Kiriasis Savvas, EIPG Greek Delegate
Presentation at Malta Qualified Persons Association-European Industrial Pharmacists Group-University of Malta joint seminar “The Successes And Challenges Of Today’s Pharmaceutical Industry”, Malta 2008.
Thomas Müller, MD & Pharmacist, Head of Pharmaceuticals Dept Federal Joint Committee.
Pharma Pricing & Market Access Congress 2017
22 February 2017
London
Successful market / customer access is a primary objective in healthcare marketing. This presentation provides the insight to successfully position, price and promote your pharmaceutical, medical device or clinical service in leading healthcare market segments.
This presentation is from www.healthcaremedicalpharmaceuticaldirectory.com, no subscription is required. Please visit us to see more presentations about the latest marketing trends in the healthcare industry.
John Baresky Healthcare Marketing Leader, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Digital Marketing Strategy, Content Marketing Strategy, Market Access Strategy, Healthcare RPA Software Marketing Strategy
www.healthcaremedicalpharmaceuticaldirectory.com
John G. Baresky
https://www.linkedin.com/in/johngbaresky
#baresky
Market Access 101: Connecting Access Challenges to Brand OpportunitiesOgilvy Health
Last week, our payer marketing team hosted their inaugural All Access Festival event in our NJ headquarters. This rock concert-inspired event gave our colleagues an inside look at fundamental elements of optimizing market access strategies. Take a look at the presentation chock-full of insights from this event.
TIMELINE
PHARMACOVIGILANCE STAKEHOLDERS
ERMS – RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 – KEY CHANGES
2006 CONSULTATIONS – 2008 PROPOSALS
NEW DIRECTIVE 2010/84/EU
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
New regulation (EC) No 726/2004
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF HUMAN MPs
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF VETERINARY MPS
MILESTONES 2011-2012
REGULATION (EU) 520/2012
ICH GUIDELINES
GPvP GUIDELINES
MILESTONES – FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
Thomas Müller, MD & Pharmacist, Head of Pharmaceuticals Dept Federal Joint Committee.
Pharma Pricing & Market Access Congress 2017
22 February 2017
London
Successful market / customer access is a primary objective in healthcare marketing. This presentation provides the insight to successfully position, price and promote your pharmaceutical, medical device or clinical service in leading healthcare market segments.
This presentation is from www.healthcaremedicalpharmaceuticaldirectory.com, no subscription is required. Please visit us to see more presentations about the latest marketing trends in the healthcare industry.
John Baresky Healthcare Marketing Leader, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Digital Marketing Strategy, Content Marketing Strategy, Market Access Strategy, Healthcare RPA Software Marketing Strategy
www.healthcaremedicalpharmaceuticaldirectory.com
John G. Baresky
https://www.linkedin.com/in/johngbaresky
#baresky
Market Access 101: Connecting Access Challenges to Brand OpportunitiesOgilvy Health
Last week, our payer marketing team hosted their inaugural All Access Festival event in our NJ headquarters. This rock concert-inspired event gave our colleagues an inside look at fundamental elements of optimizing market access strategies. Take a look at the presentation chock-full of insights from this event.
TIMELINE
PHARMACOVIGILANCE STAKEHOLDERS
ERMS – RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 – KEY CHANGES
2006 CONSULTATIONS – 2008 PROPOSALS
NEW DIRECTIVE 2010/84/EU
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
New regulation (EC) No 726/2004
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF HUMAN MPs
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF VETERINARY MPS
MILESTONES 2011-2012
REGULATION (EU) 520/2012
ICH GUIDELINES
GPvP GUIDELINES
MILESTONES – FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
New Product Planning in the Pharmaceutical IndustryAnthony Russell
Lecture presented in the Competitive Intelligence and Pricing course as part of the University of Southern California Master of Science in Healthcare Decision Analysis program. Presented on June 14, 2020 at USC via Zoom. The lectures gives an overview of what new product planning is in the pharmaceutical industry, what tools are used during new product evaluations, and the key elements of a new product business case. The lecture includes a couple of case studies to be worked on by the class.
its not my personal work presentation but taken from lecture ppt from university of San Diego, california.
Its about the drug discovery process, its development and its commercialization.
How and When to Kill a Program in New Product PlanningAnthony Russell
Presented at the 4th New Product Planning Summit in Boston (Dec 2 -3 , 2019). Presentation covers why weak programs should be cut from pharmaceutical and biotech pipelines, what defines a "weak" program, and describes objective methods to evaluate programs to help prioritize assets.
indian Pharmaceutical industry export import overviewbipindapin
Pharmaceutical Industry-EXPORT IMPORT INDIA
The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies are allowed to deal in generic and/or brand medications and medical devices
Achieving efficient pricing of pharmaceuticals between and within countries is a complex conceptually and critical a policy challenge. The optimal price that maximises social welfare must achieve two objectives: static efficiency, i.e. optimal use of existing products, and dynamic efficiency, i.e. optimal investment in R&D. This presentation reviews recent thinking on the core challenges.
This presentation by Valérie Paris, Senior Health Policy Analyst, OECD, was made during the discussion “Excessive prices in pharmaceutical markets" held at the OECD Competition Open Day on 27 February 2019. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/comp-open-day-19.
New Product Planning in the Pharmaceutical IndustryAnthony Russell
Lecture presented in the Competitive Intelligence and Pricing course as part of the University of Southern California Master of Science in Healthcare Decision Analysis program. Presented on June 14, 2020 at USC via Zoom. The lectures gives an overview of what new product planning is in the pharmaceutical industry, what tools are used during new product evaluations, and the key elements of a new product business case. The lecture includes a couple of case studies to be worked on by the class.
its not my personal work presentation but taken from lecture ppt from university of San Diego, california.
Its about the drug discovery process, its development and its commercialization.
How and When to Kill a Program in New Product PlanningAnthony Russell
Presented at the 4th New Product Planning Summit in Boston (Dec 2 -3 , 2019). Presentation covers why weak programs should be cut from pharmaceutical and biotech pipelines, what defines a "weak" program, and describes objective methods to evaluate programs to help prioritize assets.
indian Pharmaceutical industry export import overviewbipindapin
Pharmaceutical Industry-EXPORT IMPORT INDIA
The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies are allowed to deal in generic and/or brand medications and medical devices
Achieving efficient pricing of pharmaceuticals between and within countries is a complex conceptually and critical a policy challenge. The optimal price that maximises social welfare must achieve two objectives: static efficiency, i.e. optimal use of existing products, and dynamic efficiency, i.e. optimal investment in R&D. This presentation reviews recent thinking on the core challenges.
This presentation by Valérie Paris, Senior Health Policy Analyst, OECD, was made during the discussion “Excessive prices in pharmaceutical markets" held at the OECD Competition Open Day on 27 February 2019. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/comp-open-day-19.
Reimbursement and pricing strategies for drugs for ultra rare diseases: What can Canada learn from experiences across the pond?
Tania Stafinski, University of Alberta
Rare Disease Day Conference 2020 March 9-10
Global HTA and pricing mechanisms
What can we learn about national medicines pricing and procurement?
Led by Janssen UK
Day One, Pop-up University 3, 16.00
Pharmaceutical Policies in Mexico: An International PerspectiveOECD Governance
Presentation by Valérie Paris, Senior Health Policy Analyst, OECD Health Division, at the II Competition and Regulation Forum: “Reaching for market efficiency” which took place in Mexico on 9-10 January 2018. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
This presentation by Sabine Vogler was made at the 2014 Global Forum on Competition (27-28 February) during the session on competition issues in the distribution of pharmaceuticals. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/competition/globalforum
The purpose of this report is to provide key information and robust analyses to better optimize drug valuation, from the pharmaceutical companies perspective
This presentation is related to the drug price control order in India. It will give an idea to the readers how the prices have been fixed for the formulations. How the price has been calculated for scheduled formulations.
This report explores important questions about the French healthcare system. How is healthcare innovation assessed in France? To what extent is value for money influencing price negotiations with the pharmaceutical industry? Are national guidelines being adhered to in shaping France’s healthcare delivery?
Maurizio Battistini, EIPG Vice-President
EIPG Presentation at Pharmaceutical Supply Chains I, a training school organised by Cost Action CA15105: European Medicines Shortages Research Network – addressing supply problems to patients (Medicines Shortages), Lisbon 2017
Claude Farrugia, EIPG President
EIPG Presentation at European Clinical Trial Day, an international conference organised by AFI and Regione Lombardia, endorsed by EIPG, Milan 2017
Claude Farrugia, EIPG Vice-President
EIPG Presentation at VAPI-UPIP Seminar “Implementation of the new Delegated Act on Falsified Medicines”, Limelette 2016.
Prof Kristien De Paepe
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Dr Gavin Halbert
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Clive Badman OBE
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Angela Timoney
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Alastair Florence
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Jean Pierre Paccioni, EIPG President
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Jacques Morénas, Deputy Director, Inspection Division, ANSM
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Borislav Borissov, Former Head of BDA
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Georgina Gal, Regulatory Affairs Manager, AbbVie, Hungary
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
More from European Industrial Pharmacists Group (20)
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
5. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
6. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
• Country Price comparison
• Belgium Ex-manufacturer’s price in France, Germany,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands
• Denmark Average European ex-manufacturer’s price excluding
Greece, Portugal, Spain and Luxembourg, but including
Liechtenstein
• Finland Average EU wholesale price
• Ireland Average wholesale price of Denmark, France,
Germany, the Netherlands and the UK
• Italy Weighted average ex-manufacturer’s prices in EU
(excluding Luxembourg and Denmark)
• Netherlands Average ex-manufacturer’s price of Belgium, France,
Germany and the UK
• Portugal Minimum ex-manufacturer’s price of identical products
in France, Italy and Spain
Table 1 Examples of international price comparisons in
price setting schemes in EU member states, 2003
7. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
8. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Table 2 Summary of approaches in the regulation of
pharmaceutical prices in EU member states, 2003
Market
segment
Free
pricing
Direct
price
controls
Use
Intern.
price
compar.
Profit
controls
Ref.
pricing
Austria In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
✔
Belgium In-patent
Off-patent
✔ ✔
✔ ✔
Denmark In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔ ✔
Finland In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
✔
9. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Table 3 Summary of approaches in the regulation of
pharmaceutical prices in EU member states, 2003
Market
segment
Free
pricing
Direct
price
controls
Use
Intern.
price
compar.
Profit
controls
Ref.
pricing
France In-patent
Off-patent
✔ ✔
✔
Germany In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
Greece In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
✔
Italy In-patent
Off-patent
✔ ✔
✔
10. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Table 4 Summary of approaches in the regulation of
pharmaceutical prices in EU member states, 2003
Market
segment
Free
pricing
Direct
price
controls
Use
Intern.
price
compar.
Profit
controls
Ref.
pricing
Netherl. In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
Spain In-patent
Off-patent
✔ ✔
✔ ✔
Sweden In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
✔
UK In-patent
Off-patent
✔
✔
✔
11. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
4. External reference prices in EU - Policies on generic drugs
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
12. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Generic
promotion
Generic
prescribing
(1)
Generic sub-
stitutio
(2)
Incentive
(1) or and
(2)
Public/pres-
criber view
on generics
Generic
market
share (%)
Value
(US$
million)
Austria no neut-neg 5-6 88
Denmark strongly pos 22-40 197-359
Netherl. yes pos 12 276
Germany strongly pos 41 4,600
UK strongly pos 22 1,435
Ireland yes pos na na
Finland no na na na
Switzerl. no na 3 84
Norway no na na na
Sweden strongly pos 39 1,061
Belgium no neg 6 360
France no neg 3-4 365-545
Italy no na 1 88
Greece no na na na
Portugal no na 1 8
Spain yes neg 1 51
Policies on generic drugs
13. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Few examples for “new” EU countries
1.Czech Republic
2.Poland
3.Hungary
14. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
1. Czech Republic - Pricing
Before marketing:
- Obtain max market price* (M.o.Finance)
- Reimbursement price (M.o.Health)
* A list with max prices is published in July each year
Different price-setting systems are used for domestic
and imported products:
- Domestic drug prices: production costs + 30%
gross margin for the manufacturer
- Imported drug prices: max prices are set on the
basis of comparator countries (Spain,Italy,France)
15. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
1. Czech Republic – Reimbursement
Products fall into four categories:
- Fully reimbursed medicines
- Medicines reimbursed for hospital use
- Reimbursement restricted to prescriptions written
by named specialists
- Reimbursement restricted to specific indications
“ The ATC system provides the basis for the
reimbursement list”
16. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
- Full reimbursement is based on the reference price
–usually the cheapest- in each therapeutic group
- The patient having to pay the difference between
the reference price and higher-priced products in
the group
- As price comparisons are therapeutically based,
patented original products compete with generics in
the same class
- In addition, ATC classifications means that a
reference price may be set for a category in which
drugs are used in different conditions
1. Czech Republic – Reimbursement
17. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
1. Czech Republic – Reimbursement
- When a new generic enters a therapeutic group, it
can trigger reimbursement cuts for all products in
that group
- Example: when the first generic “sartan” entered
the market, the government reduced the price of all
“sartans” by 60%
Patented “sartans” collectively lost 70% of the market
to generics within six months
- Similar trend for other patented products like,
statins, ACE-inhibitors, antipsychotics and PPI’s
18. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland
Pharmaceutical prices are set at maximum
retail price according to the Pricing Law
2001.
Products requiring reimbursement are then
subjected to a further price review and most
fall into the reference pricing system
19. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Pricing
- Three ministries – health, public finance and
economy – are involved in pricing and
reimbursement decisions.
- There is a considerable lack of transparency
over how maximum retail prices and
reimbursement prices are determined.
- The new government has indicated that the
introduction of transparent principles for
pricing and reimbursement is one of its key
priorities
20. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Pricing
- A number of factors are thought to be taken
into consideration when determining prices for
new molecules including, the price of the drug
in other Eu countries with a similar GDP
(including Czech Rep., Slovakia, Hungary,
Greece and Portugal.
21. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Pricing
• Factors:
- the price competitiveness of the drug relative to
existing treatments
- historical and forecast volume sales
- cost of production
- proven efficacy
- cost-effectiveness
- potential role in controlling epidemics or treating
public health diseases
- daily treatment costs
- average cost of standard therapy and potential
impact on the drugs budgets
22. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Reference Price
Poland operates a reference pricing system:
- In theory, it should only apply to reimbursed drugs
with generic equivalents but, in practice, it also
includes patented products
- Reference prices are set at the level of the cheapest
generic version of a drug within a group of products
so as more generics are launched into a group at lower
prices, the reference price decreases
- The criteria for grouping products for reference price
purposes are not very transparent
- Groups can include drugs with different active
ingredients and different modes of action and tend to
be based around therapeutic classes
23. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Reference Price
- In practice, the reference pricing system has
triggered strong price competition amongst
generics in a class
- Some companies are slashing the price of
existing products by as much as 50%, so that
they can become the reference product
- This strategy is increasing price erosion in
the market
24. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Reimbursement
- The reimbursement system in Poland is
based on positive lists and reference pricing
- Reimbursed drugs fall into one of two
categories :
essential medicines
supplementary medicines
25. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Reimbursement
essential medicines:
- Essential medicines are fully reimbursed at
the relevant reference price
- Patient pay the basic prescription charge (flat
rate fee) of Zloty 3,20 (1 Zloty = Euro
0.286833), plus any difference between the
reference price and the price of the drug they
receive.
26. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
2. Poland – Reimbursement
supplementary medicines (two groups):
those that are reimbursed at a rate of 70%
those that are reimbursed at a rate of 50%
- Patients pay the 30% or 50% difference (based on
the reference price) in the form of a co-payment plus
any price differential between the reference price and
the price of the product they receive.
- Disabled war veterans receive prescriptions
medicines free of charge
27. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary
- The more positive environment for pricing
and reimbursement following implementation
of the EU Transparency Directive
- Non-reimbursed drugs can now enjoy
complete pricing freedom and manufacturers
can launch new products
- More frequent price revisions to reimbursed
categories will seek to reduce generic prices in
those groups where competition is weak
28. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Pricing
-Pharmaceutical products not seeking
reimbursement are no longer subject to the
restrictions previously imposed
- While non-reimbursed products have enjoyed
pricing freedom, their market introduction was
permitted only on a quarterly basis and pricing
data had to be published in both the MoH’s and
Pharmacists gazettes
- From Nov. 2005 manufacturers have freedom to
launch non-reimbursed products whenever they
choose and are free to set and revise their own
prices
29. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Pricing
- Manufacturers seeking reimbursement are
required to apply to the OEP (Hungarian National
Health Insurance Fund Administration - Országos
Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár)
- Reimbursement assessments are carried our
by the Institute for Technology Evaluation
which acts as an advisory body to the OEP
- The reimbursed price proposed by the
manufacturer is either rejected or accepted by
the OEP
30. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Pricing
- Reimbursed prices are calculated on the basis of an
international reference pricing system
- Using prices of a basket of 15 countries including 14
EU markers and the US
- Prices in four of the cheaper EU markets – France,
Greece , Portugal and Spain – tend to play a more
prominent role
- Volume market shares in the reference countries are
also taken into account by the OEO
- For products where the same active ingredient is
already available in Hungary, prices are compared with
local products
31. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Reference Price
- Two types of reference pricing are used in Hungary
1. Under the fixed reimbursement scheme, where
there are four or five equivalent actives on the market,
the cheapest drug based on DDD that accounted for at
least 3% of the market in the preceding year is
typically used as the reference product.
- If none of the products meets the reference criteria,
the average price of medicines with a 1% market
segment share is used as reference price
- Higher priced drugs are reimbursed only at the level
of the reference price.
32. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Reference Price
2. Therapeutic reference pricing is used for
specific therapeutic groups in which a fixed
reimbursement rate is set according to the
lowest DDD of different active ingredients
within the therapeutic group.
- Both generics and patented original brands
are included in the calculation
33. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Pharmacoeconomics
-In the decision-making process, OEP takes
into consideration the recommendations of
ESKI (Technology Institute) which evaluate the
cost-effectiveness of drugs
- Cost effectiveness evaluation is undertaken
for innovative drugs or those attracting high
reimbursement
- Multinationals can use foreign data adapted
to the local market to support their
pharmacoeconomic assessment
34. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Reimbursement
-Reimbursement assessments are based:
on clinical efficacy
affordability
accountability and predictability
public interest
pharmacoeconomic studies (where required)
- In line with the EU directive reimbursement
decisions must be made within 90 or 180 days,
depending on the type of procedure
35. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Reimbursement
- Drugs assigned to the “normative”
reimbursement category are reimbursed at
90%, 70% or 50% and are prescribed by GP’s
without special conditions.
- Drugs in this category account 25% of the
OEP’s drug reimbursement budget and include
antibiotics, NSAID’s, minor tranquillisers,
sleeping pills and mucolitics
36. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
3. Hungary – Reimbursement
- The system also includes the EU90 and
EU100 categories which are drugs that can be
prescribed only by specialists and are
reimbursed 90% and 100%.
- Drugs for Cancer, diabetes, Multiple sclerosis
and depression are fully reimbursed
- Drugs for treat epilepsy, ulcers, rheumatoid
arthritis and asthma are reimbursed at 90%
This categories represent 40% of reimbursed
expenditure
37. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
4. External reference prices in EU - Policies on generic drugs
5. Why are drug costs rising ?
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
38. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Why are drug costs rising ?
Higher volumes and higher prices
Ageing population
39. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Why are drug costs rising ?
Higher volumes and higher prices
Ageing population
More chronic illnesses
Shift to new chemical entities-new medicines
“Life-style drugs”
New drugs for diseases that could not be
treated e.g. AIDS
Increased number of prescriptions per patient
Increased overall volume of prescriptions
Hospital - primary care shifts
40. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
4. External reference prices in EU - Policies on generic drugs
5. Why are drug costs rising ?
6. Financial and Managerial measures on containing costs
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
41. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Financial measures on containing costs
Fixed and indicative budgets for prescribers
Budgeting for regions, PHC groups with pay-back
mechanisms
Price regulations and reference prices
Patient co-payment
Financial incentives to pharmacies for better
dispensing
Differential reimbursement rates
Promote generics
42. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Managerial measures on containing costs
Positive and negative lists
Disease management
Restrict distribution and prescription
Prescribing support systems
Regulate marketing, approved indications
and commercial information
Practice guidelines
43. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Table 7 Examples of government–industry agreements in EU
member states
Country Type of government–industry agreements
Austria Agreement on drug expenditure targets for the Social Insurance
Institution; growth to be slowed through price reductions
Denmark Agreement on reduction in overall price level such that overall
expenditure on subsidized pharmaceuticals is kept constant
France Sector-based agreements on issues including exchange of
information, promotion of compliance with national objectives, rational
drug use, development of a generic drug market and others
Ireland Agreement on supply terms, conditions and prices of medicines for the
health service
Portugal Agreement with industry to cap NHS drug expenditures and repay
excess
Spain Multiple agreements covering price cuts, expenditure targets and
company repayment if spending targets are exceeded
UK Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
44. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
4. External reference prices in EU - Policies on generic drugs
5. Why are drug costs rising ?
6. Financial and Managerial measures on containing costs
7. Future Trends for Europe
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
45. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
Future Trends for Europe
• Demographic data
• (Local) epidemiology of disease
• (Local) clinical practice variations
• (Local) perceptions of disease and
unmet needs
• Impact on (local) economy
46. Agenda
1. Trasparency Directive 89/105/EEC
2. Price-setting schemes in EU member states
3. Summary of approaches in EU member states
4. External reference prices in EU - Policies on generic drugs
5. Why are drug costs rising ?
6. Financial and Managerial measures on containing costs
7. Future Trends for Europe
8. Conclusions
Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
47. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
• Many governments are using the systems to
price and reimburse pharmaceuticals as a core
component of their strategy to reduce
healthcare expenditure.
• Getting the message to all levels, that P &
R is a core function and that pharmaceutical
pricing should now form an integral part of the
marketing mix.
• Pharmaceutical drug pricing would need to
be justified to all stakeholders, for which a
value-based pricing approach is necessary
Conclusions
48. Pricing of medicinal products and reimbursement systems in EU
• Any price negotiation will need as much
supportive data as possible, including
Pharmacoeconomic’s
• More resources in understanding regional
environments
Conclusions