Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
This document provides a history of the development of money. It begins with bartering and the use of shells as early forms of currency. It then discusses the introduction of coinage in Lydia in 600 BC and the later development of paper money in China in the 9th century. It also briefly outlines the gold standard, development of credit cards, and different types and functions of modern currencies like commodity, fiat, fractional, and fiduciary money.
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
History of money and types with features. SamiuR RahmaN
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by outlining the evolution of money from early bartering systems to modern digital currencies. Some of the milestones mentioned include the use of shells as early as 1200 BC, the development of coinage around 600 BC, the introduction of paper money in China in the 9th century, and more recent innovations like credit cards and digital payment systems.
The document then examines different types of money such as commodity money, metallic money, paper money, bank credit, and electronic money. It also outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of value, standard for deferred payments, store of value, and basis for the credit system. Finally, the document
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
The document traces the historical development of money from bartering of goods to modern currencies. It begins with bartering where goods were directly exchanged for other goods. Shells then emerged as the first medium of exchange. Later, coins made of metals like silver and imprinted with images became widely used as standardized money. Paper money was developed later, and most currency today is in the form of paper notes and coins, though future money may be digital. The key advantages of money over bartering are its portability, durability, divisibility and limited availability.
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
This document provides a history of the development of money. It begins with bartering and the use of shells as early forms of currency. It then discusses the introduction of coinage in Lydia in 600 BC and the later development of paper money in China in the 9th century. It also briefly outlines the gold standard, development of credit cards, and different types and functions of modern currencies like commodity, fiat, fractional, and fiduciary money.
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
History of money and types with features. SamiuR RahmaN
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by outlining the evolution of money from early bartering systems to modern digital currencies. Some of the milestones mentioned include the use of shells as early as 1200 BC, the development of coinage around 600 BC, the introduction of paper money in China in the 9th century, and more recent innovations like credit cards and digital payment systems.
The document then examines different types of money such as commodity money, metallic money, paper money, bank credit, and electronic money. It also outlines the key functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of value, standard for deferred payments, store of value, and basis for the credit system. Finally, the document
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
A brief history of money from barter to bitcoin. This presentation covers the essential characteristics of money and how it has evolved from barter to commodities to cash and finally to digitized currency, also known as "cryptocurrencies"--the most popular of which is bitcoin.
The document traces the historical development of money from bartering of goods to modern currencies. It begins with bartering where goods were directly exchanged for other goods. Shells then emerged as the first medium of exchange. Later, coins made of metals like silver and imprinted with images became widely used as standardized money. Paper money was developed later, and most currency today is in the form of paper notes and coins, though future money may be digital. The key advantages of money over bartering are its portability, durability, divisibility and limited availability.
History of money used for talks at Bhaubali College of Engg., ShravanabealgolaNatekar's World
A talk was presented about "History of Money" at Bahubali College of Engg., Shravanabelagola. The presentation is development of money and its politics.
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Money serves several essential economic functions according to the document. It acts as a medium of exchange, replacing bartering, allowing goods and services to be traded. Money also serves as a unit of account, allowing prices of goods and services to be denominated in a standard unit. Additionally, money acts as a store of value, allowing purchasing power to be saved and transferred over time. The document discusses different definitions and classifications of money, including definitions based on what constitutes money, whether it is currency in circulation or includes other assets, and classifications based on the nature and legality of various forms of money.
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The concept of money - My Money Week PresentationGabriel DOMBRI
A presentation on the concept and history of money delivered for the students in the International School of Cluj, as a part of the activities in My Money Week event. Burcash was the main partner in personal finance education.
This document defines and describes various types of money including:
- Standard money which serves as the basis for a currency system.
- Commodity money which derives its value from the commodity it is made of.
- Fiat money which has no intrinsic value but can be exchanged for a commodity.
- Credit money which is issued by private banks and the central bank and includes bank notes and deposits.
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
Paper money and Quality of Paper Money faisal azam
Paper money refers to documents that represent money such as banknotes, bills of exchange, and postal orders. There are three types of paper money: representative paper money which is fully backed by metal reserves, convertible paper money which can be converted to coins on demand, and fiat paper money which is not redeemable for gold or silver but is accepted as legal tender.
The merits of paper money include low production costs, convenience, difficulty to counterfeit, uniform quality, ability to adjust the money supply elastically, saving of precious metals, ease of counting, and portability. Demerits are the risk of demonetization by the government, instability due to exchange rate fluctuations, potential for excessive issuance
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
Money originated as commodity money made from valuable materials like gold and silver, but most modern money systems use fiat money which derives value from government decree rather than physical commodity. The document discusses different forms of money like coins, banknotes, and cash versus cashless systems. It also explores alternative economic models like bartering, gift economies, and potential future reputation economies where contributions to society determine social and economic status.
Money originated from the Latin word 'MONETO' and can be defined as any commodity that is generally accepted for exchange and as a measure of value. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange to purchase goods and services, and as a measure of value to compare the worth of different commodities. Secondary functions include acting as a standard for deferred payments, a store of value for present and future needs, and allowing the transfer of purchasing power across locations.
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
The document outlines the major approaches to organizational behavior throughout history, beginning with the classical views of bureaucracy, scientific management, and administrative management in the early 1900s. It then discusses the neoclassical human relations movement and contributions of thinkers like Chester Barnard. Finally, it covers modern approaches including systems theory, contingency view, behavioral science, and quantitative methods that emerged from the 1940s onward.
This document provides a history of money in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to modern day. It describes the evolution from barter systems to early gold and bead currencies. Spanish colonization introduced Mexican pesos and coins minted in Manila. The American period established the peso tied to the US dollar. The Japanese occupation saw war notes. Independence brought new designs celebrating Filipino culture and landmarks.
History of money used for talks at Bhaubali College of Engg., ShravanabealgolaNatekar's World
A talk was presented about "History of Money" at Bahubali College of Engg., Shravanabelagola. The presentation is development of money and its politics.
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Money serves several essential economic functions according to the document. It acts as a medium of exchange, replacing bartering, allowing goods and services to be traded. Money also serves as a unit of account, allowing prices of goods and services to be denominated in a standard unit. Additionally, money acts as a store of value, allowing purchasing power to be saved and transferred over time. The document discusses different definitions and classifications of money, including definitions based on what constitutes money, whether it is currency in circulation or includes other assets, and classifications based on the nature and legality of various forms of money.
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The concept of money - My Money Week PresentationGabriel DOMBRI
A presentation on the concept and history of money delivered for the students in the International School of Cluj, as a part of the activities in My Money Week event. Burcash was the main partner in personal finance education.
This document defines and describes various types of money including:
- Standard money which serves as the basis for a currency system.
- Commodity money which derives its value from the commodity it is made of.
- Fiat money which has no intrinsic value but can be exchanged for a commodity.
- Credit money which is issued by private banks and the central bank and includes bank notes and deposits.
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
Paper money and Quality of Paper Money faisal azam
Paper money refers to documents that represent money such as banknotes, bills of exchange, and postal orders. There are three types of paper money: representative paper money which is fully backed by metal reserves, convertible paper money which can be converted to coins on demand, and fiat paper money which is not redeemable for gold or silver but is accepted as legal tender.
The merits of paper money include low production costs, convenience, difficulty to counterfeit, uniform quality, ability to adjust the money supply elastically, saving of precious metals, ease of counting, and portability. Demerits are the risk of demonetization by the government, instability due to exchange rate fluctuations, potential for excessive issuance
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
Money originated as commodity money made from valuable materials like gold and silver, but most modern money systems use fiat money which derives value from government decree rather than physical commodity. The document discusses different forms of money like coins, banknotes, and cash versus cashless systems. It also explores alternative economic models like bartering, gift economies, and potential future reputation economies where contributions to society determine social and economic status.
Money originated from the Latin word 'MONETO' and can be defined as any commodity that is generally accepted for exchange and as a measure of value. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange to purchase goods and services, and as a measure of value to compare the worth of different commodities. Secondary functions include acting as a standard for deferred payments, a store of value for present and future needs, and allowing the transfer of purchasing power across locations.
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
The document outlines the major approaches to organizational behavior throughout history, beginning with the classical views of bureaucracy, scientific management, and administrative management in the early 1900s. It then discusses the neoclassical human relations movement and contributions of thinkers like Chester Barnard. Finally, it covers modern approaches including systems theory, contingency view, behavioral science, and quantitative methods that emerged from the 1940s onward.
This document provides a history of money in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to modern day. It describes the evolution from barter systems to early gold and bead currencies. Spanish colonization introduced Mexican pesos and coins minted in Manila. The American period established the peso tied to the US dollar. The Japanese occupation saw war notes. Independence brought new designs celebrating Filipino culture and landmarks.
This document summarizes the historical development of organizational behavior from several influential thinkers. It discusses early contributions from Plato, Aristotle, Confucius, and Machiavelli and their ideas around leadership, society, and authority. It then covers later thinkers like Adam Smith and the benefits of division of labor. Max Weber's theories of authority and rationality are outlined. The document also summarizes Frederick Taylor's scientific management principles and Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies. Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y are contrasted. The concept of human capital and recent OB models are briefly mentioned at the end.
This document provides an overview and copyright information for the textbook "Food and Beverage Cost Control" by Jack E. Miller, David K. Hayes, and Lea R. Dopson. It includes 12 chapters that cover topics such as managing food, beverage, and labor costs; analyzing financial statements; and using technology to enhance control systems. The textbook is designed to teach foodservice managers how to understand and manage their costs through clear explanations and examples. It utilizes spreadsheets and the internet to demonstrate cost control techniques using current technology. The second edition has been extensively revised to incorporate new material on topics like menu analysis and to fully integrate the use of computers and the internet into the teaching approach.
The document discusses the organization and structure of hotel departments. It begins by explaining the purpose of an organization chart and the different types of reporting relationships. It then provides an overview of the major hotel departments including rooms division, food and beverage, sales and marketing, accounting, engineering, security, and human resources. The rooms division department, which generates the majority of hotel revenue, is discussed in further detail including the front office, reservations, housekeeping, bell services, and telephone operations.
The document describes the various duties and functions of different roles within the rooms division department of a hotel, including reservations, concierge, uniformed services, reception, telephone/communication, housekeeping, laundry, dry cleaning, valet, linen, and security. Key responsibilities outlined include maintaining professional appearance, mastering hotel information, answering phones, greeting guests, making reservations, handling special requests, ensuring guest safety and security, and more.
Combined presentation of student reports and the lectures on Lodging and Accommodation for the subject Principles of Tourism II for the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management of the Lyceum of The Philippines Cavite, Campus. All photographs are grabbed from the internet and credit is due to their respective photographers.
Hotels can be classified in several ways, including by size, star rating, location, and ownership. Size is based on the number of rooms, with small hotels having 25 or fewer rooms and large hotels having over 300 rooms. Star ratings are assigned by a committee and range from one to five stars. Location classifications include city hotels, suburban hotels, airport hotels, resort hotels, and motels. Ownership types include chain, independent, management contract, franchise, and timeshare properties.
This document discusses the importance of work ethics for professionals. It defines work ethics as a set of standards and rules for satisfactory job performance, including sincerity, respect, regularity and punctuality. Key characteristics of good work ethics are identified as attendance, character, teamwork, appearance, attitude, productivity, organization, communication, cooperation and respect. Maintaining proper work ethics is important for both the individual and their workplace.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It discusses key concepts in the field's history such as scientific management, the Hawthorne Studies, and theories like Theory X and Theory Y. The document also defines organizational behavior and explains its goals of understanding, predicting, and influencing human behavior in organizations. It addresses the individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis and notes challenges facing management today.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its DevelopmentYaryalitsa
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of money. It begins by explaining that money is a human invention that represents the value of goods and services, and requires social acceptance. Throughout history, various commodities have served as money, including livestock, grains, shells, metals, and paper. The document then outlines the development of commodity money, representative money like receipts, paper currency, and finally fiat currency not backed by commodities. It also discusses non-monetary exchange through barter and gift economies, and criticisms of theories about the origins of money replacing barter.
Currency can take many forms and refers to any item that people agree represents value and can be exchanged for goods and services. There are two main types of currency: coins and banknotes. Coins are standardized metal discs issued by a government as legal tender, while banknotes are printed paper money that is a promissory note issued by banks and payable to the bearer. Ancient civilizations used various items as early forms of currency, such as grains, knives, and even human beings before the widespread use of coins and paper money.
1) The document discusses early evidence of informal money use from ancient codes and texts, including the Code of Urukagina from 2380 BCE which stipulated "the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor."
2) It argues that conventional economic theory has dismissed the earliest history of informal money exchanges and credits, focusing only on formal money like coins, which is an incomplete view.
3) The Code of Urukagina from ancient Mesopotamia provides one of the earliest examples of regulating the use of silver as a medium of exchange and shows that informal money preceded coinage by millennia.
Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, such as taxes, in a particular country or socio economic context.
This document discusses the origins and functions of money. It argues that barter did not precede the use of money, as money evolved alongside trade. Commodities like tobacco, furs, beads, and rice served as early forms of money in colonial America because they had assured markets and could easily be exchanged. The document defines money as a means of payment, noting its essential characteristic is being easily passed from person to person. While government involvement can impact certain types of money like coins and paper money, standard coins like gold essentially just represent the metal's value.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of money. It begins by explaining that money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange for goods and services that is commonly recognized as having value. Early forms of money included bartering of goods, the use of commodities as money, and metal objects serving as money due to their value. Ancient coins emerged in the 7th century BC as small metal pieces with fixed weights and values bearing official seals. Gold, silver, and copper were the first metals used in coinage due to their rarity and value. Paper money later originated from goldsmith receipts used to make payments. Money has changed forms over time and modern monetary systems are organized around monetary units and regulated by legislation. Money is
The document provides an overview of fiat money and gold money, comparing and contrasting the two types. It begins with an introduction stating the purpose is to compare fiat and gold money on economic and social bases. It then discusses the definition of money, the emergence of different forms of money throughout history including commodity money backed by intrinsic value like gold as well as fiat money which derives its value by government decree instead of commodity backing. The document also examines the functions of money and development of monetary systems over time, focusing on gold-backed currency, the gold standard, and the emergence of fiat currency not backed by gold reserves.
This is a talk I give at New York Culture Salon(纽约文化沙龙) , I introduce Bitcoin to Chinese Community in New York.
In this talk, we will talk about the origin of money, how our current financial system create money, how the Bitcoin protocol works, and what value it can bring us. We are also going to discuss stories behind the creator of Bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto, and how investors, financial experts and mass media view Bitcoin.
One: Money has evolved over thousands of years from bartering systems to various commodity forms like salt and metals to the first coins around 600 BC. The modern concept of currency emerged around 2500 years ago with the minting of coins.
Two: As societies grew more complex, bartering limitations drove the need for a standardized monetary system. Various commodities like grains, livestock, and metals were used as early forms of money.
Three: The value of a currency is determined by its demand in the global marketplace. Countries aim to keep their currencies relatively weak to encourage other nations to buy more of their exports, boosting their economies. The US dollar remains strong as many countries use it globally.
Chapter 10 The reshaping of medieval europetcshistory
The document summarizes changes that occurred in medieval Europe during the late medieval period. Commerce and trade led to the growth of towns and cities, which weakened the feudal system and manorialism. A middle class formed out of merchants and businessmen. Kings were able to consolidate power by raising large armies, allowing them to assert power over popes and feudal nobility.
The document traces the history and evolution of money from 7000 BC to the present. It begins with barter economies and the development of commodity money like gold and silver. Around 3000 BC, coins were first minted in Lydia and China. Coins became the primary form of money from 1000 BC to 1000 AD. Paper money was invented in China in the 7th century AD and spread to Europe. The banking system developed from 1000-1500 AD to facilitate trade. The stock market was invented in 16th century Antwerp and the gold standard became the global monetary system in the 19th century. Central banks were also established then. The gold standard ended in the 1970s and modern banking innovations like ATMs and credit cards
Money, their origin functions. Modern money Part1Advaldo CM
This document provides an outline for a paper on the history and functions of money. It begins with an introduction discussing why the history of money is important and how money relates to quality of life. It then covers definitions of money, the origins of money through barter systems, different types of currencies throughout history, how money has evolved, and key functions of money such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The document concludes with a section on references.
Bartering was the earliest form of exchange, followed by the use of livestock, shells, and beads as a medium of exchange. The first coins were created in Lydia in 561 BC, and paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD. Throughout history, various commodities served as money including wampum, gold, and "Continentals" issued during the Revolutionary War. The US established the dollar and a national bank system in the late 18th century.
The specious history of money is short and filled with rhetoric infecting our political debate. The economics body corporate seems to refuse knowing better. They have no science or bananas today. Our Risk Price does better because it embraces the non-specious credit history of money in financing corporations,
StockTakers 'likeables' portfolios do better by knowing better.
Money has taken many forms throughout history, from physical commodities like livestock and grains used for barter, to precious metals, to modern currencies with no intrinsic value. Early monetary systems developed out of barter systems as standardized units of exchange like coins made transactions more efficient. Theories of how money originated include that it emerged naturally from market activity (commodity theory) or that states played a key role in establishing currencies (credit theory). Overall, money has evolved from directly bartering goods to serving as a mechanism that allows indirect exchange and stores of wealth.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of money, beginning with primitive forms of money like cowrie shells, manillas, and whales' teeth that were used for ornamentation, payments, and ceremonies. It describes how coinage originated in Lydia around 650 BC and the advantages it provided over bartering goods like cows and wheat. These included being portable, durable, and having a standard value. Paper money later developed from promissory notes and became more common in the 17th century. The functions and causes for the development of money are also summarized.
Money has evolved over time from bartering of goods, to commodity money, metallic coins, paper money, checks/debit cards, and now largely plastic/digital currency. It began as a way to overcome the inefficiencies of bartering by using commonly accepted goods as currency. Metals like gold and silver were then used to create durable and divisible coins. As trade grew, paper money and checks emerged to allow easier carrying of funds. Today, digital payment methods via credit/debit cards and apps predominate as plastic and digital currencies are portable, durable and support fast global transactions. Money serves key economic functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payments.
Money has evolved over time from commodity money, to metallic money, to paper money, credit money, and now plastic money. Commodity money like shells and salt were used initially but had problems like being perishable and indivisible. Metallic coins solved some of these issues but were heavy. Paper money emerged as a lighter alternative that was also portable. Credit money in the form of checks and debit transfers further improved portability. Today, plastic credit and debit cards allow for digital money transfers, providing modern convenience. Money serves important economic functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. It plays a key role in facilitating trade and economic development.
The document discusses the evolution of money from early commodity forms like animal skins to modern electronic money. It outlines 5 stages: 1) Commodity money using goods for barter had problems with storage, durability, transport, and divisibility. 2) Metallic coins solved some issues but introduced problems with weighing value. 3) Paper money originated as goldsmith receipts and evolved into various forms issued by governments and banks. 4) Credit money includes instruments like checks and drafts offered by banks. 5) Electronic money refers to digital exchanges using computer networks and stored value systems. Each new form aimed to overcome limitations of prior systems.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. WHAT IS MONEY?
Money is any clearly identifiable
object of value that is generally
accepted as payment for goods
and services and repayment of
debts within a market or which is a
legal tender within a country.
4. BARTER SYSTEM
The barter exchange system was when
an individual possessing any surplus
of value, such as a measure of grain or
a quantity of livestock could directly
exchange that for something perceived
to have similar or greater value or
utility, such as a clay pot or a tool.
However, there was no agreed
standard measure into which both
seller and buyer could exchange
commodities according to their relative
value of all the various goods and
services offered by other potential
barter partners.
5.
6. EARLY EMERGENCE OF
MONEY
Grain and cattle were used as money or as
barter.
In agricultural societies, things needed for
efficient and comfortable employment of energies
for the production of cereals and the like were the
most easy to transfer to monetary significance for
direct exchange.
As people's needs became more refined, so
indirect exchange became more likely as the
physical separation of skilled labourers
(suppliers) from their prospective clients
(demand) required the use of a medium common
to all communities, to facilitate a wider market.
7. EARLY
ADMINISTRATION
The Mesopotamian civilization
developed a large scale economy
based on commodity money, i.e. the
barter system.
The Babylonians and their
neighboring city states later developed
the earliest system of economics as
we think of it today, in terms of rules
on debt, legal contracts and law codes
relating to business practices and
private property.
9. CATTLE
An early type of money were
cattle- both the animal and the
manure produced were valuable.
Fines were paid in oxen and
sheep.
10. COWRIE SHELLS
The shells of cowries are
usually smooth and shiny
and more or less egg-shaped,
with a flat under
surface which shows a
long, narrow, slit-like
opening. Nearly all
cowries have a porcelain-like
shine and many have
colourful patterns.
11. METALS
Metals were favored for use as proto-money
over commodities as cattle,
cowry shells, or salt, because metals
are at once durable, portable, and easily
divisible.
12. COINS
The first manufactured coins seems to have taken
place separately in India and China.
Minting occurred in parts of the Greek islands and the
south of Italy.
The first stamped money (having the mark of some
authority in the form of a picture or words) can be
seen in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.
13. BANK NOTES
The banknotes were a form of representative
money which could be converted into gold or silver
by application at the bank. Until recently, these
government-authorized currencies were forms of
representative money, since they were partially
backed by gold or silver and were theoretically
convertible into gold or silver.
14. CURRENCY SYMBOLS
A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a
shorthand for a currency's name, especially in
reference to amounts of money. They typically
employ the first letter or character of the currency,
sometimes with minor changes such as ligatures
or overlaid vertical or horizontal bars