Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
History of money and types with features. SamiuR RahmaN
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by outlining the evolution of money from early bartering systems to modern digital currencies. Some of the milestones mentioned include the use of shells as early as 1200 BC, the development of coinage around 600 BC, the introduction of paper money in China in the 9th century, and more recent innovations like credit cards and digital payment systems.
The document then examines different types of money such as commodity money, metallic money, paper money, bank credit, and electronic money. It also outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of value, standard for deferred payments, store of value, and basis for the credit system. Finally, the document
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
History of money and types with features. SamiuR RahmaN
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by outlining the evolution of money from early bartering systems to modern digital currencies. Some of the milestones mentioned include the use of shells as early as 1200 BC, the development of coinage around 600 BC, the introduction of paper money in China in the 9th century, and more recent innovations like credit cards and digital payment systems.
The document then examines different types of money such as commodity money, metallic money, paper money, bank credit, and electronic money. It also outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of value, standard for deferred payments, store of value, and basis for the credit system. Finally, the document
Money originated as commodity money made from valuable materials like gold and silver, but most modern money systems use fiat money which derives value from government decree rather than physical commodity. The document discusses different forms of money like coins, banknotes, and cash versus cashless systems. It also explores alternative economic models like bartering, gift economies, and potential future reputation economies where contributions to society determine social and economic status.
This document provides a history of the development of money. It begins with bartering and the use of shells as early forms of currency. It then discusses the introduction of coinage in Lydia in 600 BC and the later development of paper money in China in the 9th century. It also briefly outlines the gold standard, development of credit cards, and different types and functions of modern currencies like commodity, fiat, fractional, and fiduciary money.
History of money used for talks at Bhaubali College of Engg., ShravanabealgolaNatekar's World
A talk was presented about "History of Money" at Bahubali College of Engg., Shravanabelagola. The presentation is development of money and its politics.
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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Paper money and Quality of Paper Money faisal azam
Paper money refers to documents that represent money such as banknotes, bills of exchange, and postal orders. There are three types of paper money: representative paper money which is fully backed by metal reserves, convertible paper money which can be converted to coins on demand, and fiat paper money which is not redeemable for gold or silver but is accepted as legal tender.
The merits of paper money include low production costs, convenience, difficulty to counterfeit, uniform quality, ability to adjust the money supply elastically, saving of precious metals, ease of counting, and portability. Demerits are the risk of demonetization by the government, instability due to exchange rate fluctuations, potential for excessive issuance
The document discusses the evolution of money from early commodity forms like cattle and grains used as a medium of exchange, to the development of metallic coins, paper money, and modern forms like credit/bank money, plastic money, and digital currencies. It provides definitions of money and outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The document also examines the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of money throughout history as the concept has developed and modernized over time.
China was the first to use paper money as representation money, which means it represented value but was not made of precious materials itself. This led to the gold standard and later fiat money, where currency is given value by government decree rather than representing gold or silver. Fiat money, from the Latin meaning "let it be done", is now the standard form of money around the world according to government enforceable legal tender laws.
This document provides an overview of cryptocurrency, including comparisons to conventional currency, existing and potential regulation, risks and failures in the cryptocurrency space, issues around consumer recourse, and open questions. It discusses key differences between cryptocurrency and fiat currency, differing regulatory approaches and classifications, risks like hacking and scams, challenges for consumer protections, and questions around how or if cryptocurrencies can and should be regulated.
The document discusses the history and evolution of money and banking systems. It begins by describing the barter system where goods and services are directly exchanged. It then outlines some problems with bartering, leading to the development of monetary systems using coins made of precious metals. The document notes the transition to using paper money and the development of modern banking systems where goldsmiths began issuing paper receipts that could be exchanged for gold. It traces the origins of the term "bank" and highlights some key developments in banking in England and the US. Finally, it summarizes different modern banking functions and types of banks.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The document discusses cryptocurrency and provides information about Abinash Rout's course topic. It defines cryptocurrency, describes the idea behind it including how bitcoin could change the world like email changed postal services. It discusses why we use cryptocurrencies, the mining process, characteristics of cryptocurrencies, top 10 cryptocurrencies in 2018, benefits like anonymity and no fees, and disadvantages like volatility and lack of awareness.
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its DevelopmentYaryalitsa
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
The document traces the history of money from its origins in barter systems to modern currencies. It discusses how livestock and commodities like cowry shells were some of the earliest forms of money. Coins made of precious metals like silver emerged around 500 BC in places like Libya and Turkey. Paper money was first developed in China and later adopted in Europe. Modern currencies have evolved from coins and banknotes to include electronic payments and credit cards.
Money originated as commodity money made from valuable materials like gold and silver, but most modern money systems use fiat money which derives value from government decree rather than physical commodity. The document discusses different forms of money like coins, banknotes, and cash versus cashless systems. It also explores alternative economic models like bartering, gift economies, and potential future reputation economies where contributions to society determine social and economic status.
This document provides a history of the development of money. It begins with bartering and the use of shells as early forms of currency. It then discusses the introduction of coinage in Lydia in 600 BC and the later development of paper money in China in the 9th century. It also briefly outlines the gold standard, development of credit cards, and different types and functions of modern currencies like commodity, fiat, fractional, and fiduciary money.
History of money used for talks at Bhaubali College of Engg., ShravanabealgolaNatekar's World
A talk was presented about "History of Money" at Bahubali College of Engg., Shravanabelagola. The presentation is development of money and its politics.
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Paper money and Quality of Paper Money faisal azam
Paper money refers to documents that represent money such as banknotes, bills of exchange, and postal orders. There are three types of paper money: representative paper money which is fully backed by metal reserves, convertible paper money which can be converted to coins on demand, and fiat paper money which is not redeemable for gold or silver but is accepted as legal tender.
The merits of paper money include low production costs, convenience, difficulty to counterfeit, uniform quality, ability to adjust the money supply elastically, saving of precious metals, ease of counting, and portability. Demerits are the risk of demonetization by the government, instability due to exchange rate fluctuations, potential for excessive issuance
The document discusses the evolution of money from early commodity forms like cattle and grains used as a medium of exchange, to the development of metallic coins, paper money, and modern forms like credit/bank money, plastic money, and digital currencies. It provides definitions of money and outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The document also examines the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of money throughout history as the concept has developed and modernized over time.
China was the first to use paper money as representation money, which means it represented value but was not made of precious materials itself. This led to the gold standard and later fiat money, where currency is given value by government decree rather than representing gold or silver. Fiat money, from the Latin meaning "let it be done", is now the standard form of money around the world according to government enforceable legal tender laws.
This document provides an overview of cryptocurrency, including comparisons to conventional currency, existing and potential regulation, risks and failures in the cryptocurrency space, issues around consumer recourse, and open questions. It discusses key differences between cryptocurrency and fiat currency, differing regulatory approaches and classifications, risks like hacking and scams, challenges for consumer protections, and questions around how or if cryptocurrencies can and should be regulated.
The document discusses the history and evolution of money and banking systems. It begins by describing the barter system where goods and services are directly exchanged. It then outlines some problems with bartering, leading to the development of monetary systems using coins made of precious metals. The document notes the transition to using paper money and the development of modern banking systems where goldsmiths began issuing paper receipts that could be exchanged for gold. It traces the origins of the term "bank" and highlights some key developments in banking in England and the US. Finally, it summarizes different modern banking functions and types of banks.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The document discusses cryptocurrency and provides information about Abinash Rout's course topic. It defines cryptocurrency, describes the idea behind it including how bitcoin could change the world like email changed postal services. It discusses why we use cryptocurrencies, the mining process, characteristics of cryptocurrencies, top 10 cryptocurrencies in 2018, benefits like anonymity and no fees, and disadvantages like volatility and lack of awareness.
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its DevelopmentYaryalitsa
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
The document traces the history of money from its origins in barter systems to modern currencies. It discusses how livestock and commodities like cowry shells were some of the earliest forms of money. Coins made of precious metals like silver emerged around 500 BC in places like Libya and Turkey. Paper money was first developed in China and later adopted in Europe. Modern currencies have evolved from coins and banknotes to include electronic payments and credit cards.
history of money, history of china money, chinese money history, money history, report on history of money, History of money by TAYYAB FAROOQ (TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY), world oldest history about money, china coins and cloth money history, intorduction to history of money
Before the use of money, people bartered or traded goods and services. Bartering was difficult because the items being traded needed to have equal and agreed upon value, and both parties needed something the other wanted. People then started using metals like gold and silver as early forms of money. Coins were later developed, with Lydia in present-day Turkey issuing the first coins made of electrum around 600 BC. Paper money was developed in China over 1,000 years ago as receipts for gold or silver, and later as printed currency issued by governments. By the late 18th century, paper money and banknotes had spread globally and countries adopted currency standards like the gold standard in the early 20th century.
The invention of coinage in lydia, in india, and in chinaDokka Srinivasu
This document discusses the independent invention of coinage in three ancient societies: Lydia, India, and China. It notes that while coins originated in Lydia and spread to Greece, coinage also developed independently in India and China using different technologies. Lydian coins were made of electrum and stamped on both sides with intaglio designs, while early Indian coins took irregular bar shapes marked with punched symbols. Though each society invented coinage separately to meet economic needs, western-style coins eventually spread globally through cultural influence and imitation.
The document traces the history and evolution of money from 7000 BC to the present. It begins with barter economies and the development of commodity money like gold and silver. Around 3000 BC, coins were first minted in Lydia and China. Coins became the primary form of money from 1000 BC to 1000 AD. Paper money was invented in China in the 7th century AD and spread to Europe. The banking system developed from 1000-1500 AD to facilitate trade. The stock market was invented in 16th century Antwerp and the gold standard became the global monetary system in the 19th century. Central banks were also established then. The gold standard ended in the 1970s and modern banking innovations like ATMs and credit cards
Bartering was the earliest form of exchange, followed by the use of livestock, shells, and beads as a medium of exchange. The first coins were created in Lydia in 561 BC, and paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD. Throughout history, various commodities served as money including wampum, gold, and "Continentals" issued during the Revolutionary War. The US established the dollar and a national bank system in the late 18th century.
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of money. It begins by explaining that money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange for goods and services that is commonly recognized as having value. Early forms of money included bartering of goods, the use of commodities as money, and metal objects serving as money due to their value. Ancient coins emerged in the 7th century BC as small metal pieces with fixed weights and values bearing official seals. Gold, silver, and copper were the first metals used in coinage due to their rarity and value. Paper money later originated from goldsmith receipts used to make payments. Money has changed forms over time and modern monetary systems are organized around monetary units and regulated by legislation. Money is
Money has evolved over time from barter systems to various forms. Early theories suggest money was created for both trading and social purposes like establishing bride prices. A barter system used exchange of goods for other goods before money. Different types of money developed including commodity money based on valuables like gold/silver, plastic/paper currency, and newer electronic digital money. The document traces the history from shells/livestock in barter to modern currency and concludes that money is now categorized as cash or plastic/digital forms and serves as the main economic base for countries and commerce.
1) Currency has evolved significantly over thousands of years, starting with ancient forms of commodity money like cattle and gold in India as early as 7000 BC.
2) Ancient coins began to emerge in India as early as 1500 BC, taking the form of punch-marked coins issued by different kingdoms and empires. Paper money was first developed in China in the 7th century AD.
3) Coins continued to evolve and spread across kingdoms in India, taking on regional designs and scripts. The Mauryan Empire issued silver karshapanas, while the Gupta dynasty depicted kings on the obverse and deities on the reverse of coins between the 4th-6th centuries AD.
Money, their origin functions. Modern money Part1Advaldo CM
This document provides an outline for a paper on the history and functions of money. It begins with an introduction discussing why the history of money is important and how money relates to quality of life. It then covers definitions of money, the origins of money through barter systems, different types of currencies throughout history, how money has evolved, and key functions of money such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The document concludes with a section on references.
Money originated before written history, with early concepts including Aristotel's "metallist" theory and Plato's "cartalist" theory. People traded goods directly, but unequal exchanges were common since goods lacked standard values. To solve this, money was invented as a standard unit of exchange. Gold and silver coins were the most common forms of money throughout history. Paper money was first developed in China during the Song Dynasty, originating from merchant receipts. Banking evolved from temples to distinct buildings under the Romans, though moneylenders still charged high interest rates. Banking was established in the British Empire by 1776 when Adam Smith's theories limited state involvement in banking.
History of Currency : Ancient Coinage, paper, Indian Rupee
Evolution Coins, to paper to Bank Money
Financial Inclusion
Reforms - Adhar cards,Jan Dhan Yojana, GST
Benefits of GST
Why demonetisation is needed?
Suggested by Dr. Ambedkar
Benefits - Unearthing Black Money, Revenue to Govt., Shift to Bank Money
welcomed globally.
Short-term pains
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...pleasure16
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
The document traces the origins and evolution of coins from ancient times to modern day. It begins with the origins of coins in Lydia in the 8th century BC as a way to simplify tax collection. The Greeks then spread the use of coins around the Mediterranean between the 7th-6th centuries BC, minting coins with symbols representing their polis. Coins then arrived in the Iberian Peninsula through colonization and trade, with the Romans introducing coins like the sestertius during their rule of Hispania. Islamic coins circulated during the rule of Al-Andalus from the 8th-15th centuries AD, before the Catholic Monarchs standardized Spanish coinage in 1497. This led to famous
The document summarizes the evolution of trade from ancient barter systems to modern international trade organizations and electronic commerce. It describes how barter systems led to the invention of coins and currency, and how early trade routes developed between places like Egypt, Phoenicia, China, and Europe along the Silk Road. It then discusses the rise of banking to facilitate trade and the development of modern institutions like the IMF, World Bank and organizations to promote free trade agreements. The presentation concludes with an overview of the European Union's single market and Euro currency, as well as the invention and growth of e-commerce online.
This document provides a historical overview of banking regulations from ancient times to modern times. It describes how banking originated in ancient Mesopotamia with clay tablets being used to record grain loans and letters of credit. It then discusses banking in ancient Greece and Rome, including the use of coins. During medieval times, banking expanded in Italy and other parts of Europe, with some of the earliest banks being established in Florence and Genoa. Banking in India originated with evidence of loans in the Vedic period in 1750 BC and continued to develop through Buddhist times and the medieval period. In modern times, banking became nationalized in India in 1969 and 1980, and then liberalized in the 1990s with the establishment of new private
Chinese currency evolved over time. In ancient China, shells and tools were used for barter. In 221 BC, the Han emperor issued standardized coins called pan-liang to control the money supply. Coins changed under each dynasty but maintained a circular shape with a square hole until the 1900s. Paper money was introduced in 1024 AD by the Song dynasty as it was lighter and easier to transport, solving issues with heavy coins. However, paper money is only as valuable as the wealth backing it, so if a government's wealth declines, the value of its paper currency can also decline.
Following mankind's taste for alcohol from eating fermented fruit through the development of wine and up the present time of craft beers and botanical gins.
A wide-ranging talk on the development of housing from nomadic shelters to modern eco-housing whilst at the same time describing how this has profoundly affected human social culture moving from a nomadic lifestyle to agriculture and industry which requires land ownership, with the development of villages, towns and cities to high rise urban sprawl with its associated problems.
The summary provides an overview of the evolution of clothing from animal skins to modern fabrics and fashion:
- Early humans began wearing animal skins and plant fibers as clothing around 100,000 years ago for protection from weather. Sewing needles dated to around 18,000 BC showed skins were sewn together.
- The first woven fabrics emerged in the Middle East around 8,000 BC using plant fibers like flax and hemp. Silk production began in China around 2,800 BC and spread along trade routes.
- During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, powered machines enabled mass production of cotton and wool textiles. Synthetic fabrics like rayon, nylon and polyester were later invented.
Mankind's relationship with alcohol through the agesPatrick White
Mankind has had a long relationship with alcohol, dating back to early primates who unintentionally consumed fermented fruits. Throughout history, various cultures developed methods of producing alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, rice wine, and gin. While alcohol was banned during American Prohibition, its consumption has remained an important part of social and cultural traditions worldwide.
Mankinds journey from the dawn of civilisationPatrick White
The document traces the development of early human civilizations from the dawn of humankind in Tanzania around 1.9 million years ago to the Roman civilization between 500 BC to 0 AD. Key events mentioned include the emergence of Homo habilis and Homo erectus in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania between 1.9-0.7 million years ago, the earliest Homo sapiens in Africa around 200,000 years ago, Neanderthals in Europe between 400,000-40,000 years ago, and prehistoric cave paintings created in France around 25,000 BC. Various civilizations such as the Egyptian civilization between 3,000-300 BC, Greek civilization between 700-200 BC, and Roman civilization
This document outlines a project to strengthen adaptive capacities for small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia impacted by climate change. The project aims to identify and demonstrate integrated adaptation strategies to sustain small-scale aquatic farming under different climate scenarios. Key objectives include assessing climate change impacts and vulnerability, exploring adaptive measures, and developing guidelines and decision tools. Case studies are conducted in several Asian countries involving local partners and focusing on specific aquaculture systems. The methodology includes farmer surveys and focus groups, stakeholder workshops, and climate modeling to predict future changes and impacts. The main outputs are assessments of adaptive capacity, present and future adaptation measures, and policy and science/technology briefs with recommendations.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of human language from early hominid communication through the development and spread of modern languages like Indo-European. It notes that around 50,000 years ago, a group of Homo sapiens developed a proto-language before spreading throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Over time, this proto-language evolved into the major language families spoken around the world today, including the Indo-European family whose languages have continued expanding their reach and influencing other languages. The document also examines types of sign languages, whistled languages, and constructed languages like Esperanto, as well as the ongoing decline in the number of remaining human languages.
The MERAMED project surveyed 7 marine fish cage farms in Greece to test environmental monitoring techniques from Norway and Scotland. A range of survey methods were used, including current meters, sediment profiling, and video from remotely operated vehicles. Data was collected on water conditions, sediments, and fish production and linked to develop models predicting farm impact. The project aims to establish a tiered monitoring strategy to be conducted by farmers, independent surveyors, and regulators.
This paper provides a review of the scientific principles underlying environmental monitoring of marine aquaculture operations. It discusses the rationale for monitoring, including assessing environmental status against a control or reference area. The paper also addresses links between monitoring and regulatory criteria, the role of best practices/environmental management, and concludes with recommendations for a focused approach to monitoring that can be applied flexibly across different locations, species and situations.
Akvaplan-niva conducted a 2-year study in the Philippines to monitor the environmental impacts of aquaculture and develop predictive models. They trained government staff in monitoring equipment use, data analysis, and using models to assess impacts and estimate safe production levels. Baseline surveys were performed in 3 areas, collecting data on bathymetry, water quality, weather, and production levels. Models were developed to predict impacts and estimate carrying capacities based on water exchange, nutrient sources, and phytoplankton growth. The models suggested one area exceeded capacity while another may not, and management measures were recommended to reduce impacts and increase capacities.
The document discusses aquaculture-fisheries interactions and how the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) can address them. Aquaculture and fisheries often interact through shared ecosystems and resources. Interactions include the use of fisheries products for aquaculture feeds and the potential negative impacts of aquaculture on fisheries habitats and ecosystems. The EAA framework considers these interactions and aims to minimize negative impacts while optimizing positive interactions like culture-based fisheries. Implementing EAA and an ecosystem approach to fisheries requires understanding these interactions and taking an integrated, multisectoral approach to management across scales.
Akvaplan-niva International project examplesPatrick White
This document provides summaries of multiple projects completed by Akvaplan International Team (AIT). It includes projects related to developing guidelines for sustainable aquaculture management in Europe, integrated coastal zone management in Croatia, developing environmental monitoring techniques and predictive models for aquaculture in the Mediterranean, designing aquaculture facilities in several countries, and providing training and research on topics like live feed production, minimizing aquaculture impacts, and adapting to climate change impacts. The document demonstrates AIT's extensive experience with diverse aquaculture projects around the world.
AQGR and Climate Change (Aquaculture and fisheries) reducedPatrick White
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on aquatic genetic resources and how aquatic species and ecosystems can both adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change. It outlines various climate change stressors such as temperature fluctuations, precipitation changes, ocean acidification and sea level rise. It then examines the impacts of these stressors on different aquatic environments, ecosystems, species and fisheries and aquaculture. This includes impacts to key habitats like coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves, as well as different types of fisheries and aquaculture systems. The document provides graphics and tables to illustrate climate change impacts and risks.
AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE_CleanPatrick White
This document provides an overview of the importance of aquatic genetic resources in the context of climate change. It discusses how aquatic ecosystems and the organisms they support play a key role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Aquatic genetic resources underpin global aquaculture and fisheries, which together provide about half of the world's food fish and are important for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. Climate change poses challenges for these resources and the sectors that depend on them through impacts like warming, acidification, and changes to freshwater availability. The roles of aquatic genetic resources in adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts are discussed.
05. Carrying capacity estimation case study White 2Patrick White
This document discusses planning and management of aquaculture parks in the Philippines for sustainable development. It provides an overview of existing and planned mariculture park locations across the country. A case study of the Panabo Mariculture Park is used to demonstrate how carrying capacity modeling was used to optimize cage layout, include integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, and plan for expansion. Modeling of environmental impacts, nutrient budgets, and uptake by extractive species helped determine the optimal location of seaweed, oysters, and other benthic cultures within the park. Ensuring ecological, human, and governance well-being are key principles of the ecosystem approach used for sustainable aquaculture planning and management.
03. Carrying Capacity estimation White 1Patrick White
This document discusses aquaculture carrying capacity case studies in the Philippines. It examines three small-scale aquaculture areas: Bolinao and Anda, Dagupan estuary, and Taal Lake. For each area, it provides information on the types and amounts of aquaculture present, as well as any issues with recurring fish kills. It then discusses estimating carrying capacity through modeling nutrient inputs and outputs, and how water exchange rates and precipitation can impact this capacity. The goal is to help sustainably manage cumulative aquaculture impacts on shared water bodies.
Modelling of aquaculture impact and carrying capacity in the Philippines usin...Patrick White
Modelling of the SABBAC zones has the following objectives:
• to test scenarios which encourage careful feeding, so waste feed and nutrient input to
the environment is minimised; farmers will also save money
• to encourage use of better quality feed, where better digestibility of feed means less
feed is needed; better quality feed also breaks up less, so more goes to growth
The modelling approach also aims to:
• maintain enough spacing between cage rows so that remediation of sediments can
take place – impact should be low between rows in each zone
• maintain enough space between cage rows to prevent reduction of currents by high
aggregation of cages – although not predicted by TROPOMOD, this effect is known
to exist and has been shown by MSI models
• prevent overlap of zones by predicting the extent of the zones and recommending
minimum spacing between zones
The TROPOMOD model was therefore set up to evaluate the following:
• How severe is the impact – what is the maximum impact underneath cages?
• How far to the boundary of the impact?
• How can husbandry practices be optimised to use the zone most productively?
Better practice guidelines for fish farmersPatrick White
The document presents guidelines for sustainable and responsible marine pen and cage aquaculture in the Philippines. It discusses developing Better Practice Guidelines (BPGs) to provide farmers with practical advice based on lessons learned. The BPGs cover the full production cycle and aim to improve environmental management, animal welfare, social and economic sustainability over time. Key areas addressed include siting, design, hatchery practices, feeding, health, quality assurance, monitoring, social responsibility and waste management.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
2. • Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol.
• It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of
paper with a historic image on it.
• The value that people place on the symbol has
nothing to do with the physical value of money.
• Money derives its value by being a medium of
exchange, a unit of measurement and a
storehouse for wealth.
• Money
– allows people to trade goods and services indirectly
– understand the price of goods (prices written in Euro
and cents correspond with an amount in your wallet)
– gives us a way to save for larger purchases in the
future.
What is money?
3. The evolution of money
Stages in development of money
1. Barter trade
2. Commodity value
3. Representative money
4. Standardized Coinage
5. Paper Money
6. Banking
7. Credit Money
8. Electronic Money
9. Back to barter
4. Stage 1 – Barter Trade
At the beginning, there was no money.
Barter became the most primitive form of
reciprocal exchange
People engaged in barter, the exchange of one
product for another product, without a
definition of equivalent value – based on needs
Barter involves only two people; each has
something the other wants
“Hungry weaver is searching for a naked
farmer” – exchange of feed for cloth
5. Stage 1 – Barter Trade (before 9,000 BC)
This elementary form of trade is still found
today among people of primitive economies.
Barter is also being revived again in the form
of exchange of services or goods.
Limitations
Coincidence of wants
Perishability
Divisability
Inefficient
6. Commodities then came to have a set
value accepted by all to allow
exchange for other products and used
to assess their value.
Cattle was one of the mostly used and
had the advantages of moving for
itself, reproducing and rendering
services.
Salt was another commodity money,
difficult to obtain, mainly in the
interior part of continents, also used as
a preservative for food.
Commodities having a real value
Stage 2 - Commodity value (9,000 – 6,000 BC)
7. Many cultures around the world eventually developed
the use of representative money.
Ancient China, Africa, and India used cowry shells.
Pepper – Europe
Stones – Pacific Islands (in Micronesia, stone money is still used)
Coils of red feathers – Pacific Islands
Dog’s teeth – New Guiney
Iron Nails – Scotland
Whales teeth - Fiji
Stage 3 - Representative Money (assumed value)
8. Stage 4 - Token Money
From approximately 1,000 BC,
the Zhou dynasty in China developed
token money in the shape
of miniature objects such as knives
and spades made of bronze
The replicas’ shapes were simplified
to circles because no one wanted to
put a sharp tool in their pocket.
These were the first coins.
9. The use of silver as proto-money developed
in Mesopotamia with silver bars
The use of gold has been traced back to the
fourth millennium BC when
the Egyptians used gold bars of a set weight
as a medium of exchange.
The shekel was an ancient unit used
in Mesopotamia around 3,000 BC to define
both a specific weight of barley and
equivalent amounts of materials such as
silver, bronze and copper.
Stage 5 - Standardised value
10. When metal was traded, it required an
assessment of weight and purity to evaluate its
value at each transaction.
The touchstone was developed which allows
the estimate the amount of gold in an alloy,
which is then multiplied by the weight to find
the quantity of gold in the lump of metal.
Later, metal money gained standardised form
and weight, receiving a mark indicating its
value, indicating also the person responsible
issuing it.
Stage 5 - Standardised value
11. Stage 6 - Standardised Money - coinage
The first manufactured coins seems to have
taken place separately in India, China, and
in cities around the Aegean sea between
700 and 500 BC
They were small metal pieces, with fixed
weight and value, and bearing an official
seal, which is the mark of who has minted
them and also a guaranty of their value.
At the beginning, coin pieces were made by
hand in a very coarse way, had irregular
edges, and were not absolutely equal to
one another as today’s ones.
12. Stage 6 – Standardised money - Coinage
The Aegean coins were stamped (heated and
hammered with insignia)
the Indian coins (from the Ganges river valley)
were punched metal disks
Chinese coins were cast bronze with holes in
the center that they could be strung together.
The different forms and metallurgical process
implies a separate development in different
parts of the world
13. Stage 6 – Token money - Coinage
For many centuries, countries minted their most highly
valued coins in gold, using silver and copper for lesser value
coins.
This system was kept up to the end of the last century,
when cupronickel, and later other metallic alloys, became
used, and coins came to circulate for their token value, that
is to say their face value is independent from their metal
value.
14. Stage 6 – Token money - Paper money
Paper notes date to the 7th century Tang
Dynasty ion China.
In order to carry large amounts of cash,
people hefted around an ever-increasing
number of these coins – not the easiest, or
safest, thing to do over long distances.
In an attempt to lighten their load,
merchants began to deposit these coins with
each other and were issued paper certificates
for the coin’s value.
With the appearance of paper money,
minting of metal coins was restricted to lower
values, necessary as change.
15. Organisation of money - Greek Banking
Banking activities in Greece were more varied and
sophisticated than in any previous society.
Private entrepreneurs, as well as temples and public
bodies, undertook financial transactions.
They took deposits, made loans, changed money from
one currency to another and tested coins for weight and
purity. They even engaged in book transactions.
Moneylenders would accept payment in one Greek city
and arrange for credit in another, avoiding the need for
the customer to transport or transfer large numbers of
coins.
16. Organisation of money - Roman Banking
Rome, with its genius for administration, adopted and
regularised the banking practices of Greece.
By the 2nd century AD, a debt could officially be
discharged by paying the appropriate sum into a bank,
and public notaries were appointed to register such
transactions.
The collapse of trade after the fall of the Roman empire
made bankers less necessary than before, and their
demise was hastened by the hostility of the Christian
church to the charging of interest.
17. Organisation of money - Crusades
In the 12th century, the need to transfer large sums of
money to finance the Crusades stimulated the re-
emergence of banking in western Europe.
In 1162, Henry II of England levied a tax to support the
crusades.
The Templars and Hospitallers acted as Henry's bankers
in the Holy Land.
The Templars' practice was to take in local currency, for
which a promissory note would be given that would be
good at any of their castles across Europe, allowing
movement of money without the usual risk of robbery
while traveling.
18. Money during the middle ages
Many of the units of currency in use today derive
from the Roman origins, and more specifically from
versions of the Roman coins minted during the
Middle Ages.
The stable currency of the Byzantine empire was a
gold coin, the solidus, linked in later history with the
various forms of European shilling.
From about 690 AD it was joined as a hard currency
by another gold coin, the dinar (from the
Latin denarius), first minted by the caliph Abd-al-
Malik in Damascus.
In the following century the Frankish king Pepin III
introduces a silver denarius, or penny, which became
the standard medieval coin in western Europe.
19. In the 7th century AD, the kings of the
Carolingian dynasty standardized the penny,
decreeing that 240 are to be struck from a
pound of silver.
It is subsequently established that twelve
silver pennies were to be considered the
equivalent of the Byzantine gold solidus or
shilling.
Thus there evolves a monetary scale of
1:12:20 (penny:shilling:pound) which lasted
in much of Europe until the decimalizing
innovations of the French Revolution, and in
Britain until decimalisation in 1971.
Pounds, shillings and pence
Silver penny Queen Elizabeth I
Carolingian penny
Gold solidus
20. Keeping a tally of your money
When currency was often unavailable (and few people
were literate), the tally stick became increasingly popular
in Europe to record payments.
In this early version of financial record keeping, notches
were made on a wooden stick to indicate the amount lent
— and owed.
The sticks were then split down the middle; the creditor
kept one half and the debtor the other.
When a payment was made, the sticks were paired up, and
the payment was marked on both pieces of the stick.
Tally sticks were nearly impossible to counterfeit, as the
shape, size and grain of the wooden halves had to match
up perfectly.
21. Tally sticks were used in much of Europe, but probably
nowhere as extensively as in England.
For more than 700 years, tally sticks were used to collect
taxes from local citizens, until the system was finally
abandoned in 1826.
Eight years later, when the British parliament finally decided
to get rid of the thousands of leftover tally sticks being kept
in storage, they decided to burn them in an underground
furnace that heated the House of Lords
This resulted in a massive fire that destroyed most of the
building — the worst fire to hit London since the Great Fire
of 1666.
Keeping a tally of your money
22. Bank notes issued by Private banks
Inspired by the success of the London
goldsmiths (some of which became the
forerunners of great English banks), the
Swedish banks began issuing paper bank
notes in the 17th century.
These banknotes were a form of
representative money which could be
converted into gold or silver by request at
the bank.
In England this practice continued up to
1694.
Scottish banks continued issuing notes until
1850.
23. The use of private bank notes issued by
commercial banks as legal tender has
gradually been replaced by bank notes
authorized and controlled by national
governments.
The Bank of England was granted sole rights to
issue banknotes in England after 1694.
Until recently, these government-authorized
currencies were forms of representative
money, since they were partially backed by
gold or silver and were theoretically
convertible into gold or silver.
Britain ended in gold standard in 1931
Bank notes issued by Government banks
24. Payment by Cheque
As coins and notes ceased to be convertible into
precious metal, money became more dematerialized
and assumed some abstract forms.
One of these forms is the cheque that is still used by
many people today as it is simple and relatively secure.
In 2018, Cheques will be phased out in Britain.
25. Borrowing money on Credit
Money is borrowed and an interest rate is
charged to cover the risks of the borrowing
and a profit margin
IOUs, Promissory Notes, Overdraft
Mortgages
Credit cards
26. Change in the value of money - Inflation
Inflation is a sustained increase in the
general price level of goods and services in
an economy over a period of time
1 Euro =
14,945 Indonesia Rupiah
25,311 Vietnamese Dong
33,403 Iranian Rial
27. Zero value money
A zero rupee note is an imitation banknote
issued in India as a means of helping to fight
systemic political corruption.
The notes are "paid" in protest by angry
citizens to government functionaries who ask
for bribes in return for services which are
supposed to be free.
28. Electronic money - bitcoins
Bitcoin is a form of digital currency, created and
held electronically.
Only 21 million bitcoins can ever be created
Bitcoins can be used to buy things electronically
No one controls it. It is decentralised and
anonymous.
No transfer fees
Great for the black economy!
29. Purchasing power parity – adjusted for differences in the cost of
living in different countries – what we can afford to buy
Wealth – how do we compare
30. Modern barter – back to the future
Modern barter - Each member offers a range of
goods and services in a directory which is
circulated to every member.
This directory also contains a list of the goods
and services each member wants to receive.
Individuals then decide what they want to trade,
who they want to trade with and how much
trading they wish to do.
The price is agreed between the seller and buyer
(sometimes the price is in the directory).
No money is exchanged
31. Modern barter – Favabank, Totnes, UK
Favabank is modernising the age old idea of
barter, exchanging items and time as favours
between members of your community.
The function is to enable people to trade
goods and services in a locality without using
the national currency.
All barter exchanges are tracked using a
virtual currency called a 'Fava', to create a
'gift economy' to trade skills, time and
everyday items without using cash
32. Modern barter – SEL money in Crest, Tain
SEL means "Système d'Échange Local"
It is an association whose members
exchange them the services, knowledge
and property.
The principle of trade is based on the time:
1 hour = 60 grains.
For trading objects, the value assessment is
decided by the "sélistes".
The question may be: how long am I willing
to work to buy a bicycle, a small table or a
basket of vegetables.
33.
34.
35. Brexit - value of the pound
Pound Euro exchange during the last week
36. Brexit - value of the pound
Pound Euro exchange during the last month
Greed
Panic