This document summarizes a dissertation on improving transit systems and traffic flow at intersections in Kolkata, India. Primary and secondary data were collected on vehicle volumes and types, lane widths, and pedestrian traffic at the College Street and Surya Sen intersections. High motorization rates were found to cause congestion. Pedestrian volumes were also very high. Key findings included the lack of proper infrastructure for pedestrians, encroachment of sidewalks, and dangers of crossing undivided roads. Recommendations were developed to address definitions of problems, diagnoses of causes, projections of future issues, and options to tackle the problems.
At present, there are many problems being faced by road users in urban area with limitation of land space and traffic congestion, pedestrian are one of the most vulnerable entities of the transportation system It is observed that there is an increase in number of conflicts between pedestrian and the vehicles in the city. In order to mitigate the conflicts between vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic an attempt is made to provide a Skywalk. The present study involves the Opinion survey of pedestrians, Mid-block traffic count, pedestrian count were carried out for Ashoka road on weekdays and weekends. From the opinion survey, traffic count and pedestrian counts we can conclude that there is a need to construct Skywalk to reduce the pedestrian accidents rates on Ashoka road.
Pedestrian level of service for crosswalks at urban intersectionsTHOTA AKHIL
Pedestrians form the largest road user group.
As walking is the primary means of human locomotion, they are the most unguarded road users at intersections.
Pedestrians are allowed to pass only on the crosswalks, walkways which are provided for them.
In urban centers, pedestrian flows can be significant, they must be accommodated in planning & design of traffic facilities and controls.
Most of the potential pedestrian conflicts exist at the intersections.
Pedestrian and Bicycle facility planning for kochi city region, part 3 colle...Arun Chandra Babu
This document outlines a study on pedestrian and bicycle facility planning for Kochi City, India. The aim is to assess existing pedestrian and bicycle facilities, identify conflicts, understand pedestrian movement patterns, and evaluate feasibility of bicycle facilities. Primary data collection methods include surveys of pedestrians, commuters, roads, and parking facilities. Secondary data was obtained from local authorities. Expert opinions were gathered. The methodology involves data collection, analysis, assessment to locate problems, identify potentials and constraints, and develop network guidelines and proposals to improve pedestrian and bicycle mobility, safety, and reduce vehicle conflicts.
IRJET- Study on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour at IntersectionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on pedestrian crossing behavior at intersections. The study analyzed pedestrian crossing speed and compliance with traffic signals at both controlled and uncontrolled intersections. Data was collected through video recordings at 6 intersections and analyzed to identify factors influencing crossing speed and compliance. The analysis found that age, gender, and group characteristics significantly impacted crossing speed. Gender, age, and crossing speed were also found to significantly influence compliance behavior. The study helps understand pedestrian behavior at intersections and identify factors that can be considered in intersection design.
Pedestrian and Bicycle facility planning for kochi city region, part 2 data ...Arun Chandra Babu
The document discusses pedestrian and bicycle planning for Kochi City Region in India. It outlines the study area and key locations such as railway stations. The aim is to assess existing pedestrian and bicycle facilities and formulate strategies to improve mobility, safety and reduce conflicts. It reviews literature on pedestrian and bicycle flow characteristics and capacities. It also discusses current policies and guidelines on pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure from sources like the Indian Road Congress. Finally, it presents methodologies for evaluating bicycle and pedestrian level of service.
Traffic demand management aims to reduce single-occupancy vehicle travel and redistribute travel demand. Managing traffic demand at junctions is important to reduce accidents, pollution, wasted time and money, and improve public transportation options. Several methods can be used for traffic demand management at junctions, including traffic surveys, educating the public, enforcing traffic laws, improving junction infrastructure with signs, flyovers, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings, implementing bicycle infrastructure, congestion pricing, active traffic management, and integrated demand management. Case studies demonstrate how these strategies can be applied using existing traffic control systems.
This document provides information on various modes of transportation in India and their key characteristics. It discusses different land, water, and air transportation modes. For land transportation, it describes various road classifications and characteristics of the Indian railway system. It also covers inland waterways, coastal and ocean shipping. The document discusses speed, safety, adequacy, frequency, comfort and other factors for comparing different transportation modes. It provides data on traffic volumes, speeds and densities which are important for road design.
This document provides a summary of the station accessibility plan study conducted for Vijayanagar Metro Station in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The study aimed to encourage sustainable transport by integrating walking, cycling, public transport and intermediate public transport. A household survey of 2500 samples and opinion surveys were conducted to understand existing travel patterns and issues. Key issues identified included lack of footpaths, encroachment of footpaths for parking and dumping of waste. Proposals were made to improve pedestrian and cycling infrastructure on main roads connecting to the metro station. Recommendations focused on enforcement of regulations, participatory management, and planning for integrated first and last mile connectivity.
At present, there are many problems being faced by road users in urban area with limitation of land space and traffic congestion, pedestrian are one of the most vulnerable entities of the transportation system It is observed that there is an increase in number of conflicts between pedestrian and the vehicles in the city. In order to mitigate the conflicts between vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic an attempt is made to provide a Skywalk. The present study involves the Opinion survey of pedestrians, Mid-block traffic count, pedestrian count were carried out for Ashoka road on weekdays and weekends. From the opinion survey, traffic count and pedestrian counts we can conclude that there is a need to construct Skywalk to reduce the pedestrian accidents rates on Ashoka road.
Pedestrian level of service for crosswalks at urban intersectionsTHOTA AKHIL
Pedestrians form the largest road user group.
As walking is the primary means of human locomotion, they are the most unguarded road users at intersections.
Pedestrians are allowed to pass only on the crosswalks, walkways which are provided for them.
In urban centers, pedestrian flows can be significant, they must be accommodated in planning & design of traffic facilities and controls.
Most of the potential pedestrian conflicts exist at the intersections.
Pedestrian and Bicycle facility planning for kochi city region, part 3 colle...Arun Chandra Babu
This document outlines a study on pedestrian and bicycle facility planning for Kochi City, India. The aim is to assess existing pedestrian and bicycle facilities, identify conflicts, understand pedestrian movement patterns, and evaluate feasibility of bicycle facilities. Primary data collection methods include surveys of pedestrians, commuters, roads, and parking facilities. Secondary data was obtained from local authorities. Expert opinions were gathered. The methodology involves data collection, analysis, assessment to locate problems, identify potentials and constraints, and develop network guidelines and proposals to improve pedestrian and bicycle mobility, safety, and reduce vehicle conflicts.
IRJET- Study on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour at IntersectionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on pedestrian crossing behavior at intersections. The study analyzed pedestrian crossing speed and compliance with traffic signals at both controlled and uncontrolled intersections. Data was collected through video recordings at 6 intersections and analyzed to identify factors influencing crossing speed and compliance. The analysis found that age, gender, and group characteristics significantly impacted crossing speed. Gender, age, and crossing speed were also found to significantly influence compliance behavior. The study helps understand pedestrian behavior at intersections and identify factors that can be considered in intersection design.
Pedestrian and Bicycle facility planning for kochi city region, part 2 data ...Arun Chandra Babu
The document discusses pedestrian and bicycle planning for Kochi City Region in India. It outlines the study area and key locations such as railway stations. The aim is to assess existing pedestrian and bicycle facilities and formulate strategies to improve mobility, safety and reduce conflicts. It reviews literature on pedestrian and bicycle flow characteristics and capacities. It also discusses current policies and guidelines on pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure from sources like the Indian Road Congress. Finally, it presents methodologies for evaluating bicycle and pedestrian level of service.
Traffic demand management aims to reduce single-occupancy vehicle travel and redistribute travel demand. Managing traffic demand at junctions is important to reduce accidents, pollution, wasted time and money, and improve public transportation options. Several methods can be used for traffic demand management at junctions, including traffic surveys, educating the public, enforcing traffic laws, improving junction infrastructure with signs, flyovers, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings, implementing bicycle infrastructure, congestion pricing, active traffic management, and integrated demand management. Case studies demonstrate how these strategies can be applied using existing traffic control systems.
This document provides information on various modes of transportation in India and their key characteristics. It discusses different land, water, and air transportation modes. For land transportation, it describes various road classifications and characteristics of the Indian railway system. It also covers inland waterways, coastal and ocean shipping. The document discusses speed, safety, adequacy, frequency, comfort and other factors for comparing different transportation modes. It provides data on traffic volumes, speeds and densities which are important for road design.
This document provides a summary of the station accessibility plan study conducted for Vijayanagar Metro Station in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The study aimed to encourage sustainable transport by integrating walking, cycling, public transport and intermediate public transport. A household survey of 2500 samples and opinion surveys were conducted to understand existing travel patterns and issues. Key issues identified included lack of footpaths, encroachment of footpaths for parking and dumping of waste. Proposals were made to improve pedestrian and cycling infrastructure on main roads connecting to the metro station. Recommendations focused on enforcement of regulations, participatory management, and planning for integrated first and last mile connectivity.
This document discusses various topics related to transportation planning. It includes sections on traffic flow characteristics, accident studies, traffic volume studies, speed studies, frequently asked questions, functions, methodology, origin-destination studies, and parking studies. The methodology section outlines the process of transportation planning which includes inventories, trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, traffic assignment, and plan preparation and evaluation. Other topics covered in detail include trip generation and distribution models, origin-destination studies methods, causes of accidents, factors affecting traffic capacity, and types of speed studies.
This document is a dissertation submitted for a Masters in Business Administration in Infrastructure Management. It discusses the feasibility of implementing a Straddling Bus smart transportation system in Visakhapatnam, India. It first provides background on Visakhapatnam's climate and current transportation infrastructure, which includes roads, railways, a planned metro rail, and airports/seaports. The objective is then stated as assessing the feasibility of a Straddling Bus system. Literature on conventional and sustainable urban transportation planning is reviewed. Statistics on Visakhapatnam's population, transportation usage, and infrastructure are analyzed. Finally, key implementation steps for the Straddling Bus system are outlined, including remodelling roads, providing power to buses
This document summarizes a project that aims to improve mobility and accessibility in existing urban neighborhoods through alternative transportation solutions and pedestrianization. It discusses issues like vehicular dependence, lack of pedestrian infrastructure, and the "first/last mile" problem. It then details the site selection, surveys conducted, analysis of issues, and demands that emerged from community workshops. Key tasks identified include technical support for residents, pilot projects, and advocating for applying the Parking Benefit District model on the project area to address parking issues in a sustainable manner.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document proposes a solution called the straddling bus to address the major problem of traffic congestion in Indian cities. The straddling bus system involves large buses that straddle roads and allow other vehicles to pass below. This solution aims to reduce congestion by 20-30% while being cheaper and faster to implement than alternatives like metros and BRTS systems. The document outlines the design, implementation steps, funding sources, impacts, and references for the proposed straddling bus system.
Roundabouts provide environmental, economic, and safety benefits over traditional intersections. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing idling time and promoting continuous traffic flow. Construction and maintenance costs are often lower for roundabouts which do not require traffic signals or expensive infrastructure. Multiple studies show roundabouts reduce collisions and injuries at intersections by up to 90% by lowering speeds and eliminating high-risk collision angles. Washington state is promoting roundabouts as part of its strategy to reduce transportation emissions and meet sustainability goals.
This presentation talks about the basics of transportation planning. The transportation jargons that are used like ROW, Carriage way etc. It also talks about the Road hierarchy, Intersections, Road Capacity and Level of Service.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
The document discusses transportation problems faced in urban areas, including traffic congestion caused by increased private vehicle usage, lack of adequate public transportation options, and uncontrolled urban sprawl. It also outlines some tentative solutions such as promoting public transit, bicycle infrastructure, and regulated parking to help address these issues. Reducing traffic and improving transportation efficiency is important for urban productivity and mobility.
Pedestrian flow and capacity concepts are defined based on factors such as pedestrian characteristics, speed, density, and space requirements. Walking speed varies based on age, with average speeds of 5.0 ft/s for ages 13-60 and 4.25 ft/s for ages 65+. Pedestrians require a minimum of 15 ft2/person of space to walk without influence from others, and capacity is reduced at densities higher than 30 ft2/person. Pedestrian facilities are designed based on maintaining a level of service below full capacity to allow comfortable walking speeds.
The document discusses advanced road transportation systems and planning. It defines advanced road transportation as preparing to transfer humans, animals, or items from one place to another. It identifies important functions of transportation planning like identifying transportation components and models. Transportation planning aims to make systems more efficient, effective, and equitable while reducing negative environmental impacts. It discusses various transportation studies used in planning like traffic volume, speed, travel time, parking, and origin-destination studies. The data from these studies help with tasks like designing roads, controlling intersections, and forecasting traffic. The document concludes that integrating advanced technology into traffic management is important for handling increasing vehicle populations in cities and towns.
This document discusses traffic characteristics and engineering. It defines traffic engineering as dealing with planning and designing streets and highways for safe, efficient traffic flow. Road users and their physical, mental, psychological characteristics are examined, as well as vehicles' static properties like weight and dimensions, and dynamic properties like speed and braking. Traffic surveys study these characteristics to determine road geometry and controls. Perception, intellect, emotion and volition times that make up a driver's total reaction time are also outlined.
State Farm sponsored lesson: "Road Design and Safety" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that overviews safety on roadways and ways in which engineers incorporate safety when designing roads. It also highlights careers in road design and safety. Additionally, this lesson can be paired with a "Design your own 3D Model of Transportation Effectiveness and Roadway Safety" activity.
This document discusses traffic management systems. It begins by defining traffic and listing what can constitute traffic, such as vehicles, pedestrians, and animals. It then lists some common reasons for traffic like increasing vehicle numbers, accidents, and rule violations. The document outlines some basic traffic rules and regulations using road signs as examples. It also discusses some Indian vehicle acts and common traffic offenses. Statistics on traffic enforcement in India from 2002-2013 are presented. Potential solutions to traffic problems involve improving infrastructure, following traffic rules, and strict enforcement of laws. The local Pune context involving BRTS and road safety initiatives is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
Existing Facilities And Deficiencies In A Busy Intersection At Dhaka Based On...IJERA Editor
Roundabouts have become increasingly popular in recent years as an innovative operational and safety solution at both low volume and high volume intersections. This paper contains capacity analysis of existing roads at a busy intersection in Dhaka named Polashi intersection, compare capacity and volume, AADT, velocity study, road user behavior, pedestrian flow analysis for proposed roundabout. Evaluations are made on a rational basis using qualitative analysis wherever possible and accepting that some matters determine by the exercise of judgments. Roundabouts have a number of advantages over traffic signals depending on the conditions. They reduce the severity of crashes since head-on and right-angle conflicts are nearly eliminated. They may consume less land area since turn pocket lanes are not needed. They have lower energy and maintenance costs
Introduction of basic transportation engineeringGhan Shyam
This document discusses road alignment and classification. It defines road alignment as the position of the center line of the highway on the ground. There are two types of alignment: horizontal and vertical. It also lists factors that affect road alignment such as availability of construction materials, obligatory points, grades, crossings, geology, drainage, traffic, land acquisition, economics, and other miscellaneous factors. The document also discusses engineering surveys used in locating highway alignment and classifications of roads based on use, carriageway, pavement surface, location, traffic, and function.
The document discusses road networks and their classification. It describes the different types of roads that make up a road network hierarchy, from freeways that provide largely uninterrupted travel at high speeds, to arterial roads that deliver traffic to freeways, to collector roads that move traffic from local streets to arterials, to local roads with the lowest speeds that provide access to properties. Maintaining accurate and up-to-date road network data is challenging using traditional record keeping methods, so the document advocates using a geographic information system to facilitate planning, implementation, and decision making for road sector management.
Traffic engineering deals with improving traffic flow and performance on road networks through systematic studies and engineering applications. It includes planning, design, regulation, and control of traffic. The objectives of traffic engineering are to achieve efficient and safe traffic flow with minimal delays and accidents. It covers various areas like traffic studies and analysis, planning, design, operation, safety, and administration. The overall goal is to facilitate convenient, rapid, and economic transportation of people and goods.
Design and fabrication of suitcase car (Project Report)Konal Singh
The document describes a suitcase car, which is a mini car that can carry up to 80kg and fit inside a suitcase. It has a unloaded weight of up to 30kg and can be lifted and transported by one person when packed into a suitcase. The suitcase car uses a two-stroke engine but the document proposes using an electric motor and battery instead to reduce pollution and noise. The suitcase car can be assembled or disassembled in under four minutes and can carry a single person with a top speed of 30km/hr and a range of 70km on a full battery charge.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which use information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes such as safety, productivity, reliability and more. ITS technologies can include wireless communications, computational technologies, floating car data collection using cellular signals, and sensing technologies like inductive loops and video detection. The document outlines several ITS applications including emergency notification systems, automatic road enforcement, collision avoidance systems and more. Benefits of ITS include reduced accidents, time savings, lower emissions and costs.
This document discusses various topics related to transportation planning. It includes sections on traffic flow characteristics, accident studies, traffic volume studies, speed studies, frequently asked questions, functions, methodology, origin-destination studies, and parking studies. The methodology section outlines the process of transportation planning which includes inventories, trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, traffic assignment, and plan preparation and evaluation. Other topics covered in detail include trip generation and distribution models, origin-destination studies methods, causes of accidents, factors affecting traffic capacity, and types of speed studies.
This document is a dissertation submitted for a Masters in Business Administration in Infrastructure Management. It discusses the feasibility of implementing a Straddling Bus smart transportation system in Visakhapatnam, India. It first provides background on Visakhapatnam's climate and current transportation infrastructure, which includes roads, railways, a planned metro rail, and airports/seaports. The objective is then stated as assessing the feasibility of a Straddling Bus system. Literature on conventional and sustainable urban transportation planning is reviewed. Statistics on Visakhapatnam's population, transportation usage, and infrastructure are analyzed. Finally, key implementation steps for the Straddling Bus system are outlined, including remodelling roads, providing power to buses
This document summarizes a project that aims to improve mobility and accessibility in existing urban neighborhoods through alternative transportation solutions and pedestrianization. It discusses issues like vehicular dependence, lack of pedestrian infrastructure, and the "first/last mile" problem. It then details the site selection, surveys conducted, analysis of issues, and demands that emerged from community workshops. Key tasks identified include technical support for residents, pilot projects, and advocating for applying the Parking Benefit District model on the project area to address parking issues in a sustainable manner.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document proposes a solution called the straddling bus to address the major problem of traffic congestion in Indian cities. The straddling bus system involves large buses that straddle roads and allow other vehicles to pass below. This solution aims to reduce congestion by 20-30% while being cheaper and faster to implement than alternatives like metros and BRTS systems. The document outlines the design, implementation steps, funding sources, impacts, and references for the proposed straddling bus system.
Roundabouts provide environmental, economic, and safety benefits over traditional intersections. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing idling time and promoting continuous traffic flow. Construction and maintenance costs are often lower for roundabouts which do not require traffic signals or expensive infrastructure. Multiple studies show roundabouts reduce collisions and injuries at intersections by up to 90% by lowering speeds and eliminating high-risk collision angles. Washington state is promoting roundabouts as part of its strategy to reduce transportation emissions and meet sustainability goals.
This presentation talks about the basics of transportation planning. The transportation jargons that are used like ROW, Carriage way etc. It also talks about the Road hierarchy, Intersections, Road Capacity and Level of Service.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
The document discusses transportation problems faced in urban areas, including traffic congestion caused by increased private vehicle usage, lack of adequate public transportation options, and uncontrolled urban sprawl. It also outlines some tentative solutions such as promoting public transit, bicycle infrastructure, and regulated parking to help address these issues. Reducing traffic and improving transportation efficiency is important for urban productivity and mobility.
Pedestrian flow and capacity concepts are defined based on factors such as pedestrian characteristics, speed, density, and space requirements. Walking speed varies based on age, with average speeds of 5.0 ft/s for ages 13-60 and 4.25 ft/s for ages 65+. Pedestrians require a minimum of 15 ft2/person of space to walk without influence from others, and capacity is reduced at densities higher than 30 ft2/person. Pedestrian facilities are designed based on maintaining a level of service below full capacity to allow comfortable walking speeds.
The document discusses advanced road transportation systems and planning. It defines advanced road transportation as preparing to transfer humans, animals, or items from one place to another. It identifies important functions of transportation planning like identifying transportation components and models. Transportation planning aims to make systems more efficient, effective, and equitable while reducing negative environmental impacts. It discusses various transportation studies used in planning like traffic volume, speed, travel time, parking, and origin-destination studies. The data from these studies help with tasks like designing roads, controlling intersections, and forecasting traffic. The document concludes that integrating advanced technology into traffic management is important for handling increasing vehicle populations in cities and towns.
This document discusses traffic characteristics and engineering. It defines traffic engineering as dealing with planning and designing streets and highways for safe, efficient traffic flow. Road users and their physical, mental, psychological characteristics are examined, as well as vehicles' static properties like weight and dimensions, and dynamic properties like speed and braking. Traffic surveys study these characteristics to determine road geometry and controls. Perception, intellect, emotion and volition times that make up a driver's total reaction time are also outlined.
State Farm sponsored lesson: "Road Design and Safety" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that overviews safety on roadways and ways in which engineers incorporate safety when designing roads. It also highlights careers in road design and safety. Additionally, this lesson can be paired with a "Design your own 3D Model of Transportation Effectiveness and Roadway Safety" activity.
This document discusses traffic management systems. It begins by defining traffic and listing what can constitute traffic, such as vehicles, pedestrians, and animals. It then lists some common reasons for traffic like increasing vehicle numbers, accidents, and rule violations. The document outlines some basic traffic rules and regulations using road signs as examples. It also discusses some Indian vehicle acts and common traffic offenses. Statistics on traffic enforcement in India from 2002-2013 are presented. Potential solutions to traffic problems involve improving infrastructure, following traffic rules, and strict enforcement of laws. The local Pune context involving BRTS and road safety initiatives is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
Existing Facilities And Deficiencies In A Busy Intersection At Dhaka Based On...IJERA Editor
Roundabouts have become increasingly popular in recent years as an innovative operational and safety solution at both low volume and high volume intersections. This paper contains capacity analysis of existing roads at a busy intersection in Dhaka named Polashi intersection, compare capacity and volume, AADT, velocity study, road user behavior, pedestrian flow analysis for proposed roundabout. Evaluations are made on a rational basis using qualitative analysis wherever possible and accepting that some matters determine by the exercise of judgments. Roundabouts have a number of advantages over traffic signals depending on the conditions. They reduce the severity of crashes since head-on and right-angle conflicts are nearly eliminated. They may consume less land area since turn pocket lanes are not needed. They have lower energy and maintenance costs
Introduction of basic transportation engineeringGhan Shyam
This document discusses road alignment and classification. It defines road alignment as the position of the center line of the highway on the ground. There are two types of alignment: horizontal and vertical. It also lists factors that affect road alignment such as availability of construction materials, obligatory points, grades, crossings, geology, drainage, traffic, land acquisition, economics, and other miscellaneous factors. The document also discusses engineering surveys used in locating highway alignment and classifications of roads based on use, carriageway, pavement surface, location, traffic, and function.
The document discusses road networks and their classification. It describes the different types of roads that make up a road network hierarchy, from freeways that provide largely uninterrupted travel at high speeds, to arterial roads that deliver traffic to freeways, to collector roads that move traffic from local streets to arterials, to local roads with the lowest speeds that provide access to properties. Maintaining accurate and up-to-date road network data is challenging using traditional record keeping methods, so the document advocates using a geographic information system to facilitate planning, implementation, and decision making for road sector management.
Traffic engineering deals with improving traffic flow and performance on road networks through systematic studies and engineering applications. It includes planning, design, regulation, and control of traffic. The objectives of traffic engineering are to achieve efficient and safe traffic flow with minimal delays and accidents. It covers various areas like traffic studies and analysis, planning, design, operation, safety, and administration. The overall goal is to facilitate convenient, rapid, and economic transportation of people and goods.
Design and fabrication of suitcase car (Project Report)Konal Singh
The document describes a suitcase car, which is a mini car that can carry up to 80kg and fit inside a suitcase. It has a unloaded weight of up to 30kg and can be lifted and transported by one person when packed into a suitcase. The suitcase car uses a two-stroke engine but the document proposes using an electric motor and battery instead to reduce pollution and noise. The suitcase car can be assembled or disassembled in under four minutes and can carry a single person with a top speed of 30km/hr and a range of 70km on a full battery charge.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which use information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes such as safety, productivity, reliability and more. ITS technologies can include wireless communications, computational technologies, floating car data collection using cellular signals, and sensing technologies like inductive loops and video detection. The document outlines several ITS applications including emergency notification systems, automatic road enforcement, collision avoidance systems and more. Benefits of ITS include reduced accidents, time savings, lower emissions and costs.
The document discusses electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the types of electric vehicles, their components like electric motors and batteries. It explains the benefits of electric vehicles like higher energy efficiency, regenerative braking, and quiet operation. However, it also mentions challenges like limited driving range due to low battery energy density and long charging times. The document provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
A project report on yamaha superbikes for yamaha motor india pvt.ltd.Projects Kart
The document discusses Yamaha Motor India's plans to launch the YZF-R15 sports bike in India. This would be Yamaha's first sports bike in India and would aim to fulfill Indian fans' dreams of riding a Yamaha R1-style bike at a more affordable price point. The R15 is expected to have a 150cc engine and incorporate racing technology from Yamaha's flagship R1 superbike. This launch would be significant in shaking up India's two-wheeler market by introducing a new segment of affordable sports bikes. Yamaha hopes the R15 will extend the brand's reputation for performance bikes to a wider audience in India.
Polymorphism refers to an object's ability to take on multiple forms. In object-oriented programming, polymorphism occurs when an entity such as a variable, function, or object can have more than one form. There are two main types of polymorphism: compile-time polymorphism (such as function and operator overloading) and runtime polymorphism (using virtual functions). Polymorphism allows programmers to work with general classes and let the runtime system handle the specific types, providing flexibility.
customer perception towards bike in surat cityRishi Patel
This document provides information about the automobile industry. It discusses global automobile production trends, with China being the largest producer since 2009. It also discusses production in other major countries like the US, Japan, and countries in Europe. It provides a table showing global motor vehicle production figures from 1997-2014. It states that global automobile production is expected to grow around 4% annually through 2015, with growth in China, India, and Mexico offsetting declines in Europe. It outlines some key trends in the global automotive market including manufacturers investing in emerging markets to reduce costs.
As is the trend worldwide, India is undergoing rapid urbanization. This means not only that more people than ever before
will be living and working in cities, but also that more people and more goods will be making more and longer trips
in urban areas. The costs of increasing dependence on cars is resulting in expensive road building and maintenance,
clogged and congested roads, high levels of energy consumption along with its economic and environmental costs, worsening
air and noise pollution, traffic accidents and social inequities that arise when the poor find transportation services
increasingly unaffordable.
DESIGN OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN BARAMULLA CITY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR”.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on designing public transportation in Baramulla City, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study analyzed the existing public transportation system and identified issues like limited availability and long travel times. Surveys were conducted to understand transportation usage and needs. It was found that most people rely on private vehicles rather than public transportation. To promote greater public transportation use, the study developed timetables for bus and taxi services on key routes. The timetables aim to provide more frequent, reliable public transportation options to address current issues and encourage more people to shift from private to public transportation.
This document discusses transport demand analysis for estimating ridership on a Mass Rapid Transit System. It describes conducting primary surveys like traffic counts, household travel surveys, and public transportation passenger surveys to collect data on travel patterns. Transport demand models are developed using the data to forecast future travel demand. The study area is divided into zones and trip production, attraction, and distribution models are used to estimate the number of trips originating from, ending in, and traveling between each zone. Growth factor models are applied to estimate future trip generation based on changes to population, income and vehicle ownership in each zone over time. The analysis is used to evaluate alternative MRTS network alignments and estimate passenger loading on each.
The document presents a methodology for evaluating the sustainability of integration between public transportation modes in Delhi, India. It outlines studying integration between the Delhi Metro and bus services, developing indicators to measure economic, environmental and social sustainability, collecting data at four Metro stations, estimating indicators, and calculating an overall sustainability index. Key indicators examined include productivity, transfer time, accessibility, reliability, user ratings, and air pollution. The methodology aims to holistically assess public transportation systems from a sustainability perspective rather than just operational efficiencies.
By J.Rekha Kammath
The study attempts to suggest a traffic free model for M.G. Road, for the stretch from Medical Trust Hospital up to Madhawa Pharmacy. This stretch has numerous shopping centres and eateries and entertainment centres on either sides of it. In addition, the stretch of road is very close to the proposed Vyttila bus terminal, at about a distance of 3 kilometers from the junction.
This document presents a traffic survey study of four intersections in Bhubaneswar, India. Data on vehicle types and volumes were collected manually over five days at each intersection. The data was analyzed to calculate traffic volume in passenger car units and vehicle speeds. Based on the analysis, improvements such as road widening or new roads were suggested for intersections that showed traffic congestion, with speeds below the design standard. For one intersection, a recent change from a traffic roundabout to a four-way intersection was found to better manage traffic flow. Accurate traffic data collection and analysis can inform effective transportation planning.
This document discusses introducing a one-way traffic system in Colombo, Sri Lanka to address transportation issues. It provides background on Sri Lanka and Colombo, existing transportation modes, and the phased introduction of one-way roads starting in 1996. Benefits included increased travel speeds and additional space for other uses. Issues were increased walking distances, bus route fragmentation, and lack of studies on public perception and cost-benefit analysis. Recommendations include expanding the one-way system where roads are close together to decrease travel times and distances.
The document discusses strategies to systematically organize the paratransit (auto rickshaw) system in Surat City, India to better integrate with the public transportation system. It notes that auto rickshaws currently provide the majority of public transit trips due to inadequacies in the bus system. The paper recommends (1) zoning auto rickshaw routes to optimize trips as feeders to bus routes, (2) coordinating fares and frequencies between auto rickshaws and buses, and (3) conducting studies such as origin-destination analyses to inform integrated planning of the two systems. The aim is to make public transit in Surat more reliable and efficient through harmonization of auto rickshaws and buses
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MANIDEEPA BAIDYA DISSERTATION
1. 1
“IMPROVING TRANSIT SYSTEM AND ITS
MEASURES TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC FLOW
AT A STREET”
Dissertation Report Submitted to the University of
Calcutta In Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Master of
Public Systems Management (With Specialization in
transportation and logistics Management)
By
MANIDEEPA BAIDYA
ROLL NO.: 107/MPS/110052
SESSION: 2011-2013
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE SQUARE WEST, KOLKATA 700 073
May, 2013
2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The dissertation was done in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of MPSM.
The three things which go on to make a successful endeavour are
dedication, hard work and correct guidance. Able and timely guidance
not only helps in making an effort fruitful, but also transforms the
whole process of learning into an learning and enjoyable experience.
I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to Mr. Swapan Kr.
Choudhuri, professor, IISWBM and Mrs. Jayanti De, course
coordinator (transportation and logistics department), IISWBM
for their expert guidance assistance in the successful completion of
my dissertation.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to
my beloved parents for their blessings, my friends/classmates for their
help and wishes for the successful completion of this project.
Thank you everyone.
3. 3
INDEX
CHAPTER 1: OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 4
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 5
CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA 6
CHAPTER 3.1: PRIMARY DATA 7
CHAPTER 3.2: SECONDARY DATA 12
CHAPTER 3.3: FINDINGS 15
CHAPTER 3.4: DEFINITION 16
CHAPTER 3.5: DIAGNOSIS 22
CHAPTER 3.6: PROJECTION 24
CHAPTER 3.7: OPTIONS & FORMUATIONS 25
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37
4. 4
Chapter 1
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
As a student of Transportation and logistics management of MPSM in
I.I.S.W.B.M, I was provided all the opportunities to learn the various
aspects of transit systems and its characteristics of different measures.
My project area was concerned with ‘improving transit system and its
measures at a street’.
My objective was to select a study area which is an important location
due to which the traffic of that area becomes very much busy and
congested, so that problem areas can be found and feasible proposals
and recommendations can be made to improve the existing transit
systems and its measures.
5. 5
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
Apart from keen observation of the various processes and practices carried out
for this dissertation, various methods of data collections were also adopted to
get true and detailed findings.
Selection of the study area
For study the topic of my dissertation I chose two junctions (Surya Sen
and M. G. road crossing & College Street and M. G. road crossing), and
the stretch between two junctions.
Primary data collection
Data regarded the study is collected first hand from the direct observation
of the traffic movement at the both Surya Sen and College Street
junctions.
Data are also collected by consultation with the transport users and traffic
police.
Data are collected for both peak and off peak hour for three consecutive
days.
Secondary data collection
Different websites, journals and books were viewed on the transport
system in Kolkata, different measures that are taken to control traffic
congestion in Kolkata.
Presentation of data
Tables, line charts, clustered column charts are used to present the data
collected from direct observation.
Findings the problem areas
Proposals and recommendations
6. 6
Chapter 3
STUDY AREA
College Street (name derived from the presence of many colleges) is a
1.5 km long street in central Kolkata in the Indian state of West
Bengal. It stretches (approximately) from Ganesh Chandra Avenue
Crossing in Bowbazar area to Mahatma Gandhi Road crossing. It
houses many centres of intellectual activity specially Indian Coffee
House, a cafe that has attracted the city's intelligentsia for decades
The College Street is most famous for its small and big bookstores,
which gives it the nickname “Boi Para” (Colony of Books).People
from whole city and different parts of the state gathers here for their
book. Many bigwigs of the Bengali publication industry are situated
here. The street is also dotted with countless very small book kiosks
which sell new and old books.
7. 7
Chapter 3.1
PRIMARY DATA
The primary data has been collected from both the Surya Sen crossing
and the College Street crossing.
PLACE: SURYA SEN CROSSING
DATE: 16TH MAY, 2013
TIME: 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM
VEHICLE TYPE NO. OF VEHICLES
Bus 60
4 wheelers (both private cars & taxis) 574
2 wheelers (motorised) 96
Auto 185
Heavy Vehicles 8
Bi-cycle 34
Hand-pulled Rickshaws 25
Van Rickshaws 30
TOTAL 1012
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
NON
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
PUBLIC
VEHICLES
PRIVATE
VEHICLES
923 89 245 406
Motorisedvehicles:Non-Motorisedvehicles = 923:89 (approx 10:1)
Public vehicles:private vehicles = 245:406 (approx1:1.7 ratio)
8. 8
PLACE: SURYA SEN CROSSING
DATE: 16TH MAY, 2013
TIME: 3:30 PM – 4:30 PM
TRAFFIC NO. OF VEHICLES
Bus 45
4 wheelers (both private cars & taxis) 355
2 wheelers (motorised) 30
Auto 160
Heavy Vehicles 6
Bi-cycle 12
Hand-pulled Rickshaws 30
Van Rickshaws 46
TOTAL 684
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
NON
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
PUBLIC
VEHICLES
PRIVATE
VEHICLES
596 88 205 185
Motorisedvehicles:Non-Motorisedvehicles = 596:88 (approx 7:1)
Public vehicles:private vehicles = 205:185 (approx1.1:1 ratio)
9. 9
PLACE: COLLEGE STREET CROSSING
DATE: 17TH MAY
TIME: 10:45 AM – 11:30 AM
VEHICLE TYPE NO. OF VEHICLES
Bus 198
4 wheelers (both private cars &
taxis) 580
2 wheelers (motorised) 56
Auto 210
Heavy Vehicles 12
Bi-cycle 60
Hand-pulled Rickshaws 35
Van Rickshaws 21
TOTAL 1172
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
NON-
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
PUBLIC
VEHICLES
PRIVATE
VEHICLES
1056 116 408 98
Motorisedvehicles:Non-Motorisedvehicles = 1056:116 (approx 9:1)
Public vehicles:private vehicles = 408:98 (approx 4:1 ratio)
10. 10
PLACE: COLLEGE STREET CROSSING
DATE: 17TH MAY
TIME: 2:30 PM – 3:30 PM
VEHICLE TYPE NO. OF VEHICLES
Bus 210
4 wheelers (both private cars & taxis) 405
2 wheelers (motorised) 42
Auto 198
Heavy Vehicles 18
Bi-cycle 43
Hand-pulled Rickshaws 38
Van Rickshaws 34
TOTAL 988
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
NON-
MOTORISED
VEHICLES
PUBLIC
VEHICLES
PRIVATE
VEHICLES
873 115 408 55
Motorisedvehicles:Non-Motorisedvehicles = 1056:116 (approx 9:1)
Public vehicles:private vehicles = 408:55 (approx 7:1 ratio)
11. 11
LANE AND VEHICLE WIDTH DATA
PLACE: SURYA SEN INTERSECTIONS
STREET WIDTH: approximately 18 feet (TOWARDS SEALDAH)
STREET WIDTH: approximately 25 feet (TOWARDS COLLEGE
STREET CROSSING)
PLACE: COLLEGE STREET INTERSECTIONS
STREET WIDTH: 18 feet (TOWARDS SHYAMBAZAR)
STREET WIDTH: 18 feet (HOWRAH TO SEALDAH AND VICE
VERSA)
BUS WIDTH: approximately 5 feet
TAXI/PRIVATE CARS WIDTH: approximately 4 feet
AUTO WIDTH: approximately 3.5 feet
RICKSHAW WIDTH: approximately 3.5 feet
TWO WHEELERS
(MOTORISED & NON-MOTORISED): approximately 2.5 feet
12. 12
CHAPTER 3.2
SECONDARY DATA
Growth Trends of Motor Vehicles- KOLKATA
(in ‘000)
YEAR KOLKATA
1981 -
1986 339
1991 475
1996 588
1998 664
2002 1051
Source: http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/pdf/Ch11_Review%20of%20Road%20Network%20and%20Transport%20System.pdf
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1981 1986 1991 1996 1998 2002
vehicle(in'000)
YEAR
KOLKATA
13. 13
PEDESTRIAN VOLUME SURVEY by KMA, 2008
One of the heaviest pedestrian traffic movements in the KMA occurs
between Sealdah station and B. B. D. Bag. In order to measure the
volume of traffic quantitatively a 12 hour survey was carried out at
different locations. The pedestrian volume was counted at following
locations
1. East of Amherst Street Crossing
2. West of College Street Crossing
3. East of Rabindra Sarani
The pedestrian volume was also counted on M. G. Road, East of
Suryasen Street i.e. Near Purabi Cinema at the following locations:
1. Surya Sen Street immediately to the east of the College Square
2. Prem Chand Boral Street immediately east of the College Square
3. Eden Hospital Road
OBSERVATIONS
2, 90,000 pedestrians were observed from Sealdah Stations via. B.B.
Ganguly Street and Surya Sen Street. The results of the survey
highlight three distinct patterns of pedestrian movements:
• There is continuous flow of pedestrians between Sealdah Stations
and B. B. Bag via B. B. Ganguly Street, though in a tapered
proportion.
• Major pedestrian movement was also observed between Amherst
Street and Prem Chand Boral Street towards Eden Hospital Road.
• A concentrated pedestrian movement was observed via Surya Sen
Street and M. G. Road to Sealdah Station which was 20 per cent of
the total pedestrian volume.
14. 14
• In the KMA, almost 65 per cent of the trips per day are undertaken
by foot and therefore, facilitating pedestrian movement is a priority of
the Comprehensive Mobility Plan.
• The pedestrian mobility environment, in absence of proper
maintenance and improvement of infrastructure over time has become
very poor.
• Pedestrian fatalities are ranked at the top with 64 per cent share. The
main reason for this high rate of pedestrian fatalities is lack of
enforcement of traffic regulations and poor condition or absence of
footpaths.
• Wherever sidewalks are present they are encroached by street
hawkers thus pushing the pedestrians on to the main carriageway of
the roads.
• Crossing roads is a dangerous proposition as 89 per cent of the
carriageways are undivided. The lack of traffic enforcement adds to
the misery of the pedestrians.
15. 15
Chapter 3.3
FINDINGS
I personally travelled many a times in this area and felt that the traffic
movement is not smooth at all at any of these two junctions.
After taking all the data at two junctions I tried to find out the
problem areas for which the traffic is getting congested at the two
junctions day by day.
I divided my research process in the following manner:
Definition: What are the problems?
Diagnosis: What are the causes of the problem?
Projection: How it will develop in the future if not taken care?
Options & Formulations: What are the possible ways to tackle
the problems? & what are the pros and cons of each suggestion?
16. 16
Chapter 3.4
DEFINITION
“Definition” basically defines the problem areas in my dissertation.
The areas I have chosen for my dissertation are the college street
crossing and Surya Sen crossing. There are many positive points in
respect with the traffic movement on these junctions, like the road
infrastructure, pavements for pedestrians, signal systems, one way
traffic movement etc.
But according to my study I found the traffic movement efficiency is
not up to the mark. There are some serious problems which become
the hindrance of the traffic movement causes traffic congestion. So
here I would like to define the particular problems on those above
mentioned crossings.
Problem areas are:
Mixed traffic:
Based on my observation I found that there are no traffic
restrictions for any particular vehicles. The traffic is mixed road
traffic that is traffic includes each and every possible vehicles
that can run on the road surface, like Trams, Buses, Taxis, Cars
(private), Autos, heavy goods vehicles, 2 wheelers (motorised
and non motorised both), hand-pulled Rickshaws, Van-
rickshaws, etc. so it becomes very difficult to manage all these
types of vehicles together specially in a one way traffic
movement.
17. 17
Parking system:
The parking system is one of the major problem I found for
which the traffic movement gets slower, thus reducing the
efficiency and resulting traffic congestion.
There is no separate parking space used in between these two
crossings. The vehicles (especially cars and taxis) are parked on
the right side of the road. It almost takes 2/9th of the total road
space.
Land is valuable in all urban areas. Parking places occupy large
portions of such land. This fact should be recognized in
determining the principles for allocation of parking space.
Problems of Tramline in the particular study area :
The tramlines in Kolkata have been running with lots of
advantages like,
Clean and green – enhances the environment; no emissions at
street level
Safe – less prone to accidents
Smooth and comfortable
Pedestrian-friendly
Acceptable and accepted – only rail-borne modes of transport
can actually get people out of cars
High capacity – only metro systems have higher carrying
capacity
Affordable – the cheapest form of comfortable mass transit
Adaptable – can cope with steep grades and tight curves
Inspiring – modern trams can be aesthetically pleasing
Heritage – Tramcars are a part of history.
18. 18
Though the Tramline has lots of advantages but I found many
disadvantages f the tramline in the particular area of my study.
Running the trams in the opposite direction of the traffic flow
becomes a problem for other vehicles in the one way traffic
movement.
Moreover the dedicated lines used for the tramlines are shared
with every other vehicles result in traffic congestion.
Due to its slow speed trams cannot attract many passengers
though it has a huge capacity of carrying nearly 130 passengers.
No separate lane for Buses
No Bus Bay system I found in this particular stretch from Surya
Sen junction to College Street junction.
Even if there was any such Bus Bay system it is completely
ignored. All the vehicles including Buses are come together and
get stuck, which again results in traffic congestion.
No separate lane for non motorised vehicles
There are no proper rules or regulations I found for the non
motorised vehicles like Rickshaws, Van Rickshaws, Bi-cycles,
etc. these vehicles don’t even follow the direction of the traffic.
There are no separate lanes for these non motorised vehicles.
As the speed of these non motorised vehicles are less than the
motorised vehicles, sharing the space with the motorised
vehicles results slow traffic movement.
19. 19
Inadequate spaces for pedestrians
I have added the space width that is used for the pedestrians in
the PRIMARY DATA (CHAPTER 4.1), where I found the
problem of encroachment which share the maximum spaces of
the footpaths.
Pedestrians have very small spaces to walk on the footpaths but
the actual width of the footpath is wide enough without any
encroachment. So pedestrians are thereby compelled to walk on
the street which creates a huge problem in running the vehicles
smoothly on the street.
Improper utilisation of road space
The road spaces are wide enough to run the traffic smoothly but
the spaces are not fully dedicated for the running vehicles.
The spaces are shared with parked vehicles, non motorised
vehicles, users walking down on the street etc. so there is a lack
of proper utilisation of the road spaces.
The width details of each street under my study area are
attached in the PRIMARY DATA (CHAPTER 4.1)
Ratio of public and private car
I took the numbers of both public vehicles and private cars
during peak and off peak hour continuously for 2 days. The data
attached at the end of this report in PRIMARY DATA
(CHAPTER 4.1)
What I found is that the numbers of private cars come almost
two times than the number of public cars at peak hours.
20. 20
Public cars include Buses and Autos in terms of transit. And the
private cars include only the cars of the users in terms of
ownership.
That public transport occupies less road space and causes less
pollution per passenger-km than personal vehicles. As such,
public transport is a more sustainable form of transport.
Therefore, the central government would promote investments
in public transport as well as measures that make its use more
attractive than in the past.
Utilisation of space/persons by both the public and the
private vehicles
Road space gets allocated to whichever vehicle occupies it first.
The focus is, therefore, the vehicle and not people. The result is
that a bus carrying 40 people is allocated only two and a half
times the road space that is allocated to a car carrying only one
or two persons. In this process, the lower income groups have,
effectively, ended up paying, in terms of higher travel time and
higher travel costs, for the disproportionate space allocated to
personal vehicles.
If the focus of the principles of road space allocation were to be
the people, then much more space would need to be allocated to
public transport systems than is allocated at present.
Freight traffic problem:
The data that I attached at the end of this report about the
number of vehicles in peak and off peak hours shows the
number of freight traffic.
21. 21
I found some freight vehicle movement during peak hour though
small in numbers which is not desired. It slows down the
With limited capacity of the transport system, it is essential that
freight traffic and passenger traffic are so staggered as to make
optimum use of the transport infrastructure.
Role of Para-transit
Para transit (taxi) is normally expected to fulfil a need that
neither public transport or personal vehicles are able to fulfil.
They normally cater to a category of occasional trips such as
trips to airports or rail stations with excessive baggage, or
emergency trips that have to be undertaken immediately and it is
not possible to wait for public transport. Para transit would not
normally be used for regular commute trips to work or school.
However, when the quality of public transport deteriorates,
Para-transit tends to substitute for public transport.
Unfortunately, this has started happening in many Indian cities.
As such, this policy would seek to restore Para-transit to its
normal role by persuading the improvement of public transport.
22. 22
Chapter 3.5
DIAGNOSIS
The problems are already discussed in the previous chapter. Here I
would like to discuss: what are the main causes for which the above
problems (some of them) prevail in this particular area.
Causes for Mixed traffic problem:
No rules and regulations for certain vehicle type like freight
traffic, non motorised vehicles.
No separate lane for Buses, Non-motorised vehicles.
No physical separation for the Tramlines.
Causes for parking problem:
No proper planning for dedicated parking place
Users who are not even work in this particular area park their
cars in the stretch between Surya Sen crossing and College Street
crossing.
Each and every local house, educational buildings, offices or
other institutions should have parking facility in their own
premises which is not common in this area; rather streets are used
for parking purpose.
Causes for the tramline issues:
Trams are not very attractive to the users due to its slower speed
than the other motorised vehicles especially in the peak hour.
23. 23
Lack of proper maintenance
Technology not upgraded
Chances of derailment
Discontinued tram service for load-shedding
Causes for which people walks on the street
Less spaces in the footpaths
Encroachment
Random plantation on the footpath
Causes for the improper utilisation of road spaces
Road spaces are allotted for the vehicles not for the users
Road spaces are shared by the parking cars
Road space/passenger is maxi-mum for the public transport
whereas it is very less for the private cars, but study shows that
the number of private cars is twice than that of the number of
public cars.
People walk down on the street due to lack of spaces in
footpaths
Causes for freight traffic movement problem:
No strict regulation on the time of such heavy vehicle
movements
No by-passes for heavy vehicles around the study area that
enable through traffic to go around the city and not add to the
city traffic.
24. 24
Chapter 3.6
PROJECTION
The future of this traffic movement in this particular area will have to
face huge problems if the above mentioned areas are not taken care.
Unless the above problems are remedied, poor mobility can become a
major dampener to economic growth and cause the quality of life to
deteriorate. In near future the traffic of this area may have to face
problems like:
Roads will almost reach to its Jam density
Speed of the vehicles may become lower day by day
Air pollution, Noise pollution may increase more than the
present
The Roads may get damaged due to heavy vehicles
movements
No separate spaces will be there in near future for the
pedestrians if no action taken over the encroachment
Public vehicles may get hampered due to increasing private
cars in respect to increasing income level.
Accidents can happen due to no separate lanes for non
motorised vehicles
Trams, the heritage of Kolkata. Soon may become extinct if
no proper maintenances are taken care.
25. 25
Chapter 3.7
OPTIONS & FORMULATIONS
India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total
population. Experience across the world has been that as economies
grow, rapid urbanization takes this proportion to over 60% before it
begins to stabilize. As such, it is projected that India’s urban
population would grow to about 473 million in 2021 and 820 million
by 2051, as against only 285 million in 2001. Hence, cities must not
only meet the mobility needs of the current population but also
provide for the needs of those yet to join the urban population.
For urban areas to be able to support the required level of economic
activity, they must provide for the easy and sustainable flow of
goods and people.
on an average, while the population of India’s six major metropolises
increased by about 1.9 times during 1981 to 2001, the number of
motor vehicles went up by over 7.75 times during the same period.
“Prevention is better than cure”.
Before reaching to the projected future as stated in the previous
chapter some useful measures can be taken which are going to be
suggested below.
Though I have taken a small segment of the total area of Kolkata, the
measures that are going to be suggested, some of them can be
applicable in general.
26. 26
SUGGESTIONS:
Separate lanes for
Buses:
A bus lane or bus only lane is a lane restricted to buses on
certain days and times, and generally used to speed
up public transport that would be otherwise held up by
traffic congestion. Often restrictions should be applied to
certain other vehicles, which may include taxis, high
occupancy vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. Bus lanes
are a central part of bus rapid transit.
In this area the bus lane is not necessarily has to be very
long, as it may only be used to bypass a single congestion
point such as the college street junction and the Surya
Sen junction.
Strict rules and regulations should be there to maintain
the bus lanes so that no other vehicles can share the
dedicated lane. Even Buses should follow their own bay.
For that one suggestion can be the use of electric buses
with rubber tyres.
Pros:
1. Bus lanes give priority to buses and cut down on
journey times where roads are congested with other
traffic.
2. The introduction of bus lanes can significantly assist in
the reduction of pollutants.
27. 27
Cons:
1. Bus lane must give-way to all the other road-users
resulting in long queues of buses.
Non-motorised vehicles
Like the Buses the non motorised vehicles should have
their own lane for movement.
Non-motorized modes are environmentally friendly and
have to be given their due share in the transport system of
a city. The problems being faced by them would
have to be mitigated.
In the college street area there should have paths in
between the book markets and the main street for the Van
Rickshaws, Hand-pulled Rickshaws so that they don’t
share the traffic with motorised vehicles thus reducing
traffic congestions. Restrictions are to be made strictly for
the motorised vehicles (especially 4-wheelers) for those
paths.
The safety concerns of cyclists and pedestrians have to be
addressed by encouraging the construction of segregated
rights of way for bicycles and pedestrians.
Pros:
1. Safety can be improved for the non-motorised vehicles
2. The segregation of vehicles moving at different speeds
would help improve traffic flow, increase the average
speed of traffic and reduce emissions resulting from
sub-optimal speeds.
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3. This approach will encourage the use of non motorised
vehicles for short trips resulting in reduced pollution.
Cons:
1. If not properly maintained then the dedicated path
would be also congested.
Heavy freight traffic
As economic activities in cities expand and city
population grows, a substantial amount of freight traffic
would be generated. The timely and smooth movement of
such freight is crucial to the well being of the people and
the viability of the economic activities they undertake.
However, with limited capacity of the transport system, it
is essential that freight traffic and passenger traffic are so
staggered as to make optimum use of the transport
infrastructure.
One solution is the practice to use off-peak passenger
travel times to move freight. Many cities have earmarked
late night hours for the movement of freight and restricted
the entry of heavy vehicles into cities during day time.
Further, several cities have by-passes that enable through
traffic to go around the city and not add to city traffic.
These practices are sound and would be encouraged in
this area.
Proper maintenance, Physical separation for tram
lines
The tramlines are shared by every other road vehicles
(motorised and non-motorised) resulting in traffic
29. 29
congestion. Trams cannot run smoothly which reduces its
efficiency as well as speed.
If any temporary physical separation can be made like
plastic cons, movable railings both sides of the line then
the tram can run more smoothly than its present situation.
The tram should be maintained properly in terms of
speed, looks to have more passengers because the
passenger capacity is huge than the other road vehicles,
nearly 120 passengers at a time.
In the stretch from Surya Sen junction to the College
Street junction the traffic flow is unidirectional but the
tram movement is bi-directional. This creates traffic
congestion. If the opposite direction can be by-passed on
a parallel lane then this problem can be solved.
Pros:
1. Reduction of peak hour congestion
2. Lower the chances of the road to get damaged.
3. Smooth traffic flow.
4. Tramline traffic would become more organised as well
as attractive for the users
Encourage the use of carpooling system
Carpooling (also known as car-sharing, ride-sharing, lift-
sharing), is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one
person travels in a car.
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Especially the educational institutions, offices in this area
should have carpooling systems and if possible it should be
mandatory for a fixed distance.
Pros:
1. Reduces each person's travel costs such as fuel costs, tolls,
and the stress of driving.
2. Environmentally friendly and sustainable way to travel as
sharing journeys reduces carbon emissions.
3. Reduces traffic congestion on the roads, and the need
for parking spaces.
4. Reduces the use of private cars.
5. Proper utilisation of road space/passenger.
Price discrimination
Price discrimination can be defined as ‘different prices are
charged from different users or customers or different
groups for the same kind of goods or services’.
The traffic can be divided into two different zones depending
on the volume of the traffic. One is peak hour traffic and
another is off peak hour traffic.
If we can charge more prices during off peak hour and charge
less price in peak hour for the same kind of transport service
then we can experience a shift of elasticity of demand.
31. 31
Pros:
1. The congestion will be less during peak hour as people who
travel for amusement will try to avoid the peak hour traffic.
2. There will be a balance between peak and non peak hour
traffic movement and congestion may go down.
Cons:
1. If there is no existence of consumer who will be willing to
pay the extra price during peak hour then there will be no
change in congestion.
2. The segregation of market should be strong unless user may
simply replace the higher priced traffic hours by lower
priced traffic hour.
Proper parking facility
A good share of roads in this area has been taken by the
parking cars ignoring the value of land use.
Levy of a high parking fee, that truly represents the value of the
land occupied.
A land should be used away from the streets for parking the
cars; moreover the parking should be restricted for this college
street area only, not for other areas as it will increase the traffic
volume.
Preference in the allocation of parking space for public
transport vehicles and non-motorized modes as well as easier
access of work places to and from such spaces would go a long
way in encouraging the use of sustainable transport systems.
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Not only for the motorised vehicles but Park and ride facilities
for non-motorised vehicles, with convenient inter-change,
would be another useful measure.
Governments would be required to amend building bye laws in
all million plus cities so that adequate parking space is
available for all residents / users of such buildings.
Pros:
1. Road spaces can be freed for the smooth traffic flow only.
2. Proper land use.
Cons:
1. Cost effective solution.
Encourage the use of public transport
According to my observation, the Buses, taking on an average
50 to 60 passengers at a time, occupy only 1/3rd of the total
road space whereas the private cars, taxis, occupying almost
2/9th of the total road space, carry 1 or 2 passengers on an
average in this area.
The focus of the principles of road space allocation was to be
the people, and then much more space would need to be
allocated to public transport systems.
The Central Government would, therefore, encourage measures
that allocate road space on a more equitable basis, with people
as its focus in this particular area.
33. 33
This can be achieved by reserving lanes and corridors
exclusively for public transport and non-motorized modes of
travel.
Similarly lanes could be reserved for vehicles that carry more
than three persons (popularly known as High Occupancy
Vehicle Lanes).
Pros:
1. It helps reduce congestion and air pollution, if users of
personal vehicles can be persuaded to shift to public
transport.
Facility for the pedestrians
The width of the footpath should be available only for the
pedestrians. Proper action should be taken for illegal
encroachment.
The book shops on the footpath should have left a sufficient
space for the pedestrians if they are legal.
The random plantation also occupies the space for the
pedestrians. It should be in a more planned manner.
Pros:
1. Road spaces will not be used by the pedestrians resulting
in a smooth traffic flow.
2. Reduce the chances of accidents.
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Timing variations of educational institutions and offices
Normally the timing of the educational institutions and offices
are same so that during that particular time traffic gets
congested.
If the timing can be changed then there can be a shift of traffic
over a long time period which reduces the traffic congestion.
Improved signal system
It is observed that the traffic signal is not well organised based
on the volume of the traffic at the Surya Sen and College Street
intersections.
There should have frequent surveys over the traffic volume so
that signal system can be changed accordingly for a fixed
period of time.
The signal should be flexible that is it should be automatic as
well as manual.
But the automatic signal is preferred more than the manual
systems as it can results human error which can lead to
accidents or traffic congestion.
Improved traffic management by proper traffic police
training.
Special mobile teams of Kolkata traffic police team for any
sudden traffic congestion due to accidents or any other
reasons.
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Need for public awareness and cooperation
Urban transport policies cannot succeed without the fullest co-
operation of all the city residents. Such cooperation can be best
secured if the objective of any initiative is made clearly known
to them. It is, therefore, necessary to launch intensive
awareness campaigns that educate people on the ill effects of
the growing transport problems in urban areas especially on
their health and well being. The campaigns would seek their
support for initiatives like greater use of public transport and
non-motorized vehicles, the proper maintenance of their
vehicles, safer driving practices, etc. Such campaigns would
also encourage individuals, families and communities to adopt
“Green Travel Habits” that would make travel less polluting
and damaging.
Need student involvement
36. 36
Chapter 4
CONCLUSIONS
I hope that the proposals and the recommendations that are made to
make the dissertation objective successful are feasible enough to
apply at both College Street and Surya Sen intersections and the
stretch between the two junctions.
If the suggestions made in this dissertation paper are properly
implemented then the traffic flow will become smooth and there will
have no congestion.