Mangroves provide many ecological benefits and help protect coastal regions. However, approximately 35% of mangroves have been lost in recent decades due to threats from natural hazards as well as human activities like aquaculture, agriculture, and pollution. Conservation efforts aim to educate people about the importance of mangroves and encourage sustainable management, reforestation, and restoration of degraded areas.
Mangroves provide important ecological benefits and help protect coastal communities from natural disasters. They support biodiversity and coastal livelihoods. However, mangrove forests are highly threatened due to activities like land reclamation, mining, and coastal development. The document outlines the global and local distribution of mangroves, their ecological significance in areas like shoreline protection and carbon sequestration. It emphasizes that mangroves can help reduce deaths from cyclones but many countries have faced major losses of mangrove cover recently.
- Mangrove conservation is important for coastal resilience, biodiversity, and human well-being. Mangroves provide ecosystem services and livelihoods.
- Past management practices like felling mangroves for fuel and changes in land use for aquaculture and agriculture have degraded mangroves in India. Cyclones and climate change have also impacted mangrove cover.
- Efforts are being taken to restore degraded mangrove areas through community-based approaches involving mangrove nurseries, plantation, and monitoring. Restoration has helped increase mangrove cover in some areas from regeneration and reduced dependency. However, threats remain from reduction of freshwater flows, land use changes, and lack of protection in some areas.
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John PonnezhanJoe Ponnezhan
Sustainable forest management involves managing forests according to principles of sustainable development. This means meeting human development goals while sustaining natural systems to provide resources over the long term. Specific practices include surveying the forest land to inventory timber and wildlife species. Managers then determine sustainable harvest amounts without destroying overall forest health. New trees are planted to replace harvested trees and fit within the forest ecosystem.
The document discusses land degradation and techniques for afforestation of degraded lands. It defines land degradation as the decline in biological productivity caused by inappropriate land use and management. Factors that contribute to degradation include deforestation, overgrazing, erosion, and climate change. The document then outlines various afforestation techniques for different types of degraded lands, including ravines, sand dunes, waterlogged areas, saline/alkaline soils, and rocky/skeletal soils. It recommends suitable tree species for afforestation in each case. Addressing land degradation requires an integrated, scientific approach.
This document provides information about red sandalwood, including that it is a precious wood that grows slowly over hundreds of years in tropical regions. It has various medicinal and cultural uses. Red sandalwood can be used to treat digestive issues, reduce fluid retention, and purify the blood. When applied topically, it can lighten skin, remove acne and dark spots, and reduce wrinkles. Proper planting and growing conditions can help cultivate red sandalwood trees. Japan is a key importer of red sandalwood for traditional musical instruments. Production and prices of auctioned red sandalwood in Tamil Nadu and seized smuggled quantities in Karnataka are shown.
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
Mangroves provide important ecological benefits and help protect coastal communities from natural disasters. They support biodiversity and coastal livelihoods. However, mangrove forests are highly threatened due to activities like land reclamation, mining, and coastal development. The document outlines the global and local distribution of mangroves, their ecological significance in areas like shoreline protection and carbon sequestration. It emphasizes that mangroves can help reduce deaths from cyclones but many countries have faced major losses of mangrove cover recently.
- Mangrove conservation is important for coastal resilience, biodiversity, and human well-being. Mangroves provide ecosystem services and livelihoods.
- Past management practices like felling mangroves for fuel and changes in land use for aquaculture and agriculture have degraded mangroves in India. Cyclones and climate change have also impacted mangrove cover.
- Efforts are being taken to restore degraded mangrove areas through community-based approaches involving mangrove nurseries, plantation, and monitoring. Restoration has helped increase mangrove cover in some areas from regeneration and reduced dependency. However, threats remain from reduction of freshwater flows, land use changes, and lack of protection in some areas.
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques by Joe John PonnezhanJoe Ponnezhan
Sustainable forest management involves managing forests according to principles of sustainable development. This means meeting human development goals while sustaining natural systems to provide resources over the long term. Specific practices include surveying the forest land to inventory timber and wildlife species. Managers then determine sustainable harvest amounts without destroying overall forest health. New trees are planted to replace harvested trees and fit within the forest ecosystem.
The document discusses land degradation and techniques for afforestation of degraded lands. It defines land degradation as the decline in biological productivity caused by inappropriate land use and management. Factors that contribute to degradation include deforestation, overgrazing, erosion, and climate change. The document then outlines various afforestation techniques for different types of degraded lands, including ravines, sand dunes, waterlogged areas, saline/alkaline soils, and rocky/skeletal soils. It recommends suitable tree species for afforestation in each case. Addressing land degradation requires an integrated, scientific approach.
This document provides information about red sandalwood, including that it is a precious wood that grows slowly over hundreds of years in tropical regions. It has various medicinal and cultural uses. Red sandalwood can be used to treat digestive issues, reduce fluid retention, and purify the blood. When applied topically, it can lighten skin, remove acne and dark spots, and reduce wrinkles. Proper planting and growing conditions can help cultivate red sandalwood trees. Japan is a key importer of red sandalwood for traditional musical instruments. Production and prices of auctioned red sandalwood in Tamil Nadu and seized smuggled quantities in Karnataka are shown.
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
This presentation provides information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. It introduces the student group giving the presentation and then discusses key facts about the Sundarbans, including that it is the largest mangrove forest in the world, home to the royal Bengal tiger, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The presentation also outlines the biodiversity found in the Sundarbans, its economic contributions through industries like timber and honey, tourism, and benefits like protecting against natural disasters. It notes threats facing the Sundarbans like sea level rise, logging and pollution, and provides information on conservation efforts and voting to have it named one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature.
Landscape-scale management for sustainable developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
The document discusses the landscape approach for sustainable development. It defines landscapes as areas that include both biophysical and human/social components. The landscape approach has evolved over time from integrated conservation and development projects in the 1980s to more modern frameworks that aim to concurrently address conservation, development, and restoration. Key aspects of the modern landscape approach include adaptive management, stakeholder involvement, integration of multiple objectives like poverty alleviation and food security, and consideration of trade-offs. The document outlines 10 principles of the landscape approach and provides initial examples of projects applying this framework. It also discusses aligning the landscape approach with achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Grasslands are areas dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants located between forests and deserts. They occur on all continents except Antarctica and cover 25% of the Earth's surface. Grasslands experience moderate rainfall between 250-900mm annually and have temperatures ranging from -5 to 30 degrees Celsius. They support diverse flora and fauna and provide important ecosystem services such as livestock grazing. However, grasslands are threatened by urbanization, agriculture, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to prevent overgrazing and fires while establishing protected areas.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
India has high biodiversity due to its varied climate and ecosystems. It contains 7-8% of the world's recorded plant and animal species on only 2.4% of the world's land area. Biodiversity provides both direct and indirect values. Direct values include consumptive uses like food, fuel, and medicine as well as productive uses that provide timber, cotton, dyes, and rubber. Indirect values are ecosystem services like carbon fixation, pollination, water regulation, and erosion control. Maintaining biodiversity is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Mangrove forest and Sustainability of Sundarban deltaAbhilashaGanguly2
Sundarban is a mangrove area and formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is one of the largest such forests in the world, occupying about 40,000km area in India. India. While this mangrove forest supports biodiversity, ecosystems services and sustainable development, the Sundarban delta is an ecologically fragile and climatically vulnerable regions. The most abundant tree species of this forest are Sundri, Gewa, Byne, Garjan, Goran. The soil stratum of the delta is in dynamic construction by the characteristic root systems of mangroves. The main cable root system of the mangrove trees, comprising of aerial pneumatophores and underground anchoring roots ,slow down the movement of tidal waters that results in the sediments to settle and build up the muddy bottom. Mangroves are known as natural carbon sinks as it takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store as blue carbon. Thus, it contributes heavily to reduce the warming of the earth and other ill effects of climate change. Sunderbans forest is one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in India containing about 453 faunal wildlife, including 290 bird, 120 fish, 42 mammal, 35 reptile,8 amphibian species and home for many rare and globally threatened wildlife species like the Royal Bengal tiger, Gangetic dolphin, Olive ridley turtle etc. The lives and livelihood of over 4.5 million people at Sundarban delta depend on the mangrove forest ranging from collection of honey, timber, leaves and herbs as food, fuel, hut/boat and ayurvedic medicines. Mangrove forest provide coastal protection through surge and wind suppression during tropical cyclones and often recover with time and continue to provide numerous societal benefits in the wake of storm events. The mangrove forest is very sensitive to pollution and declining at the rate of 1 percent per year due to climate change . Therefore, the sustainability of Sundarban delta requires a long-term vision that integrate climate adaptation and strategies for conservation of mangrove forest and its biodiversity.
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
This presentation provides an overview of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It discusses that the Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The objectives of the convention are to conserve and sustainably use wetlands, as well as stop their loss and encroachment. Bangladesh has designated two Ramsar sites - Tanguar Haor and the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Tanguar Haor provides habitat for many fish and bird species, while the Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest that is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its biodiversity including the Royal Bengal Tiger.
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
The Thar Desert spans parts of India and Pakistan, covering an area of over 2,000,000 square kilometers. It is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert. The desert experiences low and irregular rainfall between 100-500 mm annually, and is prone to wind erosion. Several measures have been taken to control desertification, such as erecting barriers to stabilize sand dunes and bringing fresh water to the region via the Indira Gandhi Canal. Despite harsh conditions, the Thar Desert supports a diverse array of plant and animal species and is home to over 23 million people, making it the most densely populated desert in the world. The dominant occupation in the region involves agriculture and animal husbandry.
Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions that sustain diverse flora and fauna. They provide important ecosystem services like coastal protection from storms and reducing erosion. Mangroves are threatened by natural disasters like cyclones as well as human activities such as urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation. Conservation efforts include afforestation, regeneration of degraded areas, protective measures, and eco-development programs involving local communities.
Water induced disaster risks pose a serious threat in Ramche VDC of Nepal. The area is vulnerable to landslides, floods and other hazards due to its geology and heavy monsoon rains. In 2014, the Jure landslide killed 156 people. To prevent future disasters, risk management measures are needed, including hazard mapping, relocating residents, improving drainage, using bioengineering techniques, and developing early warning systems. The Jure landslide had major social, economic, and psychological impacts on the community that still require addressing, such as providing permanent housing and infrastructure. Without proper management, Ramche faces the risk of another devastating landslide.
This document outlines Javed Iqbal's proposed revisions to the format of forest management plans (working plans) in Pakistan. It discusses the shortcomings of the traditional two-part format, which lacks justification for objectives and alternatives. The proposed new format has three parts: Part I describes the forest area and existing conditions. Part II evaluates alternative objectives, species, silvicultural systems, and other choices. Part III prescribes the management plan, including working circles, programs, protection, utilization, infrastructure, administration, records, and finances.
This document provides an overview of forest management concepts and principles. It covers topics such as forest management objectives, alternatives and decision making, sustainable forest management criteria and certification, forest valuation methods, rotation concepts and determination methods, forest regulation approaches, forest policy formulation, and forest resource management planning. The document is divided into multiple units that each address key aspects of forest management through definitions, concepts, and approaches. It is intended to help students in their BSc studies on the subject of forest management.
Desert ecosystems are defined by interactions between organisms, climate, and other environmental factors. Deserts cover about one-third of the Earth's land surface and are characterized by low rainfall (<10 inches annually), dry air, and harsh conditions. Both plants and animals in deserts have adapted to limited water availability and extreme temperatures. Primary production is very low in deserts due to scarce resources. Camels and other desert-dwelling species have specialized physical traits that allow them to survive in arid environments with little food or water.
Different management approaches to protected areas of nepalAnandJha108
The document discusses different management approaches used for protected areas in Nepal. It outlines 6 categories of protected areas defined by IUCN and describes the distinguishing features of categories II, IV, and VI, which are applied in Nepal. Some key management practices discussed include preparation and implementation of species conservation plans, population monitoring, translocation of wildlife, community involvement through buffer zones, and addressing challenges like human-wildlife conflict. The conclusion states that management has shifted from species to landscape conservation with community involvement.
Mangroves are forests located in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical coastlines. They provide habitat for a wide range of plants and animals and help stabilize coastlines against erosion. Mangroves are located along coasts in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. They thrive in areas that are permanently waterlogged with saline soils and are frequently flooded by tides. Mangroves play an important ecological role by stabilizing coastlines, collecting sediments, and providing nursery habitats for coastal fish and other marine life.
Mangrove forests are found in sheltered coastal regions between 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, especially where rivers deposit clay and silt. They contain salt-tolerant plants like Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora trees that can reach up to 40 meters tall. These trees have specialized adaptations like prop roots, stilt roots, knee-like roots, and salt secreting or storing leaves to survive in the muddy, salty conditions.
This presentation provides information about the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. It introduces the student group giving the presentation and then discusses key facts about the Sundarbans, including that it is the largest mangrove forest in the world, home to the royal Bengal tiger, and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The presentation also outlines the biodiversity found in the Sundarbans, its economic contributions through industries like timber and honey, tourism, and benefits like protecting against natural disasters. It notes threats facing the Sundarbans like sea level rise, logging and pollution, and provides information on conservation efforts and voting to have it named one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature.
Landscape-scale management for sustainable developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
The document discusses the landscape approach for sustainable development. It defines landscapes as areas that include both biophysical and human/social components. The landscape approach has evolved over time from integrated conservation and development projects in the 1980s to more modern frameworks that aim to concurrently address conservation, development, and restoration. Key aspects of the modern landscape approach include adaptive management, stakeholder involvement, integration of multiple objectives like poverty alleviation and food security, and consideration of trade-offs. The document outlines 10 principles of the landscape approach and provides initial examples of projects applying this framework. It also discusses aligning the landscape approach with achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Grasslands are areas dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants located between forests and deserts. They occur on all continents except Antarctica and cover 25% of the Earth's surface. Grasslands experience moderate rainfall between 250-900mm annually and have temperatures ranging from -5 to 30 degrees Celsius. They support diverse flora and fauna and provide important ecosystem services such as livestock grazing. However, grasslands are threatened by urbanization, agriculture, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to prevent overgrazing and fires while establishing protected areas.
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
India has high biodiversity due to its varied climate and ecosystems. It contains 7-8% of the world's recorded plant and animal species on only 2.4% of the world's land area. Biodiversity provides both direct and indirect values. Direct values include consumptive uses like food, fuel, and medicine as well as productive uses that provide timber, cotton, dyes, and rubber. Indirect values are ecosystem services like carbon fixation, pollination, water regulation, and erosion control. Maintaining biodiversity is important for both environmental and economic reasons.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Mangrove forest and Sustainability of Sundarban deltaAbhilashaGanguly2
Sundarban is a mangrove area and formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is one of the largest such forests in the world, occupying about 40,000km area in India. India. While this mangrove forest supports biodiversity, ecosystems services and sustainable development, the Sundarban delta is an ecologically fragile and climatically vulnerable regions. The most abundant tree species of this forest are Sundri, Gewa, Byne, Garjan, Goran. The soil stratum of the delta is in dynamic construction by the characteristic root systems of mangroves. The main cable root system of the mangrove trees, comprising of aerial pneumatophores and underground anchoring roots ,slow down the movement of tidal waters that results in the sediments to settle and build up the muddy bottom. Mangroves are known as natural carbon sinks as it takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store as blue carbon. Thus, it contributes heavily to reduce the warming of the earth and other ill effects of climate change. Sunderbans forest is one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in India containing about 453 faunal wildlife, including 290 bird, 120 fish, 42 mammal, 35 reptile,8 amphibian species and home for many rare and globally threatened wildlife species like the Royal Bengal tiger, Gangetic dolphin, Olive ridley turtle etc. The lives and livelihood of over 4.5 million people at Sundarban delta depend on the mangrove forest ranging from collection of honey, timber, leaves and herbs as food, fuel, hut/boat and ayurvedic medicines. Mangrove forest provide coastal protection through surge and wind suppression during tropical cyclones and often recover with time and continue to provide numerous societal benefits in the wake of storm events. The mangrove forest is very sensitive to pollution and declining at the rate of 1 percent per year due to climate change . Therefore, the sustainability of Sundarban delta requires a long-term vision that integrate climate adaptation and strategies for conservation of mangrove forest and its biodiversity.
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
This presentation provides an overview of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It discusses that the Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The objectives of the convention are to conserve and sustainably use wetlands, as well as stop their loss and encroachment. Bangladesh has designated two Ramsar sites - Tanguar Haor and the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Tanguar Haor provides habitat for many fish and bird species, while the Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest that is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its biodiversity including the Royal Bengal Tiger.
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
The Thar Desert spans parts of India and Pakistan, covering an area of over 2,000,000 square kilometers. It is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert. The desert experiences low and irregular rainfall between 100-500 mm annually, and is prone to wind erosion. Several measures have been taken to control desertification, such as erecting barriers to stabilize sand dunes and bringing fresh water to the region via the Indira Gandhi Canal. Despite harsh conditions, the Thar Desert supports a diverse array of plant and animal species and is home to over 23 million people, making it the most densely populated desert in the world. The dominant occupation in the region involves agriculture and animal husbandry.
Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions that sustain diverse flora and fauna. They provide important ecosystem services like coastal protection from storms and reducing erosion. Mangroves are threatened by natural disasters like cyclones as well as human activities such as urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation. Conservation efforts include afforestation, regeneration of degraded areas, protective measures, and eco-development programs involving local communities.
Water induced disaster risks pose a serious threat in Ramche VDC of Nepal. The area is vulnerable to landslides, floods and other hazards due to its geology and heavy monsoon rains. In 2014, the Jure landslide killed 156 people. To prevent future disasters, risk management measures are needed, including hazard mapping, relocating residents, improving drainage, using bioengineering techniques, and developing early warning systems. The Jure landslide had major social, economic, and psychological impacts on the community that still require addressing, such as providing permanent housing and infrastructure. Without proper management, Ramche faces the risk of another devastating landslide.
This document outlines Javed Iqbal's proposed revisions to the format of forest management plans (working plans) in Pakistan. It discusses the shortcomings of the traditional two-part format, which lacks justification for objectives and alternatives. The proposed new format has three parts: Part I describes the forest area and existing conditions. Part II evaluates alternative objectives, species, silvicultural systems, and other choices. Part III prescribes the management plan, including working circles, programs, protection, utilization, infrastructure, administration, records, and finances.
This document provides an overview of forest management concepts and principles. It covers topics such as forest management objectives, alternatives and decision making, sustainable forest management criteria and certification, forest valuation methods, rotation concepts and determination methods, forest regulation approaches, forest policy formulation, and forest resource management planning. The document is divided into multiple units that each address key aspects of forest management through definitions, concepts, and approaches. It is intended to help students in their BSc studies on the subject of forest management.
Desert ecosystems are defined by interactions between organisms, climate, and other environmental factors. Deserts cover about one-third of the Earth's land surface and are characterized by low rainfall (<10 inches annually), dry air, and harsh conditions. Both plants and animals in deserts have adapted to limited water availability and extreme temperatures. Primary production is very low in deserts due to scarce resources. Camels and other desert-dwelling species have specialized physical traits that allow them to survive in arid environments with little food or water.
Different management approaches to protected areas of nepalAnandJha108
The document discusses different management approaches used for protected areas in Nepal. It outlines 6 categories of protected areas defined by IUCN and describes the distinguishing features of categories II, IV, and VI, which are applied in Nepal. Some key management practices discussed include preparation and implementation of species conservation plans, population monitoring, translocation of wildlife, community involvement through buffer zones, and addressing challenges like human-wildlife conflict. The conclusion states that management has shifted from species to landscape conservation with community involvement.
Mangroves are forests located in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical coastlines. They provide habitat for a wide range of plants and animals and help stabilize coastlines against erosion. Mangroves are located along coasts in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. They thrive in areas that are permanently waterlogged with saline soils and are frequently flooded by tides. Mangroves play an important ecological role by stabilizing coastlines, collecting sediments, and providing nursery habitats for coastal fish and other marine life.
Mangrove forests are found in sheltered coastal regions between 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, especially where rivers deposit clay and silt. They contain salt-tolerant plants like Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Rhizophora trees that can reach up to 40 meters tall. These trees have specialized adaptations like prop roots, stilt roots, knee-like roots, and salt secreting or storing leaves to survive in the muddy, salty conditions.
Mangroves provide many ecological benefits and are an important ecosystem. However, approximately 35% of mangroves have been lost in recent decades due to threats from natural hazards as well as human activities like aquaculture, agriculture, and pollution. Conservation efforts aim to protect remaining mangroves and restore degraded areas through approaches like raising awareness, incentives for sustainable use, enforcement of laws, and reforestation programs.
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees found in warm coastal tropical and sub-tropical regions that provide important ecological functions. They protect coastal lands from storms and erosion by stabilizing sediments with their complex root systems. Mangroves also serve as vital habitat for many marine and coastal species. However, around half of the world's mangroves have been destroyed by human activities like clearing for development, aquaculture, and harvesting wood.
Mangrove ecosystems are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions around the world. Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to grow in saline coastal habitats. They play an important role in buffering coastlines from storms and reducing erosion. However, mangroves are increasingly threatened by human development and destruction of coastal habitats. When mangroves are cut down or degraded, it damages the complex coastal ecosystem and removes natural protections for the shoreline.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
This document discusses ecosystem-based adaptation initiatives in Tamil Nadu, India to address climate change impacts along the coast. It notes that Tamil Nadu has over 1,000 km of coastline containing various ecosystems like mangroves, mudflats, and marshes. Rising temperatures, more heavy rainfall, and sea level rise projections threaten these coastal areas. Initiatives described include conserving mangroves through community management, integrated aquaculture systems combining fish farming with mangroves, and growing salt-tolerant plants in saline soils. These ecosystems-based approaches aim to increase resilience of coastal communities and environments to climate change.
Climate change is having impacts on mangroves in India through sea level rise, changes in salinity and precipitation, and increased cyclone activity. Mangroves are being permanently inundated by sea level rise of approximately 3 mm per year currently. Changes in salinity and precipitation patterns are affecting mangrove species distributions and health. Major cyclones have caused widespread mangrove damage, such as the 1999 super cyclone in Odisha. While mangroves are resilient to some climate impacts, additional pressures from human activities are exacerbating the effects of climate change on these important coastal ecosystems.
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCKS IN ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS IN MUTHUPET MANGROVE, SOU...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study estimating carbon stocks in the above ground biomass of mangrove forests in Muthupet, India. Mangroves play an important role in carbon sequestration and storage. The study area contains extensive mangrove habitat dominated by Avicennia marina trees. Samples of leaves, stems, and roots were collected from different mangrove species and marsh plants to estimate moisture content, dry weight, organic matter, and organic carbon content. Satellite imagery from 1999 and 2007 was used to map land cover including mangroves, mudflats, and salt pans. The carbon stocks in above ground biomass of mangroves and marsh plants were calculated to understand their role in climate change mitigation
This document summarizes a study on the impact of sea level rise on the mangrove vegetation of Sundarban Tiger Reserve in India. Some key points:
- The Sundarbans mangrove forest is home to diverse mangrove species and wildlife, including the Bengal tiger. It protects coastal areas from natural disasters.
- Studies predict that rising sea levels will submerge many islands in the Sundarbans estuary in the near future, threatening the mangrove forest and livelihoods of local villagers.
- This study analyzed changes in mangrove density and island dynamics over 15 years and found that increased salinity from sea level rise will more quickly convert dense mangroves to more salt-tolerant open mangrove forest
This document provides information on mangrove forests, including their location, characteristics, threats, and restoration. Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions between 25°N and 25°S latitude. They have specialized adaptations like salt-tolerant leaves and breathing roots to survive in their saline, hypoxic environment. However, mangroves are highly threatened due to conversion to shrimp farming, agriculture, coastal development, and charcoal/timber harvesting. As a result, many countries have lost over half of their original mangrove cover. Efforts are being made to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems and regenerate their important coastal protection and carbon sequestration functions.
The document discusses the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar region located between India and Sri Lanka. It notes that the Gulf of Mannar was declared a marine biosphere reserve in 1989 due to its rich biodiversity, which includes over 3,600 species of flora and fauna such as corals, fish, sea grasses, and mangroves. The region contains extensive coral reefs along with sea grass beds and mangrove forests that support populations of sea turtles, dolphins, and other marine life. Fishing is an important economic activity in the Gulf of Mannar.
The fate of Indonesia’s forest moratoriumCIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on 29 November 2012 at the World Resources Institute UNFCCC COP18 side-event ‘Facts, Figures and Findings: A Dialogue on the Indonesia Moratorium’ in Doha, Qatar.
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Maritime states and UT's of the India and updated districts, major ports and important fishes landed along coastal states. Few crafts and gears used in fishery.
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Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Mangroves
1. The Mangrove Ecosystem
Group No. IV
Vivek Iyer 201019
Sanket V. Jagare 201020
Yashvant Jain 201021
Ishan Janabandhu 201022
Nitin Kadam 201023
Sandip Kadam 201024
2. • The word "Mangrove" is considered to be a combination of the
Portuguese word "Mangue" and the English word "grove".
• Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants
• These are highly productive but extremely sensitive and fragile
• are breeding, feeding and nursery grounds for many estuarine
and marine organisms
3. MANGROVES IN INDIA
•According to a status report of the Government of India
publication, the total area of the mangroves in India, was
reckoned at about 6,740 sq.km.
•This covered about 7% of the world mangroves
(Krishnamurthy, 1987) and 8% of the Indian coastline
(Untawale, 1987).
•But a recent Indian Remote Sensing Data (Nayak, 1993)
showed that the total area of the mangroves decreased
to 4,474sq. km .
4. Functions & Benefits Of Mangrove:
Ecological Functions
• Natural habitat for endangered species
• Deposition of mud
- With mangrove forests, marine water quality maintained
from silt erosion.
• Nutrient enhancer
- The physical properties of mangrove forests tend to slow
the flow of water and precipitation occurs.
- nutrients leaching from agricultural land, Benefits of
mangroves are 25 fold higher than that of
paddy cultivation.
• Sources of germ plasm.
5. • Carbon sequestration
- The process of change photosynthesis inorganic carbon (C02)
into organic carbon in the form of vegetation material.
- In most ecosystems, these materials decompose and release
carbon back into the atmosphere as (C02).
estimated that a loss of about 35% of the world’s mangroves has
resulted in a net loss of 3.8 x 1014g C stored as mangrove biomass.
• Maintaining microclimate
• Prevent the development of acid sulphate soil
• Maintaining processes and natural systems
6. Screening the solar UV‐B radiation
The mangrove foliage produces flavonoids that serve as UV‐screen
compounds
Reducing the green house effects
Mangroves are known to remove CO2 from the atmosphere through
photosynthesis.
The mangroves are capable of accumulating and storing
carbon in the soil in large quantities.
They fix greater amounts of CO2 per unit area, than what the
phytoplankton do in the tropical oceans
7. Minimizing the fury of cyclones
Mangrove forests protect all types of coastal communities from the fury of
cyclones and storms. The best example on finds is the super‐cyclone which
occurred on the 29th October 1999 with a wind speed of 310 km hr‐1 along the
Orissa coast (India) and played havoc largely in the areas devoid of
mangroves. On the contrary, practically no damage occurred in regions with
luxuriant mangrove growth.
8. Trapping the sediments
One of the important functions of mangroves is trapping of sediment,
and thus acting as sinks to the suspended sediments .The mangrove
trees catch sediments by their complex aerial root systems and thus
function as land expanders.
Trapping and recycling of nutrients
Mangrove sediments have a high capacity for absorbing and
holding heavy metals thereby preventing the spread of metal
pollution in coastal areas.
The sediments contain 90% of Mn and Cu released and
almost 100% of the Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd in the total ecosystem.
9. Supporting the fishes and wildlife populations
Nearly 80% of the fish catches are directly or indirectly
dependent on mangrove and other coastal ecosystems
worldwide
Pichavaram mangroves alone nurture 30 species of prawns,
30 species of crabs, 20 species of mollusks, and 200
species of fish
Besides fish,
the mangroves support a variety of wildlife such as
the Bengal tiger, crocodiles, deer, pigs, snakes,
fishing cats, insects and birds.
10. Biomass and Litter Production
Mangroves contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle.
Mangrove forest biomass may reach 700 t ha‐1 (Clough, 1992)
and Twilley et al. (1992) estimate the total global mangrove
biomass to be approximately 8.7 gigatons dry weight (i.e. 4.0
gigatons of carbon).
Prevention of the coastal erosion
The mangrove systems minimize the action of waves and thus
prevent the coast from erosion. This has been demonstrated in
Vietnam. In the tall mangrove forests, the rate of wave reduction
per 100 m is as large as 20% (Mazda et al., l997).
Another work has proved that mangroves form ‘live seawalls’, and
are very cost effective as compared to the concrete sea wall and
other structures for the protection of coastal erosion.
12. Economic Benefits
• The mangroves supply forestry products (firewood, charcoal, timber,
honeyetc.) and fishery products (fish, prawn, crab, mollusk etc.).
• mangrove twigs are used for making charcoal and firewood
• One ton of mangrove firewood is equivalent to 5 tons of Indian coal,
and it burns producing high heat without generating smoke.
• Used as timber for its durability.
• Nypa leaves areused to thatch roofs, mats and baskets.
13. Facilitate apiculture
For instance, the Sundarbans provide employment to 2000
people engaged in extracting 111 tons of honey annually
and this accounts for about 90% of honey production among
the mangroves of India (Krishnamurthy,l990).
In Bangladesh, an estimated 185 tons of honey and 44.4
tons of wax are harvested each year in the western part of
the mangrove forest.
14. Medicines
Bruguiera species (leaves) are used for reducing blood pressures and
Excoecaria agallocha for the treatment of leprosy and epilepsy.
Extracts from mangroves seem to have a potential for
human, animal and plant pathogens and for the treatment of incurable
viral diseases like AIDS
20. •Approximately 35% of mangrove area was lost during the
last several decades of the twentieth century
• which encompass about half of the area of mangroves.[
• The United Nations Environment Program also estimated
shrimp farming causes a quarter of the destruction of
mangrove forests.
• Likewise, the 2010 update of the World Mangrove Atlas
(WMA) indicated a fifth of the world's mangrove
ecosystems have been lost since 1980.[42]
21. Most of the challenges to mangrove forests observed in Goa
and the Middle Andamans are also relevant to other parts
of India. These include both natural hazards and
destructive human activities. However,
the gravity of the problems varies from
area to area.
22. Natural hazards
•Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action
•Browsing and trampling by wildlife
•Infestation by barnacles which attach to young
seedlings, interfering with respiration and
photosynthesis and delaying seedling growth
•Damage by oysters to the young leaves
23. •Crabs, which attack young seedlings, girdle the root
collars
•Gastropods that eat young leaves and flowers of
mangroves, a big problem in the Middle Andamans;
•Insect pests such as wood borers, caterpillars (which
eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood as
well)
•Weeds such as Acrostichum aureum and Acanthus
species, which often occupy deforested mangrove
areas and restrict the regrowth of economic
mangrove tree species;
24. Solutions :
• Tall nursery-grown seedlings should be used for
planting,
• Mixed plantations
25. Problems caused by humans
•Indiscriminate tree felling and lopping, mainly for
fuel wood, fodder and timber, especially in areas close
to human habitation.
•indiscriminate conversion of mangroves on public
lands for aquaculture human habitation and
industrial purposes.
•lack of interest of private landowners (village
communities and individuals) in conserving and
developing the mangroves on their lands.
26. •Illegal large-scale collection of mangrove fruits,
which hinders their natural regeneration
•The traditional use of dragnets in fishing.
•Discharge of industrial pollutants into creeks, rivers.
27. Problems caused by humans, can be traced
to the following root causes
•the poverty of the local inhabitants, which forces them to
depend on mangroves for their fuelwood, timber and fodder
requirements even if collection is illegal;
•increasing population, resulting in more pressure on
mangroves;
•lack of education and awareness regarding the importance
of mangroves, and ignorance of rules and regulations
regarding conservation of mangroves;
28. •improper planning of development activities such as
aquaculture, agriculture, construction for human
habitation, mining and industrial-ization;
•short supply of fuelwood, timber and fodder at affordable
prices;
•absence of a systematic survey of the area and the
ownership of the land under mangroves, facilitating
encroachment on this land;
29. The government of Goa has already banned
felling of 15 species of mangroves for a period of
ten years under the Goa, Daman and Diu
Preservation of Trees Act, 1984.
30. Mangrove conservation and development efforts
undertaken by the Government of India, the
Government of Goa and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands Administration have so far been successful in
reducing the degree of problems, but there is scope
for further improvement.
31. Directions of mangrove protection policy.
a) Mainstream the sustainable management of mangroves into the forestry
sector regulatory regime, ensuring that they continue to provide livelihoods to
local communities.
b) Disseminate available techniques for regeneration of coral reefs, and support
activities based on application of such techniques.
c) Explicitly consider sea-level rise and vulnerability of coastal areas to climate
change and geological events, in coastal management plans, as well as
infrastructure planning and construction norms.
d) Adopt a comprehensive approach to Integrated Coastal Management by
addressing linkages between coastal areas, wetlands, and river systems, in
relevant policies, regulation, and programs.
e) Develop a strategy for strengthening regulation, and addressing impacts, of
ship-breaking activities on human
health, and coastal and near marine resources.
32.
33.
34. It has been cited that mangroves can help buffer against
Tsunami, cyclones, and other storms.
One village in Tamil Nadu was protected from tsunami
destruction
-the villagers in Naluvedapathy planted 80,244 saplings
to get into the Guinness Book of World Records.
- This created a kilometre-wide belt of trees of various
varieties. When the tsunami struck, much of the land
around the village was flooded, but the village itself
suffered minimal damage.
35. Reforestation
In some areas, mangrove reforestation is also
underway. Red mangroves are the most common
choice for cultivation, used particularly in marine
aquariums
Mangroves also appear in home aquariums, and as
ornamental plants, such as in Japan.
In Senegal, Haïdar El Ali has started the Océanium de
Dakar project, which (amongst others) focuses on
reforesting several areas with mangroves.[47]
36. Programmes to raise people's awareness of the importance of
mangroves, e.g. through films, exhibitions, newspapers,
magazines, posters, stickers, brochures, banners, seminars,
nature camps, birdwatching, study tours in the mangrove
forests, establishment of mangrove parks in the mangrove
areas close to towns, and the celebration of Mangrove
Conservation Day, with essay competitions, debates and
drawing competitions
37. •incentives for sustainable management of mangroves
on private and village community land;
•enforcement of environmental protection laws;
•research on problems related to pests and diseases
and on appropriate management of the mangrove
ecosystem;
•restoration and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove
areas.