guidelines for safe lifting based on weight and force limits, and proper use of tools and accessories to reduce injury risks from manual handling activities.
This document provides information on material handling safety. It discusses manual material handling such as lifting and carrying, machine material handling using forklifts, and associated injuries. Hazards of improper lifting, struck by injuries, and forklift rollovers are covered. Safe lifting techniques, use of personal protective equipment, training requirements, and forklift safety checklists are also summarized.
Handling and storing materials safely involves proper lifting techniques to prevent back injuries, as well as ensuring materials are not stacked in a way that could cause struck-by or crushed-by injuries. Machinery like forklifts and cranes used to move materials require training and have specific safety operating procedures to follow. Inspection of lifting slings is important to check load capacity and remove slings that show signs of wear, damage, or stress. Work areas should be kept organized and clear of debris to reduce hazards.
Ergonomics focuses on designing workspaces to fit people's needs for safety, efficiency and comfort. This presentation summarizes ergonomic factors like lighting, noise and furniture that were considered in redesigning an office. Budgets are provided for renovating the lobby, reception and secretarial areas. New furnishings, partitions and equipment were selected and arranged to improve worker posture, accessibility and productivity according to ergonomic principles.
The document discusses automotive design with respect to ergonomics. It covers five aspects of ergonomics, including safety and comfort. It describes using computer-aided design to simulate drivers and optimize cockpit ergonomics. It also discusses designing car controls and displays with symbols and aspects of automotive seat design for driver comfort.
The document provides an outline and introduction to a lecture on quality improvement given by Donald Fetterolf, MD, MBA, FACP, President of the American College of Medical Quality. The lecture covers:
1) A historical perspective on the evolution of definitions and approaches to medical quality, from early definitions borrowing from business to more modern outcomes-focused analysis.
2) An overview of basic tools for continuous quality improvement (CQI), including techniques developed by Deming, and how they have been applied in healthcare settings.
3) Learning objectives of developing an appreciation for the history of medical quality management and becoming familiar with basic and advanced CQI tools and their application in healthcare.
This document provides an introduction and study guide for OSHAcademy Course 703 on introduction to occupational safety and health training. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course, including defining safety education, categories of OSH education like safety instruction and technical safety training, developing effective training programs, evaluating training programs and processes, and continuously improving training programs. The study guide is designed to be reviewed offline to help successfully complete the course and final exam.
This document is a study guide for OSHAcademy Course 721, which provides guidance for developing effective safety training programs that meet OSHA and ANSI standards. The study guide outlines the course modules which cover determining training needs, developing goals and objectives, trainer roles and responsibilities, and evaluating training effectiveness. The goal of the course and study guide is to help employers design and implement safety training plans to prevent workplace accidents.
- Make sure the EAP meets the specific needs of your workplace by considering issues like hazardous materials.
- Identify and list potential emergencies like fires, floods, tornadoes etc. that could occur.
- Develop rescue and medical assistance strategies for different emergency scenarios.
- Include important communications considerations like alarm systems and alternative locations.
- Identify methods for reporting fires and other emergencies.
Consider and list potential natural or man-made emergencies
The first step in developing an EAP is to consider potential emergencies that could reasonably occur at the workplace. These may include
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1. OR-OSHA 206
Introduction to the Ergonomics of
Manual Materials
Handling
Presented by the Public Education Section
Department of Business and Consumer Business
Oregon OSHA
1005
2. OR-OSHA Mission Statement
To advance and improve workplace safety and health for all workers in Oregon.
Consultative Services
• Offers no-cost on-site safety and health assistance to help Oregon employers recognize and correct safety and health
problems in their workplaces.
• Provides consultations in the areas of safety, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, occupational safety and health
programs, new-business assistance, the Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP), and the
Voluntary Protection Program (VPP).
Enforcement
• Offers pre-job conferences for mobile employers in industries such as logging and construction.
• Provides abatement assistance to employers who have received citations and provides compliance and technical
assistance by phone.
• Inspects places of employment for occupational safety and health rule violations and investigates workplace safety
and health complaints and accidents.
Appeals, Informal Conferences
• Provides the opportunity for employers to hold informal meetings with OR-OSHA on workplace safety and health
concerns.
• Discusses OR-OSHA’s requirements and clarifies workplace safety or health violations.
• Discusses abatement dates and negotiates settlement agreements to resolve disputed citations.
Standards & Technical Resources
• Develops, interprets, and provides technical advice on safety and health standards.
• Provides copies of all OR-OSHA occupational safety and health standards.
• Publishes booklets, pamphlets, and other materials to assist in the implementation of safety and health standards and
programs.
• Operates a Resource Center containing books, topical files, technical periodicals, a video and film lending library,
and more than 200 databases.
Public Education & Conferences
• Conducts conferences, seminars, workshops, and rule forums.
• Presents many workshops that introduce managers, supervisors, safety committee members, and others to
occupational safety and health requirements, technical programs, and safety and health management concepts.
Additional Public Education Services
§ Safety for Small Business workshops
§ Interactive Internet courses
§ Professional Development Certificates
§ On-site training requests
§ Access workshop materials
§ Spanish training aids
§ Training and Education Grants
§ Continuing Education Units/Credit Hours
For more information on Public Education services,
please call (888) 292-5247 Option 2 Go online to check out our
Professional Development Certificate Program!
Portland Field Office (503) 229-5910
Salem Field Office (503) 378-3274 Salem Central Office: (800) 922-2689 or
Eugene Field Office (541) 686-7562 (503) 378-3272
Medford Field Office (541) 776-6030
Bend Field Office (541) 388-6066
Pendleton Field Office (541) 276-9175
Web Site: www.orosha.org
3. This material for training use only
Welcome!
Welcome to Oregon OSHA’s Manual Materials Handling (MMH) workshop. This workshop is
designed to include you as much as possible in the learning experience. The more you
contribute, the more you will get out of this training, so please don’t hold back...participate
and have fun!
Purpose
The purpose of this workshop is to give those who attend the basic information and concepts
needed for Manual Materials Handling hazard/risk recognition.
Objectives
Given the information and exercises in this workshop, you will be able to:
Section 1. Identify the costs of MMH injuries,
Section 2. Clearly define the activities involved in MMH,
Section 3. Apply the concepts of MMH modeling to hazard recognition,
Section 4. Recognize the factors that influence MMH,
Section 5. Understand and apply the guidelines for safe lifting,
Section 6. Return to the workplace and conduct a basic survey of MMH risks.
Please Note: This material, or any other material used to inform employers of compliance requirements of
Oregon OSHA standards through simplification of the regulations should not be considered a substitute for
any provisions of the Oregon Safe Employment Act or for any standards issued by Oregon OSHA.
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
1
4. This material for training use only
What Is Manual Materials Handling?
Manual Materials Handling (MMH) is an important application of ergonomic principles that
particularly addresses back injury prevention.
Your instructor is going to give a demonstration. Please pay close attention and join in
on the discussion as we explore the components of Manual Materials Handling.
On your own: Your instructor has completed the demonstration. Make a list of
anything that the instructor did that you believe could result in an injury to the back.
What did you see?
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. (bonus)___________________________________________________________
Discussion Notes: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
How well did you do? Rate your observation skill level on the following chart.
I identified
I didn’t the instructor’s
see anything five plus a
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
sixth risk
Bonus
Excellent
for a bonus
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
2
5. This material for training use only
Section 1: The Costs of MMH Injuries
Oregon employers spent roughly $600,000,000 on accepted disabling
claims relative to soft tissue injuries in three years from 1990 thru 1992.
$6.00 sec.
Of the 30,741 accepted disabling claims in 1993, 55 percent were filed
for sprains and strains.
Over 16,900 disabling claims
Back strains (7,789) were the single most frequent disabling injury.
The trunk area (back, chest, hips, shoulders, and abdomen) accounted for
40.9 percent of the claims recorded in 1993.
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
L1
2
3
4
5
Working surfaces were the leading source of injury
Boxes and containers were the second most frequent sources of injury
Bodily motion was third
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
3
6. This material for training use only
Section 1: The Costs of MMH Injuries (cont..)
Form a Group
1. Introduce yourself to those at your table
2. Pick a Leader for your group Name: _______________________
3. Name your group Group Name: _______________________
4. Write the group name in bold letters on the back of the name tent provided
5. Everyone in your group should take notes
As a group: Make a list of all of the possible costs to the employer, supervisor, and
the injured worker. Include those that may be secondary and away from the work site.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________________
10. ________________________________________________________________
Discussion Notes: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
4
7. This material for training use only
Section 2: Five Activities Involved in MMH
Manual Materials Handling involves five types of activities:
* Lifting/Lowering * Pushing/Pulling * Twisting
* Carrying * Holding
As a group and from your experiences: List as many of these activities as you can in
the next five minutes.
Lifting/Lowering:
Pushing/Pulling:
Twisting:
Carrying:
Holding:
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
5
8. This material for training use only
Lifting/Lowering: Lifting is to raise from a lower to a higher level. The range of a lift can
be from the ground to as high as you can reach your hands. Lowering is the opposite
activity from lifting.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Pushing/Pulling: Pushing is to press against with force in order to move the object.
The opposite is to pull.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Twisting: As applied to MMH is the act of moving the upper body to one side or
the other while the lower body remains in a relatively fixed position. ( Twisting
can take place while the entire body is in a state of motion. )
Notes:_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Carrying: Having an object in ones grasp or attached while in the act of moving.
The weight of the object becomes a part of the total weight of the person doing
the work.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Holding: Having an object in ones grasp while in a static body position.
Notes:_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
6
9. This material for training use only
Section 3: Modeling for MMH Hazard
Recognition
We usually think of a model as a scaled or actual size replication of data, equipment,
materials, work station or people. These models help us to visualize a task, its
characteristics, functionality and/or adaptability.
Often times re-enactments, mock-ups, replicas, charts and tables can help us in hazard
recognition. These tools can demonstrate the relationship of different variables which
could be adding stress to the body. The common name used when referring to these
tools is “Model”
Anything used to compare one thing with another is considered to be a model.
On your own: List some examples of models
that you have used or been exposed to.
We are going to discuss three scientific models for use as tools in MMH hazard recognition.
The Biomechanical Models
The Physiological Approach
The NIOSH Lifting Guidelines
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
7
10. This material for training use only
Biomechanical Model
A Biomechanical model attempts to establish the physical
stresses imposed on the musculoskeletal system while C1
2
working.
3
Sprains and strains have consistently been the major 4
5
nature of injury, accounting for more than half of all 6
disabling claims. Back sprains and strains were the single 7
most frequent work injury, responsible for 25.3 percent of T1
total claims in 1993. (Oregon Workers’ Compensation Claim
2
Characteristics Calendar Year 1993)
3
Low back stress occurs in many tasks requiring bending 4
and lifting.
5
Many injuries to the back are located at L5 / S1 disc (The 6
lower back). This drawing shows the location of L5 / S1 7
disc.
8
The numbers C1 through 7, T1 through 12, and L1 through 9
5 are the designations assigned to vertebra.
10
A vertebra is one of the bony segments composing the 11
spinal column.
12
Compressive forces on L5 / S1 disc exceeding 550 lbs.
L1
(250 kg.) causes four times the injuries than forces of less
than 550 lbs. (The Joice Institute, Principles and Applications of 2
Ergonomics)
3
The spinal forces can occur with loads as little as 25
pounds. 4
5
L5 / S1 disc. S1
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
8
11. This material for training use only
The discs allow flexibility in your spine and act as shock absorbers. The center of the
disc is jelly-like. It is surrounded by tough rubber-like bands of tussue that are attached to
the bones (vertebral bodies.)
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc., 4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
The nerves provide the stimulus to make the muscles work. Please note the nerve
locations with regards to the locations of the discs.
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc., 4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
9
12. This material for training use only
The Great Herniated Tomato Experiment
Imagine placing a tomato
between the palms of your
hands and applying pressure
with both hands. It is well
within our abilities to apply
enough force to cause the
tomato to burst.
Now imagine using another
tomato and apply force while
at the same time twisting
your hands is opposite
directions. The tomato would
burst under much less force.
The results would be similar
but the latter example would
happen much quicker and
with less warning.
The compressive forces on L5 / S1 are a function of the following:
* The weight of the upper extremities exerting force on the spine.
* Posture of the upper body from erect posture.
* The weight of the load and location of load in from of the body.
Twisting in the middle of a lift amplifies the negative results of forces on the lower back.
For purposes of illustration consider the following:
Cumulative Trauma: It is appropriate that there be a discussion about the effects of
repeated application of force to areas of the body. Nearly everyone has heard of cumulative
trauma disorders, CTD. A good definition of CTD would be a term describing a variety of
disorders affecting bone, nerve and soft tissues that are caused, precipitated, or aggravated
by repeated exertions or movements of the body. Repeated application of compressive force
to the back, shoulders, and/or arms can contribute to disorders that fall into this group.
The net impact on a worker, over time, of the cumulative forces that cause an injury can
be as dramatic as that of a one time high force injury.
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
10
13. This material for training use only
The following model shows the sources of force on L5 / S1 disc. It does not
address
the impact of added forces during twist/bend lifting and backward bending
situations. Angle from upper vertical of trunk . . . . . A
Angle from lower vertical of upper arm . .B
Angle from upper vertical of lower arm . .C
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T1
2
3
4
5 B
6
7
8
9 A
10 C
11
12
L1
2
3
4
5
Factors to consider :
* Factor 1 = Subject weight, subject height, and Angle A
* Factor 2 = Subject weight, subject height, Angle A, and Angle B
* Factor 3 = Subject weight, subject height, Angle A, Angle B, and Angle C
* Factor 4 = Object weight, subject height, Angle A, Angle B, and Angle C
Angles A B C Object
F1
F2
F3
F4
4 3 2 1
Note: The complete Biomechanical Formula is included in the appendices
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
11
14. This material for training use only
Biomechanical Model (cont.)
As a group and from your experiences: List as many specific tasks as you can that
need have the upper body weight included in the factoring of forces that contribute
to back strains and sprains and herniation of lower back discs. You have 5 minutes.
1. ____________________________ 16. ____________________________
2. ____________________________ 17. ____________________________
3. ____________________________ 18. ____________________________
4. ____________________________ 19. ____________________________
5. ____________________________ 20. ____________________________
6. ____________________________ 21. ____________________________
7. ____________________________ 22. ____________________________
8. ____________________________ 23. ____________________________
9. ____________________________ 24. ____________________________
10. ____________________________ 25. ____________________________
11. ____________________________ 26. ____________________________
12. ____________________________ 27. ____________________________
13. ____________________________ 28. ____________________________
14. ____________________________ 29. ____________________________
15. ____________________________ 30. ____________________________
Discussion Notes: _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
12
15. This material for training use only
Physiological Approach
When a task requires more than 3 lifts per minute a second model must be considered in
addition to the Biomechanical model. This second approach presumes that the load is
within the physical strength of the worker. Note the following.
* A person’s endurance is primarily limited by the capacity of the oxygen
transport system.
* Increased metabolism demands an increase in the delivery of oxygen
and nutrients to the tissue if the activity is to be continued once muscles
become active.
* Energy cost, heart rate, blood pressure and blood lactate are common
physiological responses used to measure physiological stress anytime
there is physical work.
The following model demonstrates how much of a drop there is in the amount of load that
can be repetitively handled as the frequency of lifts increases.
14
13
Weight 12
Lifted
11
10
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency of Lifts (lifts/minute)
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
13
16. This material for training use only
Aerobic Capacity
Aerobics has become a rage in our desire to become fit. Aerobic capacity is defined
as the maximum level of metabolism of which a person is capable. An individual’s
aerobic capacity depends on the capacity to deliver oxygen to the working muscles.
On your own: Does aerobic capacity have an impact on an employees ability to
do work?_____________________
If yes, how? _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Effective Use of Muscles
It is advantageous to design / select the task load which maximizes efficiency. When a
muscle is asked to work it will contract automatically. As the load on the muscle fiber
increases, the displacement decreases.
For dynamic effort (work) the optimal load is approx... 30% of maximum.
* Dynamic Effort: The muscle acts as a local pump in the circulatory system. Compression
squeezes blood out of the muscle and the subsequent relaxation releases a fresh flow of
blood into it several times greater than normal. In fact, the muscle may receive between
10 and 20 times as much blood as when it is resting. ( A muscle performing dynamic work
is therefore constantly flushed out with blood and returns the energy-rich sugar and
oxygen balance contained in it, while at the same time waste products are removed. )
Overloading or underloading the muscular system is not efficient.
For static effort (work) the optimal load is approx... 10% of maximum.
* Static Effort: During static effort the muscle is not allowed to extend, but remains in a
state of heightened tension, with force exerted over an extended period. ( During static
effort the blood vessels are compressed by the internal pressure of the muscle tissue, so
that blood no longer flows through the muscle. )
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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17. This material for training use only
Physiological Approach (cont.)
As a group and from your experiences: List as many specific tasks as you can that
involve 3 or more lifts per minute. You have 5 minutes.
1. ____________________________ 16. ____________________________
2. ____________________________ 17. ____________________________
3. ____________________________ 18. ____________________________
4. ____________________________ 19. ____________________________
5. ____________________________ 20. ____________________________
6. ____________________________ 21. ____________________________
7. ____________________________ 22. ____________________________
8. ____________________________ 23. ____________________________
9. ____________________________ 24. ____________________________
10. ____________________________ 25. ____________________________
11. ____________________________ 26. ____________________________
12. ____________________________ 27. ____________________________
13. ____________________________ 28. ____________________________
14. ____________________________ 29. ____________________________
15. ____________________________ 30. ____________________________
Discussion Notes: _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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18. This material for training use only
Section 4: Factors that Influence MMH
Manual Materials Handling is influenced by the following factors:
* Worker Characteristics
* Task Characteristics / Work Practices
* Material / Container Characteristics
Worker characteristics are different in each of us and affect the kind and amount
of work that we can perform.
When considering worker characteristics include the following:
Consideration Discussion Notes
* Height __________________________________
__________________________________
* Weight __________________________________
__________________________________
* Reach __________________________________
__________________________________
* Fitness __________________________________
(aerobic capacity)
__________________________________
* Physical Limitation __________________________________
__________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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19. This material for training use only
Section 5: Safe Lifting Guidelines
The following five general rules should be applied at every opportunity.
* Plan the lift.
* Both squat and stoop lifting is now considered acceptable for jobs requiring
repetitive lifting. The term used to describe this is free form lifting. No matter what
type of lift is used, it is never permissable to exceed the maximum acceptable load
of the worker.
* Keep the load as close to the body as possible.
* Lift the load with a smooth body motion. (Avoid jerking)
* When turning, do not twist. Turn with the feet rather than twisting of the trunk.
One your own: Describe what, if anything, you see in each of the following
pictures.
Worker picking up box:
What would you want to see done differently?
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Worker picking up box:
What would you want to see done differently?
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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20. This material for training use only
Worker lifting patient from wheelchair:
What would you want to see done differently?
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Worker lifting and moving boxes:
What would you want to see done differently?
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Worker stacking boxes:
What would you want to see done differently?
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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21. This material for training use only
Body Mechanics
All of the problems in the last exercise had something to do with body mechanics. Lifting,
carrying and reaching -- remember, it’s not how much you lift or carry as much as it is
how you do it. Once you have factored in the upper body weight due to posture or
the position of the object to be lifted or carried, you can consider the following examples
of how you can overcome the lifting hazard by using proper body mechanics.
Remember the five general lifting rules:
* Plan the lift.
* Both squat and stoop lifting is now considered acceptable for jobs requiring
repetitive lifting. The term used to describe this is free form lifting. No matter what
type of lift is used, it is never permissable to exceed the maximum acceptable load
of the worker.
* Keep the load as close to the body as possible.
* Lift the load with a smooth body motion. (Avoid jerking)
* When turning, do not twist. Turn with the feet rather than twisting of the trunk.
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Keep Back Arched When Lifting Plan Ahead, Test The Load
Keep Head and Shoulders Up Before Lifting.
What is so special about the way a What are your options if the load is
weight lifter lifts? too heavy for you to lift alone?
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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22. This material for training use only
100 lbs. 10 lbs. 10 lbs. 100 lbs.
10 lbs.
10 lbs.
10 lbs.
10 lbs.
Keep The Weight Close To The Body
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
The Diagonal Lift
Squat, Head Up, Back Arched, Feet Spread One Foot Ahead As You Lift
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
The Power Lift
Partial Squat, Head Up, Back Arched, Feet Spread One Foot Ahead As You Lift
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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23. This material for training use only
Section 6: The MMH Survey
Surveys are tools that can remind us of conditions and practices that, when present in the
workplace, can lead to injury or illness. Surveys should ask critical questions about the
operation. The answers, if the questions are properly designed, will lead the inspector
to general conclusions with regards to the degree of risk. A Manual Materials Handling
survey should include, at the minimum, questions similar to the following:
Costs
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?.......................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering .................................................................... r r
Pushing / Pulling .................................................................... r r
Twisting ..............................................................................… r r
Carrying ................................................................................. r r
Holding .................................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................... r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................…. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ............................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles ...................................................... r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines ..................................................… r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics .....................................................…. r r
Task Characteristics .........................................................…. r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................…. r r
Training
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? .................…. r r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? .........................… r r
Note: Any one “Yes” answer can be serious enough to cause serious injury or
illness. The more “Yes” answers the higher the risk even when the single condition
is determined to be minor. This is due to the cumulative effect of multiple negative factors.
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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24. This material for training use only
MMH Survey Exercise: Complete the survey for the following seven tasks.
The Golfer’s Lift
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
Costs 4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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25. This material for training use only
Kneel When Working In A Low Position
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Costs
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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26. This material for training use only
Straight Leg Lift, Bend At The Hips, Not The Back
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
Costs 4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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27. This material for training use only
Partial Squat Lift
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Costs
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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28. This material for training use only
Reaching With a Heavy Load
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Costs
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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29. This material for training use only
Back Unsupported
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Costs
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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30. This material for training use only
Working Surface Too Low and Far Away
(Adapted from: The Saunders Group inc.,
Costs 4250 Norex Drive, Chaska, MN 55318)
Yes No
Are we experiencing costly accidents relative to this task?..................... r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ................................................................ r r
Pushing / Pulling ................................................................ r r
Twisting ............................................................................. r r
Carrying ............................................................................. r r
Holding .............................................................................. r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ........................ r r
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................. r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ........................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles .................................................. r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines .................................................. r r
Factors
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ...................................................... r r
Task Characteristics ......................................................... r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................. r r
Training
r
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ..............…. r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ......................….r r
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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31. This material for training use only
Quiz
1. What percent of all Oregon accepted disabling claims in 1993 were soft tissue?
a.) 10% b.) 23% c.) 40% d.) 55%
2. What were the single most frequent disabling injuries? ________________________
3. What five activities are involved in Manual Materials Handling?
___________________ ___________________ ______________
___________________ ___________________
4. What are two types of models used in MMH risk evaluation?
___________________ ___________________ ______________
Bonus
5. What three factors can influence MMH?
_________ characteristics ____________ characteristics
_________________ characteristics
6. What are the five general rules for Safe Lifting?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. What is the purpose of a MMH Survey?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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32. This material for training use only
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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33. This material for training use only
Appendices
* Definitions
* Equipment, Materials, Container Characteristics
* Biomechanical Model
* NIOSH Lifting Summary
* Manual Materials Handling Survey (Master for reproduction)
* Manual Materials Handling Task Evaluation Guide
* Action Plan Flow Diagram
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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34. This material for training use only
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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35. This material for training use only
Definitions
* Ergonomics: The laws or principles governing work design. The study of the design of
work in relation to the physiological and psychological capabilities of people. This science
addresses worker performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment,
and physical and social environment.
* Manual Materials Handling (MMH): The use of human power to move loads by lifting,
lowering, pushing, pulling, and/or carrying.
* Dynamic Effort: The muscle acts as a local pump in the circulatory system. Compression
squeezes blood out of the muscle and the subsequent relaxation releases a fresh flow of
blood into it several times greater than normal. In fact, the muscle may receive between
10 and 20 times as much blood as when it is resting. ( A muscle performing dynamic work
is therefore constantly flushed out with blood and returns the energy-rich sugar and
oxygen balance contained in it, while at the same time waste products are removed. )
* Static Effort: During static effort the muscle is not allowed to extend, but remains in a
state of heightened tension, with force exerted over an extended period. ( During static
effort the blood vessels are compressed by the internal pressure of the muscle tissue, so
that blood no longer flows through the muscle. )
* Waste Product Accumulation: A muscle that is performing heavy static work is receiving
virtually no sugar or oxygen from the blood and must depend upon its own reserves.
Moreover - and this is by far the most serious disadvantage - waste products are not being
excreted. Quite the reverse, the waste products are accumulating and produce the acute
pain of muscular fatigue.
* Muscle Nourishment: Oxygen deficiency, which is unavoidable during static muscular
effort, inevitably lowers the effective working level of the muscle (general fatigue). Periodic
stretching and dynamic muscular effort relieves this condition. ( The substances that are
so important for energy production - glucose and oxygen - are stored only in small amounts
in the muscles themselves. Both of them must therefore be continuously transported to
the muscles by the blood.)
* Biomechanics: The science which investigates the effect of internal and external forces on
the human body in movement and at rest.
** Force: a: strength or energy exerted or brought to bear: cause of motion or change: active
power.
** Load: n 2 a: a mass or weight supported by something.
** Load: vt 3 a: to increase the weight of by adding something heavy.
* Adapted from Principles & Applications of Ergonomics,
“The Joyce Institute”, 1313 Plaza 600 Bldg.., Seattle, Wa, 98101
** Adapted from Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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36. This material for training use only
Equipment, Materials, Container Characteristics
Hand Carts and Trucks for pushing or pulling by an operator without mechanical assistance.
* Trucks * Pallet or skid trucks * Drum trucks * Mail carts
* Hand lift trucks * Tea wagons * 2, 3, or 4 wheel vehicles
Guidelines:
Do not load two, three, and four wheel carts with more than 500 pounds of material. Use
hand pallet trucks for heavier loads.
Use of truck and hand cart for tasks occurring less than 200 times a day is suitable. Higher
frequency needs power trucks.
When materials are transported more than 100 feet, power trucks should be used.
When pushing a cart maintain a clear view ahead and to both sides.
Selection and Design Factors
* Wheels and Casters: Diameter, Composition, Tread, Maintenance, Swivel caster (limited)
* Handle type and location: Place handles on swivel end only.
* Trucks for pushing (hand carts)
- Handle should be located so that it straddles the load’s center of gravity
- Determine the handle type based on the cart dimensions and the task.
- Maneuverability is determined by the truck’s width and length and the
distance between the handles.
- 36” and 44” is the recommended handle height. The higher the center of
gravity the higher the handle height.
* Trucks for pulling (hand carts): A T-bar handle is recommended. For fixed handle, locate
the handle at least 8 inches in front of the truck and at least 36 inches above
the floor.
* Truck and cart dimensions: Trucks wider than 3 feet or longer than 4 feet are not easily
turned in most factory aisles. Do not put the worker in conditions that force
awkward postures. Push trucks should not exceed 55” in height. Warning
devices and braking systems should be included with the load exceeds
1100 pounds (due to stopping force and distance).
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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37. This material for training use only
Equipment, Materials, Container Characteristics (cont.)
Handling factors
Start - Sustain - Maneuver - Stop
* Average size loads can be handled at a pace of up to 2.5 miles per hour or 200 ft min
Heavier loads require slower speeds.
* A handling truck should start with 50 pounds of force. 40 pounds of force for less than
ten feet should maintain the load. 25 pounds of force should not be exceeded for
maintaining the load for one minute continuously. It should not require more than 80
pounds of force to complete an emergency stop of less than 3 feet.
Note: Anytime the forces are found to be in excess of these limits, powered equipment
should be used.
Surface Characteristics: Most difficulties can be overcome with larger diameter wheels.
Avoid friction between cart wheels and floor. Special consideration must be given when
ramps are to be used.
Trays
Trays are containers that are rectangular in shape and are normally less than 6 inches deep.
When selecting trays, consider the following:
- How the tray is to be used.
- The amount of product in the tray.
- The size, shape, and nature of the product in the tray.
- The kind of handling (manual or powered).
- The kind of product protection required (when applicable).
- Any environmental issues.
- Storage/ stacking requirements.
- Tray maintenance.
- Desired life cycle of the tray.
- The weight of the tray: Not to exceed 30 lbs.
- The size of the tray: Recommended width is 14” not to exceed 20”, and
not to exceed the length.
- Stability of the tray: Center of load below the handles, with dividers to
prevent shifting of load.
- Grasping characteristics/handles: Handles at both ends, upper surface at
least 1/2 “ wide, non-slip surface for finger contact.
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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38. This material for training use only
Equipment, Materials, Container Characteristics (cont.)
Conveyors
The way a person works can be influenced by the type, location, height, width, and speed
of conveyors that are used to link workplaces.
Guidelines
Avoid overexertion by providing a space where produce can temporarily accumulate to
allow for short rest periods.
Keep conveyor speed at below 32 ft min to minimize conveyor sickness.
Use anthropometric tables when designing size and location of conveyors.
Consider the size of the items handled, the location of the handles, and hand locations
when determining conveyor width and height.
Provide crossovers and/or gates for workers.
Allow room on both sides of the conveyor for easy access.
Leveling devices
Lift tables and elevators provide an adjustable work surface height.
Hoists
Heavy objects can best be handled with a hoist.
Guidelines
Powered hoist controls must be clearly labeled and designed to accommodate the hand size of
90 % of the working population. Ensure that safe operating procedures are written and
used.
Manually operated hoist must not cause the worker to have to use forces that exceed safe
limits to move the hoist and load in any direction (up, down, side to side, forward, or backward).
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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39. This material for training use only
Biomechanical Model
The following model shows the sources of force on L5 / S1 disc. It must be noted
that it does not help us to visualize the added forces during twist/bend lifting and
backward bending situations.
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T1
2
3
4 B
5
6
7
8
A
9
10
C
11
12
L1
2
3
4
5
Biomechanical Model
Subject’s Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M
Subject’s Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L
Object’s Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W
Angle from upper vertical of trunk . . . . . A
Angle from lower vertical of upper arm . .B
Angle from upper vertical of lower arm . .C
Formula
X1 = 0.1010 x L x SinA
X2 = 0.2337 x L x SinA + 0.0827 x L x SinB
X3 = 0.2337 x L x SinA + 0.1896 x L x SinB + 0.0820 x L x SinC
X4 = 0.2337 x L x SinA + 0.1896 x L x SinB + 0.1907 x L x SinC
FES = 20 (0.363 x M x X1 + .062 x M x X2 + 0.050 x M x X3 + W x X4
E = (FES x SinA)/(FES x COS A + 0.475 x M + W)
D = TAN-1 E
R = (FEW x SinA)/SinD
R = Disc compressive force on L5 / S1
Factors to consider :
* Factor 1 = Subject weight, subject height, and Angle A
* Factor 2 = Subject weight, subject height, Angle A, and Angle B
* Factor 3 = Subject weight, subject height, Angle A, Angle B, and Angle C
* Factor 4 = Object weight, subject height, Angle A, Angle B, and Angle C
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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40. This material for training use only
NIOSH Lifting Summary
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines (based on 1982 NIOSH Guidelines)
This summary of the NIOSH Lifting Guidelines is adapted from the NIOSH Work
Practices Guide for Manual Lifting 1982.
The NIOSH guidelines determine what the maximum load should be, given the following
characteristics:
* Weight of the object lifted.
* Position of load with respect to the body; starting and ending point
of horizontal and vertical distances.
* Frequency of lift.
* Duration of lift.
H = horizontal location from the midpoint H2
between ankles to the center of the
load at origin of lift (in inches)
V = vertical location of the hands at the
beginning of lift measured from
floor to hands (inches)
D = vertical travel distance from
origin to destination of
load (in inches) V2
F = average frequency of lift
(lifts / minute)
V1
Fmax = the maximum number
of lifts (lifts / minute)
H1
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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41. This material for training use only
NIOSH guidelines apply to loads which are symmetrically balanced in from of the body.
(lb.) (Kg)
200 Body Interference
Limit
80
150 Hazardous
Lifting
60 Conditions
WEIGHT LIFTED
100
40 Functional Reach
Limit
Maximum
Permissible
50 Administrative Limit
20 Controls
Required
Action
Limit
Acceptable Lifting Conditions
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 (cm)
0 10 20 30 (in.)
HORIZONTAL LOCATION OF LOAD
AL = (Action Limit) the amount of load that can be lifted with minor risk.
AL = 90 (6/H) (1-0.01[V-30]) (0.07 + 3/D) (1- F/F max)
= 90 (HF) (VF) (DF) (FF)
MPL = (Maximum Permissible Limit) the amount of load that poses substantial risk to
most people.
HF = Discounting factor due to the horizontal location of load at beginning of lift
VF = Discounting factor due to vertical location of load at beginning of lift
DF = Discounting factor due to the distance load is lifted
FF = Discounting factor due to the frequency of lifts
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42. This material for training use only
F max Table
AVERAGE VERTICAL LOCATION (cm) (in)
V1 > 75 V1 < 75
V1 > 30” V1 < 30
D Infrequent/
U Occasional 18 15
R Lifting
A
T
I Continual 15 12
O Lifting
N
The following parameters will result in the maximum acceptable weight of lift according
to NIOSH guidelines.
* Design the horizontal distance to be as close to 7 inches as possible.
* Design the vertical location of the origin of the lift V1 to be at least 30 inches from floor.
* The vertical travel distance (D) should be no greater than 10 inches.
For purposes of this Guide, these variables are assumed to have the following limits:
* H is between 6 inches and 32 inches. Objects cannot, in general, be closer than 6
inches without interference with the body. Objects further than 32 inches cannot be
reached by many people.
* V is assumed between 0 inches and 70 inches representing the span of reach for
most people.
* D is assumed between 10 inches and (80-V) inches. For travel less than 10 inches,
set D = 10.
* F is assumed between .2 (one lift every 5 minutes) and F max. For lifting less
frequently than once per 5 minutes, set F = 0
Note: NIOSH has developed a “Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual
lifting tasks (1991) For information contact: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
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43. This material for training use only
Manual Materials Handling Survey
Date: ________________ Location: ______________________________
Task Description: ____________________________________________________________
Survey Conducted by: ________________________________________________________
Costs
Are we experiences costly accidents relative to this task?.......................... Yes No
r r
Activities
Are any of the following activities required in this task?
Lifting / Lowering ....................................................................
Pushing / Pulling .................................................................... r r
Twisting .................................................................................. r r
Carrying ................................................................................. r r
Holding .................................................................................. r r
r r
Models
Do any of the following models apply to this task?
Biomechanical (compression forces at L5) ...........................
Physiological (frequency vs. weight) ................................... r r
Aerobic Capacity (conditioning) ............................................ r r
Effective Use of Muscles ...................................................... r r
NIOSH Lifting Guidelines ....................................................... r r
Factors r r
Are any of the following influencing the task?
Worker Characteristics ........................................................
Task Characteristics ............................................................ r r
Material / Container Characteristics .................................... r r
r r
Training
Is the employee in need of training in safe lifting guidelines? ....................
r r
Is the employee in need of training in body mechanics? ..............................
r r
Further action / analysis is recommended as follows: _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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44. This material for training use only
Manual Materials Handling Task Evaluation Guide
TASK EVALUATION Elimination of Task Yes Problem solved
(Automation)
Lifting/Lowering Have materials delivered at proper Yes Problem solved
height
No
Use mechanical assistance
(lift table, lift platform, lift truck, crane Yes Problem solved
hoist, etc.)
Re-evaluate
No
Increase weight so it must be moved Yes Problem solved
mechanically
No
Reduce weight/size for easier handling Yes Partial solution
No (evaluate repetitive motion, promote
frequent breaks and job/task rotation)
Pushing/Pulling Mechanization (conveyor, truck, etc.) Yes Problem solved
No
Reduce weight/size Yes Partial solution
Re-evaluate
No (evaluate repetitive motion, promote
frequent breaks and job/task rotation)
Use mechanical aids (wheels, dolly, etc.) Yes Partial solution
No (evaluate training and effectiveness
of mechanical aids)
Twisting Modify workstation to eliminate need Yes Problem solved
to twist.
No
Re-evaluate
Increase distance to require movement Yes Partial solution
of feet instead of twist of torso
No
Carrying Eliminate by better workplace design Yes Problem solved
No
Reduce by use of conveyor, chute, cart Yes Partial solution
slide, etc.
No
Re-evaluate
Reduce weight/size or assign two Yes Partial solution
workers to job
No
Reduce distance material is carried Yes Partial solution
No
Holding Eliminate by using jigs & fixtures or by Yes Problem solved
automatic feeding and unloading
No
Re-evaluate
Reduce weight or holding time, hold close Yes Partial solution
to body
No
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Action Plan Flow Diagram
Inspector Finds A Yes
Corrected On The Spot
Hazard/Risk
Notification Given No
A survey or inspection has been conducted and a hazard or risk has been identified.
Corrective action is taken at once, when possible, by the person conducting the
inspection. Notify supervisor of the correction. If no correction has taken place then
notify the supervisor of the hazard / risk that has been identified. Copy the safety
committee.
Notification Given
Notification Given (feedback)
Supervisor
Yes
Takes Corrective
Action
Supervisor takes corrective action and notifies the inspector and the safety
No committee. If no correction has been made, for whatever reason, the supervisor
notifies the committee of the status of the concern.
Safety Notification Given (feedback)
Committee
Safety committee reviews the status of the hazard/risk. If action has been taken, the committee
reports the action and the results to all affected employees. If no action was taken, the committee
reviews the concern and makes recommendations for corrective action to the supervisor. The
committee does follow-up on the recommendation. A copy of committee activity is forwarded to
upper management. In the event that the supervisor is not able to take action based on the
recommendation of the committee, the committee produces a follow-up notification to upper
management and schedules a presentation of the concern with recommendation.
Recommendation Given
Notification Given
Upper Supervisor
Management Takes Corrective Yes
Action
No
Presentation Made Action Assigned
Safety Upper
Supervisor Hazard/Risk
Committee Management
Eliminated
The safety committee makes their presentation to upper management. Upper management
reviews and approves appropriate action. Upper management assigns corrective action to
the supervisor. The supervisor takes corrective action.
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46. This material for training use only
OR-OSHA 206 Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling
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47. In Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), this
publication is available in alternative formats by calling the
OR-OSHA Public Relations Manager at (503) 378-3272 (V/TTY).