The Malolos Republic was the first Philippine Republic, established in 1898 with Emilio Aguinaldo as President. Aguinaldo first established a dictatorial government to demonstrate Filipino self-governance, then a Revolutionary Government with departments. In September 1898, the Malolos Congress convened and drafted a constitution to guide the progressive republic. However, in December 1898 the US took control of the Philippines after the Treaty of Paris, challenging the fledgling republic.

1. MALOLOS REPUBLIC
-the first Philippine Republic

2. INTRODUCTION AND DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
 Aguinaldo was proclaimed the president of the Philippine
Republic in Malolos.
 Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government in May 1898 to
show the capacity of Filipinos for self-government, and a month
later, the Revolutionary Government.
 Diff. departments were created for the division of duties of the
new government.
 In September, the Congress was convoked at Malolos and a
constitution prepared to guide the government in its prgress
toward republicanism.
 December 1898 – Treaty of Paris, the United States decided to
take over the Philippines

3. THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
 Aguinaldo decided to establish a Filipino government in the wake
of his military victories.
 He had a draft of a plan for the establishment of a revolutionary
government, prepared by Mariano Ponce.
 Consul Wildman – advised Aguinaldo to establish a dictatorial
government in which could lead to a republican government
similar to that of the united States.
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Aguinaldo’s 1st
adviser, who also
told him to form a dictatorial government.
 May 24 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing
the Dictatorial Government which nullified the orders issued
under the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic.

4. TREATMENT OF ENEMY
 May 29, 1898 – one of Aguinaldo’s 1st
acts as a dictator, urging
the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of Spanish
prisoners.
 Aguinaldo issued another order on June 1, providing that all
classes of crimes were to be tried by competent military
tribunals.

5. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
 June 5, 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside June 12 as
the day for proclamation of Philippine Independence.
 Julian Felipe – composer from Cavite, who showed the draft of
Composition entitled Marcha Filipina Magdalo which was later
changed to Marcha Nacional Filipana.
 June 12, 1898 – proclamation of the independence of the
Philippines at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit).
 Philippine National Flag – made in HongKong by Marcela
Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.
 Act of Declaration of Independence – prepared by Ambrosio
Riamzares Bautista, signed by 98 people, however was
promulgated on August 1.

6. APOLINARIO MABINI
 Adviser of Aguinaldo, his two titles were
“Dark Chamber of the President” (for those who envied him) and
“Brains of the Revolution”.

7. REORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Decree of June 18, 1898 – provided for the reorganization of local
government in those provinces already freed from Spanish
control.
 Poblacion – Town, electors were to elect town chief, headman
for each barrio, 3 delegates: for public & internal order, for
justice & civil registry, and for taxes & property.
 Popular Assembly – Town chief->President, Headman->V.Pres,
Delegate for justice and civil registry->Secretary
 Revolutionary Congress – proposes measures concerning the
preservation of internal order and external security of these
lands.

8. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
 Outlined in a supplementary decree of June 20, 1898.
 Town chief was automatically the judge of the town.

9. REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
 Came after 1 month of Dictatorial Government through decree
on June 23, 1898.
 4 Departments were created: 1) Dept. of Foreign Affairs, Navy
and Commerce, 2) Dept. of War and Public Works, 3) Dept. of
Police and Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene, and
4) Dept. of Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry.
 July 15, 1898 – 1st
Cabinet Appointments
*Baldomero Aguinaldo – war and public works
*Leandro Ibarra – interior *Mariano Trias – finance
 foreign affairs was first offered to Mariano Ponce but he
declined, so it was given to Mabini instead.
 September 28 – 6 departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior,
Welfare, Justice & Treasury.

10. MALOLOS CONGRESS
*Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos
September 4 - 50 delegates
September 10 - 60 delegates
Banda Pasig - played the National Anthem
Felipe Buencamino - wrote Aguinaldo's speech
Officers:
President: Pedro A. Paterno
Vice President: Benito Legarda
1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo

12. The most important achievements of the Malolos Congress:
1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine
independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20
million from banks for government expenses
3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and
other schools
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899

13. The Malolos Constitution
• Mabini envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the
President.
• But his idea was contradicted by Congress when it opposed to
draft a constitution. Congress advanced the opinion that a
modern constitution
• was imperative in order to secure the recognition of the
Philippine independence by foreign powers. Manibi, on the other
hand argued that a delicate task as the framing of the
constitution should be done in a peaceful and quiet mood
• Mabini added that Congress was convoked not to frame a
constitution, but to advise the President and to give him popular
support.

14. • although his arguments were unassailable he was defeated by
majority under the leadership of Paterno.
• Nevertheless, Mabini submitted his Constitutional Plane of the
Philippine Republic, but Congress, for the second time, overruled
him.
• A committee to draft the constitution was created, with Felipe G.
Calderon as its mort prominent member.
• the committee, under the influence of Calderon, also set aside,
but in a subtle manner, Paterno's constitutional plan
• With the advice of Cayettano Arellano, Calderon drew up his
plans for a constitution, deriving inspiration from the
constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil
and France

15. • In the session of October 8, Calderon presented the draft of his
constitution.
• Printed copies of it were made on October 21, and discussions began at
October 25,
• The most tumultuous discussions occurred when the provision making
Catholicism the religion of the State came up for consideration.
• After much heated debates on the subject, the Congress voted on it.
The result was a tie.
• The second voting resulted in the victory of the separation of the
Church and State.
• The partisans of the separation won by only one vote: that of Pablo
Tecson.
• The provision of the subject of the state religion was then amended to
read:
• Article 5. The State recognizes the freedom and equality of religions, as
well as the separation of the Church and State.

16. • A few other amendments were inserted in the draft constitution
before it was sent to Aguinaldo for approval. On January 21, 1899,
Aguinaldo promulgated what is now known as the Malolos
Constitution.
• The protracted discussions that characterized the Congress sessions
on the subject of whether or not Church and State should be united
showed:
• Filipinos as a people, though up in arms against Catholic Spain, were
not anti-Catholic but merely anti-clerical, and second,
• many of the delegates learned from the bitter lesson of the
Philippine history in voting against the union of Church and State
which, under Spain, was the fundamental basis of Spanish colonial
system.
• That decision became the cornerstone of Philippine democracy and
showed not only the nationalism and democratic orientation of
those who voted for the separation of Church and State, but also
their keen sense of history.

17. The Constitution
- The Malolos Constitution:
• important Filipino document ever produced by the people's
representatives.
• anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots
on American soil.
• created a Filipino State whose government was "popular,
representative and responsible"
• three distinct branches: the executive, the legislative and the
judicial.
• specifically provided for safeguards against abuses and individual
rights not only of the Filipinos, but also the aliens.

18. • The legislative powers were exercised by the Assembly of
Representatives composed of delegates elected according to law.
• To make the function of Congress constitutions
• sit as a law-making body when Congress was not in session
• The Assembly elected the President of the Republic.
• The Cabinet, composed of the Secretaries of
different departments of the government.
• administration of justice was vested in the Supreme Court
• inferior courts to be established according to law.
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was elected by the
Assembly with the concurrence of the President and the Cabinet.

19. The Malolos Constitution is unique for three reasons:
• because of the provisions making the Assembly or the legislative
branch superior to either the executive or the judicial branch
• because it provided for a Permanent Commission to sit as a
legislative body when the Assembly was not in session
• because it established a unicameral legislature
• Calderon feared the predominance of the ignorant military
elements which were solidly behind Aguinaldo
• Calderon made provision for the creation of a Permanent
Commission, composed of Assembly delegates, which would sit
as a legislative body when the Assembly was not in session.
• By this method, the executive could not usurp the powers that
could make him powerful enough to institute an "oligarchy of
ignoramuses."

20. The Philippine Republic
Owing to the objections of Mabini to some provisions of the
constitution, Aguinaldo did not immediately promulgate it. The
Congress leaders compromised with Mabini by agreeing to insert
amendments to satisfy the President's closest adviser. On January
21,1899,Aguinaldo finally promulgated the Constitution. Earlier
on January 2. he formulated his Cabinet as follows:
Apolinario Mabini - President of the Cabinet and Secretary of
Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of the Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of War
Mariano Trias - Secretary of finance
Gracio Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, including Public
Instruction, Public Works, Communications, Agriculture, Industry
and Commerence

21. Revolutionary Periodicals
The revolutionary Government founded its official organ El
Heraldo de la Revolucion, whose first number came out on
September 29, 1898. Its name was subsequently changed to
Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Oficial, and finally to Graceta de
Filipinas, whose last number came out on October 14,1899.These
newspaper published the official texts of the decrees of the
governmentand, of course, some news items and tagalong
poems, all nationalistic in content. Most famous of these
periodicals was La Independencia,edited and partly owned by
General Antonio Luna.Its first number came out on September 3,
1898.

22. Some Great Filipino writers in Spanish and their Pennames:
Cecilio Apostol(Catullo)
Jose Palma
Rafael Palma(Dapit Hapon)
Fernando Ma. Guerrero(Fulvio Gil)
Epifanio de Los Santos(G. Solon)
Jose G. Abreu (Kaibigan)
Mariano V. Del Rosario (Tito-Tato)
Salvador V. Del Rosario (Juan Tagalo)
Rosa Sevilla
Florentina Arellano

23. Other nationalistic newspaper were La Republica Filipina,
founded in Mandaluyong by Pedro A. Paterno, whose first
number came out on September 15,1898, La Libertad, which
came out in June 20, 1898 under the editorship of Clemente Jose
Zulueta; Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan (The People’s Friend), Malolos,
1898; Columnas Volantes(Fly Sheets), Lipa,Batangas,1899;La
Federacion, Kabatuan, Iloilo,1899; La Revolucion, Jaro,
Iloilo,1898; Patria, Jaro, Iloilo 1899;La Oportunidad, Tagbilaran,
Bohol,1899 and few others.

24. January 23,1899 - Phillipine Republic's Inauguration at Malolos
Aguinaldo took his oath of the officer after having been informed
that he had been proclaimed President of the Republic.The
Malolos Constitution was read article by article, and the army
took its oath of loyalty before the president. A review of troops
and procession followed.
Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish
prisoners of war who were not members of the Spanish regular
army and at the same time, granting the Spaniards and other
aliens the right to engage in business within the limits of the
Repubilc.

25. • in a country like the Philippines a bicameral legislature might only
need to delay in administrative efficiency.
• that there were not enough competent Filipinos to fill the seats
of a bicameral legislature.
• The Constitution as whole is a monument to the capacity of the
Filipinos to chart their own course along democratic lines.
• In a period of storm and stress, it symbolized the ideals of people
who had emerged from the Dark Ages into the light of Reason.

26. Education
The educational problem merited the attention of the Filipino
leaders. Owing to the destruction of many schools and to the peace
and order condition, all the schools were closed for the time being.
The Revolutionary Government took steps to open classes as soon
as circumstances permitted. On August 29, 1898, the Secretary of
the Interior ordered the provincial governors to re-establish the
schools that had been abandoned before. To continue giving
instruction to the people, Aguinaldo included in the budget for 1899
an item for public instruction amounting to P35,000. On October 24,
a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos Institute.
Higher education was provided for when, in a decree of October 19,
1898, Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines.
The first appointed president of the University was Dr. Joaquin
Gonzalez. He was succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who
delivered the commencement address on September 29, 1899. The
University did not live long, for the conflict with the Americans led
its faculty and students to disperse.

27. Diplomatic Activities
In order to persuade the foreign Powers to recognize Philippine
independence, Aguinaldo created diplomatic positions abroad.
The first step taken was the promulgation of decrees creating
committees abroad for the purpose of carrying on propaganda
activities for the Revolutionary Government. On June 24 and
August 10, 1898, Aguinaldo issued two decrees providing for the
establishment of the Hong Kong Junta whose members were to
represent the Philippines in different countries.
• Subsequently, the diplomatic agents were appointed:

28. Felipe Agoncillo for the
United States…
Mariano Ponce & Faustino Lichauco for
Antonio Regidor for

29. Juan Luna and for
Pedro Roxas
And Eriberto Zarcal for Australia.

30. • In France, the Paris Committee was established by the prominent
Filipino residents of the city, and in Spain, the Madrid Committee,
namely, to work for the recognition of Philippine independence
by the foreign Powers.
• Agoncillo, accompanied by his secretary Sixto Lopez, went to the
United States to work for American recognition of Philippine
independence, but his attempts to secure an official audience
with President McKinley failed. He sailed to Europe to appeal to
the American Peace Commissions to give the Filipinos a chance to
be heard on a question that deeply affected their future, but in
this too, he failed. He returned to Washington to fight the
ratification of the Treaty of Paris by Senate, but the Filipino –
American hostilities forced him to flee for his life. He returned to
Paris and there continued his patriotic, if futile, activities.

31. TREATY OF PARIS
 Protocol of Peace(August 12, 1898) - Signed by 5 American
commissioners and 5 Spanish commissioners were
appointed to meet in Paris.
 The American Commissioners ( Cushman Davis, William P.
Frye, Whitelaw Reid, George Gray, and William R. Day.)
 The Spanish Commissioners (Chairman Eugenio Montero
Rios, Bueneventura Abarzuza, Jose de Garnica, Wenceslao
Ramirez de Villa Urrutia, General Rafael Cerero)

32. The Peace Commission (October - December 1898)
 Discussed about the legal points but both sides refused to give in.
The American commissioners served an ultimatum on the
Spanish commissioners who believed that the Americans should
be gracious and gallant in their hour of victory.
 Having being instructed, the American commissioners demanded
the cession of the entire Philippines to the United States, were
not in a mood to humor their Spanish counterparts and insisted
on their main demand. Helpless, The Spanish Commissioners
finally agreed.

33.  The Treaty of Paris was Signed on December 10, 1898.
 It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to the United
States in return for 20,000,000 USD from United States for the
improvements made in the colony. Which, the United States,
agreed to give the Spaniards the right to commodites to the
Philippines for 10 years on the same terms as those of the United
States.

35. Ratification of the Treaty
 The Treaty of Paris did not go into effect until after the American
Senate has ratified it.
 The proponents of of ratification did not command a majority in
the Senate. They believe that the treaty was unfair to the
Filipinos.
 February 4, 1899 - The unfortunate rupture of Filipino-American
hostilities led many opponents of ratification to vote
affirmatively.
 February 6, 1899 - The treaty was ratified by 2/3 majority.

36. American Propaganda
 After the ratification, the American propaganda made it appear
that the Filipinos fired the first shots that led to the Filipino-
American Hostilities.
 Consequently, the American senators voted for the belief that
the Filipinos caused the Rupture of Filipino-American relations.
 It directed mainly by the instruments of imperialists, won and
thereafter the Philippines became a territory of the United
States

37. Cushman Davis
George Gray
William Day
William Frye