The document provides a report on Benjamin Mangu's 6-month training program as a section manager in the Herbicide Section of Kagera Sugar Limited. It details his work experience and participation in various chemical weed control operations, including Roundup application, early post applications, extreme plus applications, pre-canopy applications, ant hill control, chemical ripening applications, and fertilizer applications. It also provides a cost-benefit analysis of chemical ripening and weed control operations compared to hand weeding. Through participating in these operations, Mangu gained skills and experience in chemical weed control techniques.
Azolla is an aquatic fern that fixes atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. It can be cultivated for use as a green manure in rice production systems. When applied to rice fields, azolla increases soil nitrogen levels and can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer by 30-40%, while increasing rice yields by 20-30%. Azolla contains 5% nitrogen and other nutrients and grows rapidly, multiplying to form a thick mat. It is usually applied to rice fields as a green manure before transplanting rice or grown together with rice in a dual cropping system to supply nitrogen over the growth period.
This chapter discusses factors for successful jatropha cultivation for oil production, including climate, soil, propagation, and crop management practices. It describes optimal climate conditions as tropical or subtropical, with rainfall between 1000-1500mm annually. Soil should be well-draining sand or loam at least 45cm deep. Propagation can be from seed or cuttings, with seedlings having higher survival rates. Intercropping is common during early establishment, and pruning, weeding, and pollinator presence help maximize yields once mature.
This document provides a summary of the 2010 PEST MANAGEMENT UPDATE Forages, Pastures, and Invasive Plants from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It discusses new herbicide labels for use in pastures and forages, techniques for controlling winter annual weeds in alfalfa, establishing legumes after herbicide application, and managing herbicide persistence in manure to avoid impacting sensitive crops. The document also provides resources on identifying and managing invasive plant species according to Wisconsin's new invasive species rule.
This document provides instructions for preparing a casing mixture for mushroom cultivation. It discusses:
1) What casing is and why it is required for mushroom formation. Casing provides a reservoir for developing mushrooms and triggers fruitification.
2) The ideal materials for a casing mixture including well-decomposed farm yard manure, spent mushroom compost, coir pith, and bark. It also discusses the properties the mixture should have.
3) The steps for preparing a casing mixture which includes sterilizing individual materials, mixing to the proper proportions, and applying to colonized substrate. Proper moisture levels and several example mixtures are also covered.
Swastik Vermi Compost is High Quality Vermi Compost Manufacture in India By Mr.Mayur Doshi,Organic Vermi Compost,Contact for Vermi Compost,Vermi compost plants,Vermi Compost in Kutch-Gujarat,Vermi Compost Exports,Vermi Compost Producer india,Vermi Compost Producer Kutch-Gujarat,Vermi Compost By Mayur Doshi,
This document summarizes information about the plant Jatropha curcas and its potential applications. It discusses Jatropha's native origins and spread, as well as requirements for its cultivation such as soil type, climate, spacing, propagation methods, and irrigation. It also outlines methods for extracting oil from Jatropha seeds, including mechanical extraction and solvent extraction. Applications of Jatropha discussed include its use as a biofuel, in industry, for medicine, as a dye, to enrich soil as manure or fertilizer, as animal feed, and as an insecticide or pesticide.
This document discusses weed management in alfalfa. Weeds can reduce alfalfa establishment, yield, and forage quality. The critical period for weed removal is 3-5 weeks after planting. Herbicides like Pursuit and Raptor can be used during establishment with some potential yield loss. Roundup Ready alfalfa allows post-emergence glyphosate applications with more flexible timing but has higher seed and technology costs. Weed management is important to secure stand establishment and provide high quality forage, especially in the first cutting. Management options depend on weed species, density, and field conditions.
AQW 2015 Proceedings-David Willyams Paper ONLY-to LinkedIn 2015sept17Dr. David Willyams
1) Plant propagation research by Alcoa's Marrinup Nursery in Western Australia has produced over 32 million plants since 1980 to improve environmental performance at their bauxite mines and alumina refineries.
2) Techniques used include seedling production, cuttings, tissue culture, embryo rescue, and micropropagation of species to develop salt and alkali tolerant plants for revegetation.
3) Research on propagation of many native Western Australian plant species was needed since little was previously known about growing these plants, and the nursery's work has contributed to improving biodiversity in mine rehabilitation and vegetation resilience.
Azolla is an aquatic fern that fixes atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. It can be cultivated for use as a green manure in rice production systems. When applied to rice fields, azolla increases soil nitrogen levels and can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer by 30-40%, while increasing rice yields by 20-30%. Azolla contains 5% nitrogen and other nutrients and grows rapidly, multiplying to form a thick mat. It is usually applied to rice fields as a green manure before transplanting rice or grown together with rice in a dual cropping system to supply nitrogen over the growth period.
This chapter discusses factors for successful jatropha cultivation for oil production, including climate, soil, propagation, and crop management practices. It describes optimal climate conditions as tropical or subtropical, with rainfall between 1000-1500mm annually. Soil should be well-draining sand or loam at least 45cm deep. Propagation can be from seed or cuttings, with seedlings having higher survival rates. Intercropping is common during early establishment, and pruning, weeding, and pollinator presence help maximize yields once mature.
This document provides a summary of the 2010 PEST MANAGEMENT UPDATE Forages, Pastures, and Invasive Plants from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It discusses new herbicide labels for use in pastures and forages, techniques for controlling winter annual weeds in alfalfa, establishing legumes after herbicide application, and managing herbicide persistence in manure to avoid impacting sensitive crops. The document also provides resources on identifying and managing invasive plant species according to Wisconsin's new invasive species rule.
This document provides instructions for preparing a casing mixture for mushroom cultivation. It discusses:
1) What casing is and why it is required for mushroom formation. Casing provides a reservoir for developing mushrooms and triggers fruitification.
2) The ideal materials for a casing mixture including well-decomposed farm yard manure, spent mushroom compost, coir pith, and bark. It also discusses the properties the mixture should have.
3) The steps for preparing a casing mixture which includes sterilizing individual materials, mixing to the proper proportions, and applying to colonized substrate. Proper moisture levels and several example mixtures are also covered.
Swastik Vermi Compost is High Quality Vermi Compost Manufacture in India By Mr.Mayur Doshi,Organic Vermi Compost,Contact for Vermi Compost,Vermi compost plants,Vermi Compost in Kutch-Gujarat,Vermi Compost Exports,Vermi Compost Producer india,Vermi Compost Producer Kutch-Gujarat,Vermi Compost By Mayur Doshi,
This document summarizes information about the plant Jatropha curcas and its potential applications. It discusses Jatropha's native origins and spread, as well as requirements for its cultivation such as soil type, climate, spacing, propagation methods, and irrigation. It also outlines methods for extracting oil from Jatropha seeds, including mechanical extraction and solvent extraction. Applications of Jatropha discussed include its use as a biofuel, in industry, for medicine, as a dye, to enrich soil as manure or fertilizer, as animal feed, and as an insecticide or pesticide.
This document discusses weed management in alfalfa. Weeds can reduce alfalfa establishment, yield, and forage quality. The critical period for weed removal is 3-5 weeks after planting. Herbicides like Pursuit and Raptor can be used during establishment with some potential yield loss. Roundup Ready alfalfa allows post-emergence glyphosate applications with more flexible timing but has higher seed and technology costs. Weed management is important to secure stand establishment and provide high quality forage, especially in the first cutting. Management options depend on weed species, density, and field conditions.
AQW 2015 Proceedings-David Willyams Paper ONLY-to LinkedIn 2015sept17Dr. David Willyams
1) Plant propagation research by Alcoa's Marrinup Nursery in Western Australia has produced over 32 million plants since 1980 to improve environmental performance at their bauxite mines and alumina refineries.
2) Techniques used include seedling production, cuttings, tissue culture, embryo rescue, and micropropagation of species to develop salt and alkali tolerant plants for revegetation.
3) Research on propagation of many native Western Australian plant species was needed since little was previously known about growing these plants, and the nursery's work has contributed to improving biodiversity in mine rehabilitation and vegetation resilience.
This document discusses weed control and management in wheat crops. It identifies the two main types of weeds as broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds. Several common wheat weeds are named. Weed infestation can reduce wheat yields by 10-70% as weeds compete for nutrients, water, space and sunlight in the first 30-60 days after planting. Effective weed control methods discussed include proper seedbed preparation, use of pure seed, hand weeding, stale seedbed technique, sowing methods, fertilizer application, hoeing, tillage, pre-emergence and post-emergence chemical applications, and integrated weed management practices like crop rotation and soil solarization. Trial results show highest weed control of 92
This document describes several varieties of alfalfa, including their key characteristics and best uses. Phirst Extra is a hybrid alfalfa that has extremely high yields, fine stems for better quality and faster drying, and excellent durability. Persist II is a conventional alfalfa that is a forage leader with great disease resistance and fast regrowth. WL 355.RR is a Roundup Ready variety with increased yield potential and flexibility in weed control timing.
This document provides information on cultivating mushrooms on small family farms. It discusses commonly cultivated edible fungi species like oyster mushrooms, shiitake,
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses weed management approaches for direct seeded rice. It outlines several cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for controlling weeds, including stale seedbed technique, tillage, cultivation varieties, seeding rates, crop rotation, residue management, and herbicides. It also discusses integrated weed management, noting that no single approach provides acceptable control and an integrated approach using several methods is needed for long-term sustainable weed control in direct seeded rice systems.
Influence of residues level, parts and duration of decomposition of some majo...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of incorporating plant residues from two weed species, Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) and Thorn apple (Datura stramonium), into soil on the germination and growth of maize (Zea mays). The study found that incorporating higher amounts of weed residues, especially C. benghalensis root residues, negatively impacted the root length, shoot length, dry matter weight, and vigor of maize seedlings in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing the decomposition time of the residues also decreased maize seedling growth. However, maize seed germination was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. The study suggests
Perennial ryegrasses are very compe44ve cool season grasses that grow in a wide range of climates. It does best in full sun but will tolerate light shade. Desirable traits of perennial ryegrass are high wear tolerance and rapid establishment making it popular for sportsfields, playgrounds and parks. Manha:an 5GLR has improved tolerance to gray leaf spot disease and possesses improved salt tolerance. Manha:an 5GLR is a cer4fied “AQUAWISE” product meaning that it has been bred and tested to show improved drought tolerance.
Research on Vetiver Grass used in Landscape Architecturerinjukurian
this ppt contains the data of vetiver grass which is used in landscape architecture, It's known as Chrysopogon zizanioides, Its a fast-growing perennial plant with extensive, dense, and deep root system and strong stems.It is a versatile non-invasive plant now widely used to address a myriad of environmental and engineering soil and water-related problems.Vetiver Grows Under Extremely Cold Conditions, Fire, Acidic Conditions, Highly Tolerant to Saline Condition, Heavy Metals Pollution.Vetiver System Works Preventing and treating contaminated water. Improving the quality of wastewater and polluted water.Wetlands
The document provides an overview of strip till systems, including definitions, advantages over no-till and mulch till, operational goals, and standard equipment configurations. Key points include: Strip till disturbs 30% or less of the row width, providing erosion control and moisture conservation benefits over mulch till. Producers aim to complete tasks in fewer passes to save time and fuel while maintaining or reducing input costs. Standard strip till equipment includes coulters, residue managers, shanks, knives, disc hillers, and optional baskets.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Yam agronomy involves the cultivation of yam using scientific methods. It requires climatic conditions of 1000-1500mm of rainfall over 6-7 months at temperatures between 25-30°C. Land preparation includes mounding, ridges or holes and mounds are most common. Planting materials are sett cuttings or whole tubers that are planted during the rainy season. Proper maintenance like weeding, staking, fertilizing and re-mounding is needed. Vine cuttings can also be used to propagate yams by taking nodal cuttings from mother plants, rooting them, and growing mini-tubers for planting material.
The document discusses several farming methods including dapog nursery farming and hydroponics. Dapog nursery farming involves growing seedlings on plastic sheets or banana leaves placed over raised seedbeds, without soil. This saves time and space compared to traditional nursery methods. Hydroponics is described as growing plants without soil by using nutrient solutions, allowing for less water and space usage. Other topics covered include advantages of poly mulching, uses of hydrogels to retain water for plants, and a brief overview of paddy transplanters used in rice farming.
Renovating Horse Paddocks, what's involved?Horse SA
presented at a Horse SA event by Andy Cole
Why not find out more about the work of Horse SA and also check out future events and webinars
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/events/event/
This project is jointly funded through Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board levy, HorseSA and the Australian Government’s National Landcare Programme
http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/adelaidemtloftyranges/land/landholder-services
This document discusses composting and its benefits. Composting is the process of breaking down organic wastes to create a soil amendment called compost. Compost improves soil fertility and structure while reducing the need for fertilizers. Different methods are described, including aerobic and anaerobic processes. A variety of organic materials can be composted, and the compost is ready for use when it is a uniform dark brown and has an earthy smell. The document also provides examples of composting techniques used in Malaysia.
Fig (Ficus carica) Tissue culture Plants from AG BioteckPunnamVeerareddy
AG Bioteck Producing the Tissue culture Plants of Fig in its Plant Propagation laboratory at Hyderabad, India and supplying to the growers in India. This particular Variety is suitable for drying process.
This document provides information about mushroom cultivation. It discusses the types of mushrooms, their nutritional value, and cultivation methods. The key points are:
- Mushrooms have two main parts - the cap and mycelia. Common cultivated mushrooms include shiitake, oyster, and button mushrooms.
- Mushrooms are nutritious, high in protein and fiber with many vitamins and minerals. They are low in calories, fat, and sodium.
- Button mushroom cultivation involves preparing compost, filling beds, inoculating with spawn, casing, maintaining humidity, and harvesting. Proper temperature, moisture and sterile conditions are needed.
- Other mushrooms are also cultivated commercially in Asia due to suitable climate
The document discusses saltwater intrusion affecting rice cultivation in Bangladesh. It notes that saltwater has encroached on over 1 million hectares of land between 1973 and 2009. In response, organizations like BINA and BRRI have developed salt-tolerant rice varieties that can yield 3-6 tons/hectare in saline soils. Proper seed production of these varieties is also discussed, including rouging of off-types and storing seeds at 12% moisture levels.
Bryophytes play important ecological, economic, and medicinal roles. Ecologically, they help form peat, provide seed beds and shelter for animals, recycle nutrients, indicate soil pH and acid rain levels, and conserve soil. Economically, bryophytes are used as fuel, horticultural additives, construction materials, household items, and in fiber, moss, and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinally, bryophytes are used to treat skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, wounds, and as herbal medicines.
Identification of water use efficient Napier grass accessions using field dro...ILRI
Poster prepared by Ermias Habte, Meki S. Muktar , Alemayehu T. Negawo , Ki Won Lee and Chris S. Jones for the International Conferences on Plant Breeding for Sustainable Development, Korea, 2-5 July 2019
NACHURS HKW18-S liquid fertilizer is a clear liquid fertilizer that provides 0.35 pounds of nitrogen, 2.10 pounds of available phosphate, and 2.10 pounds of soluble potash per gallon. It is derived from urea, ammonium hydroxide, ortho phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, and ammonium thiosulfate. The document provides recommendations for applying the fertilizer as an in-furrow treatment or foliar spray for various crops, with application rates ranging from 1 to 10 gallons per acre depending on the crop and soil properties.
Registered herbicides in india with their commercial formulationsSubhomay Sinha
This document provides information on various herbicides used in India, including their active ingredients, recommended crops, dosages, and types and spectra of weeds controlled. It discusses 18 different herbicides, including Alachlor, Ametryne, Anilophos, Atrazine, Bentazone, Bispyribac Sodium, Butachlor, Carfentrazone Ethyl, Chlorimuron-Ethyl, Clodinafop-Propargyl, Cyhalofop Butyl, 2,4-D formulations, Diuron, Diclosulam, Ethoxysulfuron, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Fluazifop-p
This document discusses weeds found in non-cropped areas and their management. It lists various weed species that are commonly found in non-cropped areas like roadsides and provides examples such as Parthenium hysterophorus. The spread of weeds in non-cropped areas can threaten biodiversity, increase reptile dangers, and reduce forage and productivity. Management practices discussed include cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Specific herbicide options are also presented for brush weeds, soil treatments, and foliage applications.
This document discusses weed control and management in wheat crops. It identifies the two main types of weeds as broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds. Several common wheat weeds are named. Weed infestation can reduce wheat yields by 10-70% as weeds compete for nutrients, water, space and sunlight in the first 30-60 days after planting. Effective weed control methods discussed include proper seedbed preparation, use of pure seed, hand weeding, stale seedbed technique, sowing methods, fertilizer application, hoeing, tillage, pre-emergence and post-emergence chemical applications, and integrated weed management practices like crop rotation and soil solarization. Trial results show highest weed control of 92
This document describes several varieties of alfalfa, including their key characteristics and best uses. Phirst Extra is a hybrid alfalfa that has extremely high yields, fine stems for better quality and faster drying, and excellent durability. Persist II is a conventional alfalfa that is a forage leader with great disease resistance and fast regrowth. WL 355.RR is a Roundup Ready variety with increased yield potential and flexibility in weed control timing.
This document provides information on cultivating mushrooms on small family farms. It discusses commonly cultivated edible fungi species like oyster mushrooms, shiitake,
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses weed management approaches for direct seeded rice. It outlines several cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for controlling weeds, including stale seedbed technique, tillage, cultivation varieties, seeding rates, crop rotation, residue management, and herbicides. It also discusses integrated weed management, noting that no single approach provides acceptable control and an integrated approach using several methods is needed for long-term sustainable weed control in direct seeded rice systems.
Influence of residues level, parts and duration of decomposition of some majo...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of incorporating plant residues from two weed species, Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) and Thorn apple (Datura stramonium), into soil on the germination and growth of maize (Zea mays). The study found that incorporating higher amounts of weed residues, especially C. benghalensis root residues, negatively impacted the root length, shoot length, dry matter weight, and vigor of maize seedlings in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing the decomposition time of the residues also decreased maize seedling growth. However, maize seed germination was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. The study suggests
Perennial ryegrasses are very compe44ve cool season grasses that grow in a wide range of climates. It does best in full sun but will tolerate light shade. Desirable traits of perennial ryegrass are high wear tolerance and rapid establishment making it popular for sportsfields, playgrounds and parks. Manha:an 5GLR has improved tolerance to gray leaf spot disease and possesses improved salt tolerance. Manha:an 5GLR is a cer4fied “AQUAWISE” product meaning that it has been bred and tested to show improved drought tolerance.
Research on Vetiver Grass used in Landscape Architecturerinjukurian
this ppt contains the data of vetiver grass which is used in landscape architecture, It's known as Chrysopogon zizanioides, Its a fast-growing perennial plant with extensive, dense, and deep root system and strong stems.It is a versatile non-invasive plant now widely used to address a myriad of environmental and engineering soil and water-related problems.Vetiver Grows Under Extremely Cold Conditions, Fire, Acidic Conditions, Highly Tolerant to Saline Condition, Heavy Metals Pollution.Vetiver System Works Preventing and treating contaminated water. Improving the quality of wastewater and polluted water.Wetlands
The document provides an overview of strip till systems, including definitions, advantages over no-till and mulch till, operational goals, and standard equipment configurations. Key points include: Strip till disturbs 30% or less of the row width, providing erosion control and moisture conservation benefits over mulch till. Producers aim to complete tasks in fewer passes to save time and fuel while maintaining or reducing input costs. Standard strip till equipment includes coulters, residue managers, shanks, knives, disc hillers, and optional baskets.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Yam agronomy involves the cultivation of yam using scientific methods. It requires climatic conditions of 1000-1500mm of rainfall over 6-7 months at temperatures between 25-30°C. Land preparation includes mounding, ridges or holes and mounds are most common. Planting materials are sett cuttings or whole tubers that are planted during the rainy season. Proper maintenance like weeding, staking, fertilizing and re-mounding is needed. Vine cuttings can also be used to propagate yams by taking nodal cuttings from mother plants, rooting them, and growing mini-tubers for planting material.
The document discusses several farming methods including dapog nursery farming and hydroponics. Dapog nursery farming involves growing seedlings on plastic sheets or banana leaves placed over raised seedbeds, without soil. This saves time and space compared to traditional nursery methods. Hydroponics is described as growing plants without soil by using nutrient solutions, allowing for less water and space usage. Other topics covered include advantages of poly mulching, uses of hydrogels to retain water for plants, and a brief overview of paddy transplanters used in rice farming.
Renovating Horse Paddocks, what's involved?Horse SA
presented at a Horse SA event by Andy Cole
Why not find out more about the work of Horse SA and also check out future events and webinars
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/events/event/
This project is jointly funded through Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board levy, HorseSA and the Australian Government’s National Landcare Programme
http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/adelaidemtloftyranges/land/landholder-services
This document discusses composting and its benefits. Composting is the process of breaking down organic wastes to create a soil amendment called compost. Compost improves soil fertility and structure while reducing the need for fertilizers. Different methods are described, including aerobic and anaerobic processes. A variety of organic materials can be composted, and the compost is ready for use when it is a uniform dark brown and has an earthy smell. The document also provides examples of composting techniques used in Malaysia.
Fig (Ficus carica) Tissue culture Plants from AG BioteckPunnamVeerareddy
AG Bioteck Producing the Tissue culture Plants of Fig in its Plant Propagation laboratory at Hyderabad, India and supplying to the growers in India. This particular Variety is suitable for drying process.
This document provides information about mushroom cultivation. It discusses the types of mushrooms, their nutritional value, and cultivation methods. The key points are:
- Mushrooms have two main parts - the cap and mycelia. Common cultivated mushrooms include shiitake, oyster, and button mushrooms.
- Mushrooms are nutritious, high in protein and fiber with many vitamins and minerals. They are low in calories, fat, and sodium.
- Button mushroom cultivation involves preparing compost, filling beds, inoculating with spawn, casing, maintaining humidity, and harvesting. Proper temperature, moisture and sterile conditions are needed.
- Other mushrooms are also cultivated commercially in Asia due to suitable climate
The document discusses saltwater intrusion affecting rice cultivation in Bangladesh. It notes that saltwater has encroached on over 1 million hectares of land between 1973 and 2009. In response, organizations like BINA and BRRI have developed salt-tolerant rice varieties that can yield 3-6 tons/hectare in saline soils. Proper seed production of these varieties is also discussed, including rouging of off-types and storing seeds at 12% moisture levels.
Bryophytes play important ecological, economic, and medicinal roles. Ecologically, they help form peat, provide seed beds and shelter for animals, recycle nutrients, indicate soil pH and acid rain levels, and conserve soil. Economically, bryophytes are used as fuel, horticultural additives, construction materials, household items, and in fiber, moss, and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinally, bryophytes are used to treat skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, wounds, and as herbal medicines.
Identification of water use efficient Napier grass accessions using field dro...ILRI
Poster prepared by Ermias Habte, Meki S. Muktar , Alemayehu T. Negawo , Ki Won Lee and Chris S. Jones for the International Conferences on Plant Breeding for Sustainable Development, Korea, 2-5 July 2019
NACHURS HKW18-S liquid fertilizer is a clear liquid fertilizer that provides 0.35 pounds of nitrogen, 2.10 pounds of available phosphate, and 2.10 pounds of soluble potash per gallon. It is derived from urea, ammonium hydroxide, ortho phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, and ammonium thiosulfate. The document provides recommendations for applying the fertilizer as an in-furrow treatment or foliar spray for various crops, with application rates ranging from 1 to 10 gallons per acre depending on the crop and soil properties.
Registered herbicides in india with their commercial formulationsSubhomay Sinha
This document provides information on various herbicides used in India, including their active ingredients, recommended crops, dosages, and types and spectra of weeds controlled. It discusses 18 different herbicides, including Alachlor, Ametryne, Anilophos, Atrazine, Bentazone, Bispyribac Sodium, Butachlor, Carfentrazone Ethyl, Chlorimuron-Ethyl, Clodinafop-Propargyl, Cyhalofop Butyl, 2,4-D formulations, Diuron, Diclosulam, Ethoxysulfuron, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Fluazifop-p
This document discusses weeds found in non-cropped areas and their management. It lists various weed species that are commonly found in non-cropped areas like roadsides and provides examples such as Parthenium hysterophorus. The spread of weeds in non-cropped areas can threaten biodiversity, increase reptile dangers, and reduce forage and productivity. Management practices discussed include cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Specific herbicide options are also presented for brush weeds, soil treatments, and foliage applications.
A calendar year of pasture management #horsecareHorse SA
#horsesa #horse #horsecare
Presented by Andy Cole, Land Management Advisor
Clare Showground, Nov 2017
for Horse SA http://www.horsesa.asn.au
Supported through the Northern and Yorke Natural Resources Management Board.
http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/northernandyorke/home
Hosted by Horse SA https//www.horsesa.asn.au a non-profit organisation working with and for horse owners on common topics. Why not join, sponsor or donate today https://www.horsesa.asn.au/join-sponsor-or-donate or visit our website for more events, webinars or download free resources.
Note: Horse SA has hosted this presentation only. It is up to individuals to seek their own advice. It is also the responsibility of individuals to familiarise themselves with laws relating to the provision of animal services which may fall under Acts or Regulations associated with veterinary services, animal welfare and related areas, which vary between Australian states, and in jurisdictions within different countries.
This document discusses weed management in transplanted paddy fields. It identifies common weed species found in rice fields such as grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. The critical period for weed control is the first 2-8 weeks after transplanting. Integrated weed management practices that combine cultural, manual, mechanical, and chemical control methods are recommended. Specific herbicides and their application timings are provided for weed control in rice nurseries and transplanted fields. The document also discusses best management practices and highlights the importance of preventing weed growth through clean cultivation.
Integrated cultural management practices of groundnutICRISAT
Groundnut is one of the important oilseed crops of Odisha. High yielding varieties of groundnut have remarkably increased production of this crop in different growing regions. Knowledge of integrated cultural management practices along with good quality seeds can help to boost the productivity levels of groundnut and improve the economic condition of the farmers.
Syngenta AG is a Swiss-based global company that produces agrochemicals and seeds. As a biotechnology company, it conducts genomic research. It was formed in 2000 by the merger of Novartis Agribusiness and Zeneca Agrochemicals.
Headquarters: Basel, Switzerland
Revenue: 1,264 crores USD (2017)
CEO: J. Erik Fyrwald (1 Jun 2016–)
Parent organization: ChemChina
This document provides safety precautions and instructions for using ALIACINE 400 EC herbicide. It outlines requirements for operator protection including wearing protective clothing, gloves and face protection when handling the concentrate. It also describes environmental protection measures such as not contaminating water and avoiding spray drift. The document gives instructions for storage and disposal of containers. It provides details on crop-specific application rates and timings for using ALIACINE 400 EC as a pre-emergence herbicide on crops like lettuce, onions, and ornamental plants to control annual weeds.
This document provides safety precautions and instructions for using ALIACINE 400 EC herbicide. It lists personal protective equipment requirements including coveralls, gloves, and face protection when handling the concentrate. It also describes environmental protection measures such as not contaminating water and avoiding spray drift. The document provides application instructions for using ALIACINE 400 EC as a pre-emergence herbicide on crops like lettuce, onions, and ornamental plants to control annual weeds. It lists maximum application rates and timing for different crops.
King Quenson China herbicide manufacturerEmiree Liu
This document provides information about the herbicide 2,4-D, including that it is a systemic herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds, with salts readily absorbed by roots and esters by foliage. It is used post-emergence on various annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in several crops. Recommended dosages and formulations including as a mixture with other herbicides are also mentioned.
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot applicationSupta Sarkar
Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application:
DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS (PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD APPLICATION:
Cereals:
-rice
-wheat
-maize
Millet:
-ragi
Pulses:
-pigeon pea (Red gram)
-green gram & black gram
-Lentil
-STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal gram]
Oilseed crop – Groundnut
Sugar crop – Sugarcane
Fruits – Mango
Vegetables
-Tomato
-Cole crops
FERTILIZERS FOR FIELD APPLICATION
-STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses)
GROWTH REGULATORS
DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICAL DOSES FOR POT APPLICATION
-STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of cabbage)
REFERENCES
- Palmarosa is a type of grass that produces an essential oil high in geraniol content used in perfumes, soaps, and tobacco. It is native to subtropical India.
- The oil is extracted from the floral shoots and above ground parts of palmarosa varieties through distillation. Chief production areas are in parts of India, Indonesia, East Africa, Cuba and Brazil.
- Palmarosa grows best in warm, tropical climates with annual temperatures between 10-36°C and rainfall of 150cm. It requires well-draining soil between pH 6-7 with adequate irrigation and nutrients to yield maximum oil over 4-8 years.
The document outlines plans to install 6 demonstration plots of hibiscus under drip irrigation and organic management in northeastern Nigerian states during the dry season. The plots will be half a hectare each and installed in partnership with farmers. The demonstration will include installing an irrigation system, using organic inputs and integrated pest management, harvesting machines, and comparing conventional and organic hibiscus management. The goal is to bring an alternative hibiscus production system to the region and open new markets.
Weeds compete with wheat crops for resources and can cause 15-30% yield losses. The initial 30-35 days after sowing is critical for weed growth. Common weeds in Indian wheat crops include grassy weeds like Phalaris minor and broadleaf weeds like Chenopodium album. Cultural control methods include early sowing, line sowing, and crop rotation. Mechanical control uses hand weeding. Chemical control uses pre-emergence herbicides like pendimethalin and post-emergence herbicides like sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and isoproturon applied 21-30 days after sowing. Proper application and precautions are needed when using herbicides
- More than 90% of Jordan's total land area consists of desert areas that receive little rainfall, with 92.2% of rainfall evaporating or percolating underground due to sandy soil. This has contributed to ongoing desertification issues impacting Jordan's agriculture.
- The document proposes using superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) as a soil amendment to address these challenges. SAPs can absorb 400-1000 times their weight in water and slowly release it to improve plant growth and reduce water loss through evaporation and percolation.
- SAPs are naturally produced polymers that are biodegradable, nontoxic, and renewable, making them a sustainable solution for improving water retention and irrigation in desert
Dreamland Industries was formed to help create rural prosperity by developing innovative crops for farming communities. It has completed two harvests of safflower in Texas and is looking to contract more acreage for 2011. Safflower is a drought-resistant crop that can be grown with conventional equipment and provides income during needed times in July and August with minimal water requirements. Dreamland aims to establish safflower as a sustainable crop that provides consistent profits for growers.
This document provides information on aloe vera farming and processing. It discusses the climate and soil requirements for aloe vera cultivation, as well as the propagation, planting, irrigation, and harvesting processes. The key points covered include the health benefits of aloe vera, its uses in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and the major countries that produce and export aloe vera, such as India.
Carrots are a cool weather crop that originate from Asia. They grow best in deep, well-drained sandy loam soil with a pH between 6.5-7.0. There are several varieties of carrots suited for different purposes, with Imperators being long and slender and best for fresh markets. Proper cultivation practices include deep plowing, applying fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and irrigation to maintain soil moisture. Carrots are harvested when the roots reach sufficient size, usually 90-110 days after planting, and are graded and packaged for various markets.
This document provides information on weed management strategies for various cereal crops. It discusses the major weeds found in rice, wheat, maize and sorghum crops and provides recommendations for cultural, mechanical and chemical weed control methods. Pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide applications are suggested, along with integrating hand weeding or mechanical weeding at critical periods for optimal weed management.
Similar to MANGU SIX MONTHS' APPRAISAL REPORT (15TH SEPT 2008-14TH MARCH, 2009). (20)
MANGU SIX MONTHS' APPRAISAL REPORT (15TH SEPT 2008-14TH MARCH, 2009).
1. KAGERA SUGAR LIMITED (KSL)
FIELD DEPARTMENT
A SIX MONTHS TRAINING PROGRAMME
REPORT
Name of trainee: MANGU, Benjamin.
Title: Section manager.
Section: Herbicide Section.
Supervisor: Mr. Moruo S Laizer
Training Manager: Mr. Urio
Duration: 15TH
September, 2008 to
15TH
March, 2009.
2. - 1 -
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kagera sugar limited is among the sugar producing companies in Tanzania. It is
found in kagera region in Missenyi district. The company is made of many
departments where among them is the field department.
As the heart of the company, the field department at kagera sugar limited
performs all sugar cane agronomic activities as sugar is made in the field but
extracted in the factory. In short, the department ensures the production of high
quality raw materials needed by the company for sugar production. The assistant
agricultural manager who is assisted by area manager, agricultural technical
manager and irrigation manager head the department.
To make up things easy, the estate is divided into seven sections supported by
other service sections, which are diversification, survey, irrigation, harvesting,
seed cane cutting and planting, land preparation and cultivation as well as
herbicide and fertilizer sections.
In the field department, as the trainee attached in the herbicide section I
participates and supervise different operations on controlling weeds in the estate
using herbicides as one of the techniques used in ‘Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)’, red ants( ant hills) and spraying cane ripener. From 15th
September 2008
to 15th
March 27, 2009, I have worked in different operations which equipped me
with skills and experiences, such operations are as follows;
2.0 CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL OPERATIONS
2.1 ROUNDUP APPLICATION
This is the operation which involves killing of all vegetations it comes into
contact with. The herbicide which we use is Volsate 360SL (Glyphosate 360g/l
ative ingredient). It is the non-selective systemic herbicide that kills annual and
perennial weeds regardless they are broad or narrow leave weeds. The dose we
use ranges from 5 to 8 litres per hectare (mixed with water making a herbicide
mixture of 240L per hectare) depending to the age, type and number of different
species of weeds in the field. We normally apply it prior to planting or after
planting the cane but before it has emerged so as to kill all types of weeds without
causing any harm to the cane planted. It is the best herbicide to control stubborn
weeds such as Cyperus sp (Sedges/nutgrass), Amaranthus sp, Panicum maximum,
Imperata cylindrical, Sorghum helepense, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina
benghalensis e.t.c which are mostly found in Kagera A fields E and F areas as
well as B, C, G, H and I fields. Furthermore, we use this herbicide to clean up
roads in the fields such as those found in DIT fields. In this operation, I succeeded
very much as most of the area which needed roundup application were attended in
time which includes kagera A fields, I fields, BP2 and the surrounding rainfed
fields, CP2 and its rainfed fields. Due to this participation, I have gained much
skills and experiences in this operation.
3. - 2 -
2.2 EARLY POST AT SPIKE STAGE (PLANT CANE)
In this operation, we control weeds when the plant cane (PC) is at spike stage.
Three herbicides are used in mixture which is Ametra 500SC (active ingredients
being 250g/l Ametryn (triazine) + 250 g/l Atrazine), Volcano Paraquat 200SL
(active ingredient being 200g/l paraquat dichloride 20%LC) and Volacet 900EC
(900g/l of Acetochlor). In the mixture, the herbicides are mixed with water at the
following proportion 4L/Ha, 0.5/1/1.5 L/Ha and 3L/Ha respectively. 240L litres
of these herbicides mixture/dilution are applied per hectare. In this mixture,
Paraquat 200SL kills the emerged weeds as it is a contact herbicide. The weeds it
kills includes narrow and broad leave weeds especially annual weeds as most of
the matured perennial weeds do not die. Its application rate varies from 0.5, 1, and
1.5L/Ha depending to the age, number and species of weeds in the field going to
be applied. The fewer and the younger the weeds, the less the volume of paraquat
is used per hectare and vice versa. Ametra 500SC kills the actively growing
annual weeds (broad and narrow leaf weeds). Volacet 900EC mix with the soil
solution hence is absorbed by germinating weed seeds which consequently kill the
seeds of the narrow leaf weeds/grasses in the seed germinating zone. Because of
Volacet 900EC moisture requirements, the combination of these herbicides should
be applied in the field with enough moisture so as to allow the herbicide to mix
with the soil solution for effective functioning. Furthermore, its reaction is
determined by the clay content of the soil. Examples of the fields under which we
have applied this type of combination include DIT, IO31 and I31. Due to the
frequent involvement in this type of operation, I have gained much skills and
experiences.
2.3 EARLY POST HARVEST (PRE EMERGENT) IN RATOON.
This is the operation which is done to the properly harvested cane field where by
post harvest hand weeding, trash lining and sometimes burning of the lined
trushes must be properly done before this operation. The herbicides combination
that we have been using in this operation depends on moisture contents of the
fields. These herbicides include Volazinone (240g/l of Hexazinone, a triazine) at
1.5 L/Ha, Volcano Paraquat (200g/l Paraquat Dichloride 20% LC) at 0.5/1/1.5
L/Ha, Volchlormuron 500WP (500g/Kg chlormuron ethyl (sulfonyl urea)) at
0.25Kg/Ha, Volacet 900EC (900g/l of Acetochlor) at 3L/Ha and Ametra 500SC
(250g/l Ametryn, a triazine + 250g/l Atrazine) at 4L/Ha.
In areas we are sure of availability of enough moisture i.e. in the pivot centers, the
herbicides combination that we use are Volazinone at 1.5 L/Ha, Volcano Paraquat
at 0.5/1.0/1.5 L/Ha depending to the population, specie and stage of growth of the
weeds, Volchlormuron at 0.25 Kg/Ha and Volacet at 3 L/Ha. This is because
Volazinone which kills mostly broad leaf weeds at actively growing stage needs
large amount of moisture for its proper functioning. Volcano paraquat with the
help of Volchlormuron kills all types of annual weeds which have already
emerged and efficiently at a very young stage as efficiency of killing the weeds
reduces with age. Volacet with acetochlor is the pre emergent herbicide that
mixes with soil solution mostly kills the seeds of narrow leaf weeds in the seed
4. - 3 -
germinating zone. Some of the areas that we have used this type of combination
are BP7, AP5, and AP8.
Due to the moisture deficiency in the rain fed fields which is caused by a small
number of irrigation mobile pumps and unreliable rainfall, we use Ametra to
replace Volazinone and Volchlormuron as it require a small amount of moisture
compared to Volazinone. So, the right combination of herbicides we use in rain
fed fields is Volcano Paraquat, Volacet and Ametra at 0.5/1.0/1.5 L/Ha, 3L/Ha
and 4L/Ha respectively. Some of the fields which we have applied this type of
herbicide combination includes G701, G702, G703, G704, G705, G708, G713, I4,
I11 and I12
In short, this is a very important operation as it controls the weeds at a very young
stage ensuring a good future of the cane. Frankly, I have known and gained much
skill concerning this operation.
2.4 EXTREME PLUS (IN RATOON AND AT SPIKE STAGE)
Controlling weeds using chemicals depends on many factors as mentioned earlier
where by among them is the type of weeds. In areas which are already planted
(plant cane and ratoon) but highly infested by Cyperus sp (as dominant weeds), at
early post chemical weed control operation, we do not use the normal herbicide
combination on weed control operation instead the following herbicide
combination is used specifically to control the established Cyperus sp and other
physically available weeds in the field. This combination includes Volmsma
(720g/l of MSMA) at 6L/Ha, Volchlormuron (500g/Kg chlormuron ethyl
(sulfonyl urea)) at 0.25 Kg/Ha, Volacet 900EC (900g/l of Acetochlor) at 3L/Ha,
Volcano Paraquat (200g/l Paraquat Dichloride 20% LC) at 1.0 or 1.5 L/Ha and
Volbuzine (480g/l of Metribuzin, a triazine) at 1.6L/Ha.
In this combination, Volbuzine and Volchlormuron are mixed intentionally to kill
the established Cyperus sp, Volcano paraquat; volchlormuron and Volmsma are
specially mixed to kill the emerged broad and narrow annual weeds and some of
the young and actively growing perennial weeds. Volacet is mixed so as to kill the
seeds of the narrow leaf weed in the seed germinating zone. Its frequent use in
different herbicide operation results in the reduction of the seed bank hence
creating a weed free zone.
Some of the fields under which extreme plus was applied includes DP10 and part
of BP7 with its surrounding rain fed fields which there after shown a very positive
response/success.
Also, I have learnt and gained skills on using extreme plus to control the cane
fields which are highly infested by Cyperus sp and other types of weeds.
2.5 PRE CANOPY
In this operation, we chemically control the weeds prior the cane forms canopy.
Before applying this herbicide, we ensure the fields have got enough moisture
accompanied with proper/spot weeding. The herbicide combination used in this
operation includes Voliuron 800SC (800g/l of Diuron) at 1L/Ha, Volcano
5. - 4 -
Paraquat at 0.5/1.0/1.5 L/Ha depending to the status of weeds in the field and
Volcano 90 (Alkylated phenol-ethylene oxide 945g/l) at 0.2L/Ha which are all
diluted to 240L/Ha. Volcano paraquat is responsible for killing the emerged broad
and narrow annual weeds and some of the young perennial weeds while Voliuron
mix with the soil solution to the seeds of narrow weeds in the seeds germinating
zone. Volcano 90 is an adjuvant which improves the wetting and spreading
properties of Voliuron and Volcano paraquat.
Due to several participation of this herbicide operation, I have also gained skills
and experience on it.
2.6 ANT- HILLS CONTROL
In this operation, the ant-hills are controlled using insecticides called Dursban 4E
(480g/l Chlorpyrifos) at 100mls in 20L of solution (1 knapsack sprayer) which is
used to spray 3 to 5 ant-hills depending to their size. It is done when the ant-hill is
dug and spread without forgetting removal of the queen of the ants. Then the
spraying person sprays in and around the dug ant-hill.
This operation has been done successful in I areas at I11 and I12 fields as there is
no ant-hill redevelopment and the operation is still proceeding as it was earlier
hindered by the supply of the insecticide, Durban 4E.
3.0 CHEMICAL RIPENING APPLICATION
As part of my training programme, I have participated thrice on ripener
application. This operation is done by aerial method whereby herbicide which we
normally use is Fusilade forte 150EC (Fluazifop-p-butyl 150g/l) at 0.4L/Ha which
is diluted to make a mixture of 25L used in application of 1 hactare. When there is
wind, mist control (Polyvinyl polymer 20g/l) is also combined in this dilution at a
rate of 125 cm3
/Ha (25 cm3
in 25L herbicide mixture) which acts as a drift
retardant).
The dosage is beyond the recommended rate (0.2L/Ha) because the variety under
commercial production, CO617 is resistant to the recommended one. Examples of
the areas in which we did chemical ripening on 8th
and 9th
of January, 2009 are
AP7, AP9, AP10, AP12 and AP13, the area which amounts to 339 Ha. On 3rd
and
4th
of February 2009, the area which was chemically ripened is BP3, DP2, F15,
F19, F20, F11 C and D, F21, F7 C and D, F16 and E22. In this area, the operation
was done with success as the aim was reached.
As other chemical operations, I have also gained skills and experiences on
ripening operation.
4.0 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
For proper growth, sugar cane requires the availability of nutrient elements in the
soil. Because soil has a self lose nutrients through different ways which some are
crop removals, leaching, run-off and erosion we normally add the required
amounts so as to make the soil productive.
6. - 5 -
Always, the fertilizers are applied in moist soils so as to ensure they dissolve and
releases the required elements in the soil ready for plant uptake.
Here, two types of fertilizer are applied in stages of cane growth;
DAP
This is planting fertilizer. It is applied in the planting furrow of the well
prepared seed bed before the canes are planted. It is the good source of
nitrogen which is the integral part of chlorophyll molecule hence without it
no photosynthesis, involved in the synthesis of plant proteins, promotes
vegetative growth as well as facilitating uptake of the plant nutrients such
as P, K and Ca. its deficiency leads stunted growth and chlorosis which
appear first on the lower leaves. This fertilizer also provides P which
encourages lateral and fibrous root growth and development, increase
number of tillers, give strength to straw and prevent lodging. Deficiency of
P causes reduced tillering and hence fully canopy is delayed and weed
infestation is magnified.
We apply this fertilizer at the rate of 150 Kg/Ha. Example of the fields we
applied are I16, I17, I22, I23, BP2 and all field which were ploughed and
planted PC.
UREA
This is the second type of fertilizer which is especially for growing cane. It
is best taken by plants when applied before the cane is over 90 days old
since germination or sprouting. It is also the source of N.
Depending to the nature of the soil native N, we apply UREA at the rate of
150 to 250 kg of urea per Hectare. The areas which we applied this type of
fertilizer is all which were recently harvested found in G and H areas.
4.0 COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS
In any commercial organization, profit creation and maximization is the main aim.
In all operation activities at kagera sugar limited, the cost incurred in herbicide
weed control operation compared to hand weeding is shown as follows.
4.1 CHEMICAL RIPENER APPLICATION BENEFIT AND COST
ANALYSIS
As most of the sugar estates, Kagera Sugar ltd use chemical for ripening the
canes. Fusillade forte150EC (Fluazifop-p-butyl 150g/l) is the chemical used for
this purpose in this estate.
The total cost of chemical ripener application (ground support for aircraft,
chemicals and aircraft operations) averages 41,108.40 Tsh /ha. The percentage of
1.5% toll is increased due to chemical ripener which in bulky is the large amount
of sugar. Furthermore, the maturity and hence harvest takes place earlier leaving
the field ready for growing another ratoon or for ploughing.
7. - 6 -
4.2 WEED CONTROL BENEFIT AND COST ANALYSIS
At kagera sugar ltd, control of weeds is done through hand weeding and chemical
control the system which falls at the technique of weed control known as
“integrated pest management”. The cost for controlling weeds using these two
different ways differ as detailed below.
4.2.1 HAND WEEDING BENEFIT AND COST ANALYSIS
By this type of weeding, the average cost incurred per hectare differs depending to
the status of weeds in the field. Taking the average of 3 mandays per line of planted
cane, this will use 72 mandays/ha making a total of 180,000 Tsh/Ha.
Assuming that all weed control operations (which weeding should atleast be done
four times, the company will require 288 mandays/ha who will be paid a total of
720,000 Tsh/Ha. As that is not enough, purely using hand weeding will require
more human resources to weed one hectare under cane which is very expensive as
they will require more accommodation, feed, supplying other services such as
health and clean water as well as employing more middle and lower level managers,
supervisors, foremen and headmen to lead these people.
Furthermore, unlike chemical weed control method, hand weeding alone is not
efficient as it control only emerged weeds leaving the underground parts of the
perennial weeds such as rhizomes and tubers/nuts and the part of the seed bank
found in the seed germinating zone unaffected. Chemical weed control using pre
emergent herbicide such as Voliuron and Volacet kills the seeds found in the soil
hence reduces the seed bank.
4.2.2 CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL BENEFIT AND COST
ANALYSIS
Through chemical weed control method, only 1 manday/Ha/day currently paid
2800 Tsh/day control weeds by applying herbicides. This is of less expense as
only two or three mandays are required to control (for PC three times i.e roundup
cost about 86,512.72 TSH/Ha, Spike stage which cost 55,984 TSH/Ha and Pre
canopy which currently cost 17,091.46 TSH/Ha while for ratoon only two times
i.e early post which cost 52,983.83 TSH/Ha and pre canopy herbicide operation
which cost 17,091 TSH/Ha are needed). When the area is much affected with
Cyperus sp, the extreme plus herbicide applied to rescue the field costs
105,524.39 TSH/Ha something if it would be by manual weeding purse, the
operation would fail by 100% due to high cost and land degradation as it will
include digging for the nuts.
Chemical weed control creates much profit as it is done with very low cost, timely,
only small number of casuals can control a large area hence small cost for
accommodating them. Because weed produces large number of seeds, example
Striga sp (400,000 seeds/plant), Amaranthas spinosus (200,000seeds/plant) and
8. - 7 -
Cyperus esculentus (2,420 seeds/plant), chemical weed control is the only way
which eradicates weeds by slowly reduction of the soil seed bank.
5.0 SETBACKS OBSERVED
With fertilizer and herbicide application at kagera sugar limited, I have observed
the following problems which hinder the proper provision of these services to the
seven field sections;
Poor land preparation. Here, a short time is used to complete all operations
needed in proper land preparation that is ploughing, harrowing and seed bed
preparation is done within short time. This has been observed as the
company was struggling to expand the field within a minimum time. Poor
harrowing leaving large clods/clumps shield germinated weeds and some
seeds of the weeds which later do not die with any applied herbicide. There
is also poor leveling. This is a major problem even in fields found in pivot
centers as when associated with clay soil, there is water logging problems
created depression which arise the problems of establishment moist loving
weeds such as Cyperus sp, Digitaria scalarum e.t.c. This is the problem
with CP5, BP3, BP6, BP4, DP8 and some parts of rain fed fields such as
F197. So, it is difficulty to apply herbicides in water logged areas and once
water loving weeds emerges, they are not killed with the post emergent
herbicides i.e they are not affected with herbicides used at early post, spike
stage and pre canopy because most of them are only killed by
roundup/volsate. In short, this situation reduces the efficiency of applied
herbicides and leads to the loss as running pivot is very expensive.
Lack of timely transportation of herbicide gang to the fields as there are few
and old trucks which supply transportation services to other working casual
groups to and from the fields, camps and the nearby villages like Kyaka,
Bunazi and Igayaza.
Poor and old tractors used for herbicide tank transportation as sometime fail
to start while are in the field hence can not move to other fields which make
the work more tedious and laborious and laborers should shunt with
knapsack sprayers full of herbicides at their back. This results to the daily
task to be not accomplished as some time people do a less than a half of the
proper task. The frequency of this problem increase with rain season.
Poor attendance of herbicide gang casual laborers. This has been observed
since I came in September last year as the attendance of the people has been
poor due to different reasons. The following might be the reasons;low
quality protective gears such as goggles, musk, gum boot and overalls,
nature of employment that is they are casual laborers paid daily hence
difficult to control their daily attendance, small amount of money they are
paid daily. Due to these reasons, they tend to shy away from the work as
they say it’s dangerous to their health.
Inefficient system of the herbicide gang as the field is now very large to
have only a single and small herbicide gang. In short, the same gang can not
9. - 8 -
be in different fields at the same time some thing which gives a loop hole
for establishment of weeds in unattended fields.
There is poor hand weeding in the fields for some field sections, for
example section one. This leads to poor herbicidal activity once herbicides
are applied in such poorly hand weeded fields. Furthermore, it is
Delay of very important herbicides like volbuzin which is very important
for killing dangerous weeds such as Cyperus sp in extreme plus
combination.
There is no frequent soil analysis in each field which will determine the
amount of the very important elements i.e N, P and K. This could tell on the
proper Urea and D.A.P application rates depending to the nature of the soil
in fields as the fertilizer uptake is highly affected by the chemical properties
of the soil.
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS.
To rescue with the above narrated setbacks, the following must be done
immediately in order to make the good future and not only basing on today
forgetting tomorrow;
Land preparation should be done properly. Under suitable condition, a
proper timing of the cultivation practice reduces sharply the weed
population. It is done by waiting a few days after each operation so that
weed seeds germinate. The sequence can be as follows; ploughing (7-10
days waiting), harrowing (7-10 days waiting) and then seed bed
preparation. This reduces much the portion of the soil seed bank found in
the seed germinating zone.
Further, the seed bed should be properly done making the field flat with
leveling to avoid water logging condition which causes establishment of the
water loving weeds much yield reduction.
Especially in pivot centered fields, this should be done as it is very
expensive to run pivot irrigating weeds.
To avoid laborers transportation delay, some of the tracks should be under
agriculture department to avoid bureaucracy and if necessary to buy other
new ones so as to meet problem of labor transport to and from the field.
The company should buy other new tractors for herbicide application
activities as the old one such as WO16 cost very much the company in term
of mandays (paid without completing the tasks), weeds establishment as the
herbicide application delays especially during rain season and in term of
time.
The attendance of herbicide gang can be improved through giving them
contract of three or six months with improved salary (e.g.
90,000Tsh/month). This will make them attend to work daily and will be
profitable for the company because laborers will properly use the provided
protective gears as now the control is difficult because they stop working at
anytime they feel and some time leave with the protective gears.
10. - 9 -
Because now days the estate is very large, the company should atleast have
two herbicide gangs, one operating in A, G, H and I areas while the second
should be in B, C, D, E, F and Kagera A areas.
Hand weeding in the field section should timely and properly be done
before herbicide application as herbicide application in bushy and matured
weeds fields’ wastes the company’s money as the cost of herbicides applied
is not even paid back while the expectation is creation of profit.
The requested herbicide should arrive earlier so as to control the weeds
timely.
The company should make a soil analysis in each field so as to determine
the economic amount supposed to be applied in each field.
7.0 CONCLUSION/REMARKS
Now days, the fertilizer and herbicides are very expensive, they should be used
economically as the fields should first be properly cleaned before spraying to
avoid spraying in the bushy fields. This waste herbicides and further make
laborers shy away as it is very difficult to spray in such condition with poor
protective gears! To avoid the delay of herbicide application in the already
cleaned fields, the company should give contracts to the herbicide gang casuals
and implementing quickly the availability of two gangs with atleast 60 people
each, which will be operating in different sides i.e A, G, H, and I areas with one
herbicide gang while the second in B, C, D, E, F, DIT, Members areas and Kagera
A fields.
Otherwise, working with these gangs (fertilizer and herbicide) has much
structured and moulded me for the case of working experience and skills,
professionally and managerially.