The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS IN ORTHODONTICSJasmine Arneja
precise knowledge of management of medically compromised patients in any dental practice is a must, to avoid any unforeseen complication. this presentation deals with the commonly encountered medical situations and their management.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses genetics in orthodontics. It begins by defining genetics and key figures in the field. It then explains how genetics influences growth, development, and malocclusions. The molecular basis of inheritance is described including DNA, genes, and genetic disorders. Different modes of genetic transmission are covered. Finally, specific malocclusions like Class II and Class III are discussed and twin/pedigree studies are summarized that show the genetic influences for different traits.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS IN ORTHODONTICSJasmine Arneja
precise knowledge of management of medically compromised patients in any dental practice is a must, to avoid any unforeseen complication. this presentation deals with the commonly encountered medical situations and their management.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses genetics in orthodontics. It begins by defining genetics and key figures in the field. It then explains how genetics influences growth, development, and malocclusions. The molecular basis of inheritance is described including DNA, genes, and genetic disorders. Different modes of genetic transmission are covered. Finally, specific malocclusions like Class II and Class III are discussed and twin/pedigree studies are summarized that show the genetic influences for different traits.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
Influence of Drugs on Orthodontic Tooth MovementMahmoud Shaheen
This document summarizes the effects of various medications on orthodontic tooth movement. It discusses how analgesics like NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and can slow tooth movement. Corticosteroids increase bone resorption and can accelerate movement. Bisphosphonates, fluorides, estrogens, and androgens inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, potentially delaying movement. Thyroid hormones and vitamin D may increase tooth movement by stimulating osteoclasts. Anti-convulsants can induce gingival issues complicating treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for orthodontists to be aware of how medications can influence treatment outcomes and discuss potential complications with patients.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional appliances are either active or passive devices that harness the natural forces of muscles in the mouth and face to guide growth of the jaws and teeth. They work based on Moss's functional matrix theory, which proposes that muscles and other soft tissues influence bone growth. Common functional appliances include the activator, bionator, frankel appliance, and twin block. They can modify jaw growth, alter tooth positions, and improve muscle tone. Functional appliance therapy is most effective when started before puberty to influence jaw growth.
The document summarizes the functional matrix theory of bone growth proposed by Melvin Moss. The theory states that bone growth occurs as a response to functional needs mediated by soft tissues, rather than bones growing independently. Growth involves periosteal matrices altering bone size in response to soft tissue demands, and capsular matrices passively translating bones during expansion. Experiments on rats supported the theory by showing bones altered in size and shape following muscle resection. Clinical implications include functional appliances altering bone growth by changing soft tissue pressures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of mixed dentition and orthodontic appliances used during this period. Mixed dentition refers to the stage when primary teeth are being replaced by permanent teeth, between ages 6-13 years. Common orthodontic problems in mixed dentition include increased overjet and open bite. Functional appliances discussed include oral screens, lip bumpers, activators, and Frankel's regulator. Other appliances mentioned are space maintainers, tongue blades for crossbite correction, and space regainers. The document outlines the principles, advantages, limitations and indications for different appliances used in intercepting and correcting malocclusions during mixed dentition.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document presents an overview of the activator appliance. It defines the activator, discusses its history and evolution. It outlines the indications and contraindications for activator use. The advantages and disadvantages are described. The components, mode of action, and modifications of different types of activators are explained. Case reports and references are also listed at the end. The document provides a comprehensive review of the activator appliance.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document discusses the genetics of various oral and craniofacial conditions. It begins by covering basic genetics terminology and principles. It then discusses the molecular genetics underlying embryonic development of the face, dental development, malocclusions, external apical root resorption, and cleft lip and palate. Recent advances discussed include genetic testing, gene therapy, and pharmacogenomics in relation to orthodontics.
Effects of drugs on orthodontic treatmentumairshoukat5
Dr. Umair Shoukat Ali presented on orthodontic tooth movement and factors that affect it. Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological response to forces applied to the teeth. Continuous light forces produce the most desirable tooth movement with minimal harm. Heavier forces can result in necrosis and delayed movement. Tooth movement is regulated by chemicals like prostaglandins and leukotrienes that influence bone remodeling. Many drugs can also impact orthodontic treatment by altering these chemical pathways and affecting the rate of bone turnover. NSAIDs decrease tooth movement while corticosteroids increase it. Systemic factors like hormones and vitamins also influence the speed of orthodontic tooth movement. Close coordination with physicians is important when patients are
This document discusses the buccinator mechanism and its role in maintaining dental arch form and tooth position. It describes the buccinator muscle, its origin, insertion, and actions of drawing the corners of the mouth laterally and flattening the cheeks. The buccinator mechanism encircles the face along with other muscles. It balances pressure from the tongue to help stabilize tooth position. Malocclusions can result from abnormalities in buccinator or other facial muscle function. Myofunctional appliances used in orthodontics rely on muscle activity like that of the buccinator to help correct tooth alignment issues.
Systemic and congenital factors that influence the process of eruption teethAmin Abusallamah
This document discusses several systemic and congenital factors that can influence tooth eruption:
1. Down syndrome is associated with delayed eruption of primary teeth, with on average 6 teeth delayed in boys and 11 in girls.
2. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare syndrome where development of the dentition is delayed, with complete primary dentition not emerging until age 15 due to delayed resorption and eruption of permanent teeth.
3. Hypothyroidism, achondroplastic dwarfism, and hypopituitarism can all cause delayed eruption of the teeth alongside smaller jaws and crowding. In severe hypopituitarism, primary teeth may be
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional appliances are either active or passive devices that harness the natural forces of muscles in the mouth and face to guide growth of the jaws and teeth. They work based on Moss's functional matrix theory, which proposes that muscles and other soft tissues influence bone growth. Common functional appliances include the activator, bionator, frankel appliance, and twin block. They can modify jaw growth, alter tooth positions, and improve muscle tone. Functional appliance therapy is most effective when started before puberty to influence jaw growth.
The document summarizes the functional matrix theory of bone growth proposed by Melvin Moss. The theory states that bone growth occurs as a response to functional needs mediated by soft tissues, rather than bones growing independently. Growth involves periosteal matrices altering bone size in response to soft tissue demands, and capsular matrices passively translating bones during expansion. Experiments on rats supported the theory by showing bones altered in size and shape following muscle resection. Clinical implications include functional appliances altering bone growth by changing soft tissue pressures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of mixed dentition and orthodontic appliances used during this period. Mixed dentition refers to the stage when primary teeth are being replaced by permanent teeth, between ages 6-13 years. Common orthodontic problems in mixed dentition include increased overjet and open bite. Functional appliances discussed include oral screens, lip bumpers, activators, and Frankel's regulator. Other appliances mentioned are space maintainers, tongue blades for crossbite correction, and space regainers. The document outlines the principles, advantages, limitations and indications for different appliances used in intercepting and correcting malocclusions during mixed dentition.
This document discusses the role of genetics in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to genetics and molecular biology concepts like DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It then discusses several important figures in the history of genetics research. The document outlines several dentofacial disturbances that have a genetic influence, like cleft lip and palate. It also discusses Butler's field theory and methods used to study the role of genes, such as twin studies and polymerase chain reaction. The conclusion reflects on how genetics research has enhanced understanding of the dentofacial complex and hopes that future innovations can help answer remaining questions.
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document presents an overview of the activator appliance. It defines the activator, discusses its history and evolution. It outlines the indications and contraindications for activator use. The advantages and disadvantages are described. The components, mode of action, and modifications of different types of activators are explained. Case reports and references are also listed at the end. The document provides a comprehensive review of the activator appliance.
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document discusses the genetics of various oral and craniofacial conditions. It begins by covering basic genetics terminology and principles. It then discusses the molecular genetics underlying embryonic development of the face, dental development, malocclusions, external apical root resorption, and cleft lip and palate. Recent advances discussed include genetic testing, gene therapy, and pharmacogenomics in relation to orthodontics.
Effects of drugs on orthodontic treatmentumairshoukat5
Dr. Umair Shoukat Ali presented on orthodontic tooth movement and factors that affect it. Orthodontic tooth movement is a biological response to forces applied to the teeth. Continuous light forces produce the most desirable tooth movement with minimal harm. Heavier forces can result in necrosis and delayed movement. Tooth movement is regulated by chemicals like prostaglandins and leukotrienes that influence bone remodeling. Many drugs can also impact orthodontic treatment by altering these chemical pathways and affecting the rate of bone turnover. NSAIDs decrease tooth movement while corticosteroids increase it. Systemic factors like hormones and vitamins also influence the speed of orthodontic tooth movement. Close coordination with physicians is important when patients are
This document discusses the buccinator mechanism and its role in maintaining dental arch form and tooth position. It describes the buccinator muscle, its origin, insertion, and actions of drawing the corners of the mouth laterally and flattening the cheeks. The buccinator mechanism encircles the face along with other muscles. It balances pressure from the tongue to help stabilize tooth position. Malocclusions can result from abnormalities in buccinator or other facial muscle function. Myofunctional appliances used in orthodontics rely on muscle activity like that of the buccinator to help correct tooth alignment issues.
Systemic and congenital factors that influence the process of eruption teethAmin Abusallamah
This document discusses several systemic and congenital factors that can influence tooth eruption:
1. Down syndrome is associated with delayed eruption of primary teeth, with on average 6 teeth delayed in boys and 11 in girls.
2. Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare syndrome where development of the dentition is delayed, with complete primary dentition not emerging until age 15 due to delayed resorption and eruption of permanent teeth.
3. Hypothyroidism, achondroplastic dwarfism, and hypopituitarism can all cause delayed eruption of the teeth alongside smaller jaws and crowding. In severe hypopituitarism, primary teeth may be
This document discusses the etiology and classification of malocclusion. It begins with an introduction to malocclusion and normal occlusion. It then reviews several classifications of the etiology of malocclusion proposed by researchers, including Moyer's, White and Gardiner's, Proffit's, and Graber's classifications. Graber's classification divides etiologies into general factors, such as heredity, congenital defects, environment, and local factors like anomalies in tooth number or shape. The document provides examples to illustrate different etiologies, such as cleft lip and palate and how conditions like fetal pressure or thalidomide exposure can lead to malocclusion.
Oral Habits in Children. Part 1: Thumb sucking and Mouth BreathingRajesh Bariker
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit”
The seminar is tailor made for students with an intent to help understand the subject, hope this makes up my little contribution in simplifying the topic.
The document discusses the etiology of malocclusion, including general causes like evolution, congenital malformations, endocrine disturbances, and nutritional deficiencies. It also covers local causes such as congenitally missing or supernumerary teeth, teeth of abnormal size/form, abnormal eruption path, abnormal labial frenum, and abnormal pressure habits including thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, nail biting, abnormal swallowing, and mouth breathing.
Effect of various nutritional deficiences on growth and development /certifie...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Local factors that can influence tooth eruption include infection, supernumerary teeth, gingival fibromatosis, and ankylosed teeth. Ankylosed teeth become fused to the bone, preventing normal eruption. Diagnosis involves tapping teeth and examining radiographs. Problems associated with ankylosed primary teeth include prevented exfoliation and delayed eruption of permanent teeth. Management may involve surgical removal, space maintenance, or watchful waiting depending on the situation. Ankylosed permanent teeth can also impact eruption and require techniques like luxation or surgery to encourage proper positioning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides guidance on hard tissue charting for dental hygienists. It discusses documenting assessments, updating charts at maintenance appointments, and following a routine sequence. It also outlines charting various dental conditions and anomalies using specific colors and symbols. Common anomalies include supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, enamel hypoplasia, and taurodontism. Black's classification is presented for charting restorations.
This document discusses various methods for diagnosing dental caries, including visual-tactile examination, radiography, and other tools. Visual-tactile examination involves inspecting teeth for signs of decay such as white spots, discoloration, or cavitations using magnification devices if needed. Radiography provides valuable information about proximal caries not visible during clinical exams, though lesions must reach a certain stage of demineralization before appearing radiographically. Other assessment methods mentioned include caries-detecting dyes, fiberoptic transillumination, and digital imaging techniques like subtraction radiography and computerized image analysis.
hereditary factors etiology of malocclusionParag Deshmukh
This document discusses various classifications of malocclusion causes and the role of heredity in malocclusion. It provides an overview of White and Gardiner's, Moyer's, Graber's, Houston's and Proffit's classifications of etiological factors. Genetic factors that can influence malocclusion include tooth size and shape, jaw size and relationship, facial type, growth patterns, neuromuscular functioning and specific traits like overbite. Studies using twins help determine the hereditary component. While genetics play a role, environmental influences can also modify the hereditary pattern.
This document provides information on endocrine disorders complicating pregnancy, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It discusses the pathophysiology of GDM, risk factors, screening and diagnostic criteria, management including medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and insulin therapy if needed. Potential maternal and fetal complications of GDM are also outlined. The document emphasizes maintaining appropriate glycemic control during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum to minimize risks. Screening for and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy are also briefly covered.
Habits and its management,thumb sucking /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses endocrine disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including thyroid disorders, parathyroid disorders, adrenal disorders, and pituitary disorders. Some key points discussed include:
- Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorders in pregnancy, with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism posing risks to maternal and fetal health if not properly treated.
- Gestational diabetes is the most common endocrinopathy in pregnancy overall.
- Parathyroid, adrenal, and pituitary disorders are less frequently encountered but can impact the mother and fetus if not managed appropriately.
- Physiologic changes during pregnancy can also impact the endocrine system and complicate diagnosis and treatment of disorders.
- Close
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and Development of Craniofacial ComplexIAU Dent
The document discusses craniofacial growth and development. It describes how the maxilla and mandible grow, including through apposition of bone at sutures for the maxilla and condylar growth and surface remodeling for the mandible. It also discusses assessing growth through hand-wrist radiographs and cephalograms, and the importance of understanding growth for orthodontic treatment planning. Key topics covered include intramembranous vs. endochondrial bone formation, sites of skull growth, growth of the upper face and mandible, and how growth is evaluated.
Minerals and vitamins play an important role in pregnancy outcomes. Deficiencies in iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamins A, B-complex, folate, B12, C, D and E can negatively impact fetal growth and development. The document reviewed studies on the effects of supplementing with individual minerals and vitamins as well as multiple micronutrients during pregnancy. While certain supplements like folic acid and iron were found to improve outcomes, the roles of other vitamins are still unclear and some like vitamin E may increase health risks when supplemented.
Developmental disturbances _in_teeth by dr aatish pawar MDS{oral pathology}Rohit Nandurkar
The document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth, including disturbances in size, shape, number, structure, and growth. Regarding size, it describes microdontia (small teeth) and macrodontia (large teeth). Shape disturbances covered include gemination (attempted division of a tooth germ), fusion (union of two tooth germs), concrescence (fusion by cementum after root formation), and dilaceration (sharp bend in a tooth). Other shape anomalies discussed are talon cusp, dens in dente, and dens evaginatus. The document also briefly outlines number, structure, and growth disturbances.
Etiology of malocclusion/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Extrinsic intrinsic factors /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Etiology of malocclusion 1/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the etiology of malocclusion. It begins by defining etiology and malocclusion. Genetics and hereditary factors play an important role in malocclusion, with traits being passed down in autosomal dominant or recessive manners. Environmental factors like habits, trauma, diseases and nutrition can also influence malocclusion development. The document reviews several classification systems for categorizing etiological factors, including those proposed by White and Gardiner, Salzmann, Moyer and Graber. General factors discussed include heredity, congenital defects, environment, metabolism, habits, while local factors include tooth anomalies, eruption issues and dental caries.
Etiological basis of malocclusion theories /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the etiology and classifications of malocclusions. It begins by introducing Graber's classification of etiology, which divides factors into general and local. General factors include hereditary influences on neuromuscular, skeletal, soft tissue and dental structures. Local factors relate to anomalies in tooth number, size, shape, frenums, eruption patterns and loss of primary teeth. The document then examines various classifications in detail, outlining prenatal, postnatal, functional and environmental/acquired etiologies. Specific hereditary, congenital, nutritional and traumatic influences are explored.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical consideration in tooth development, eruption and sheddingShashibhal Maurya
This document discusses various clinical considerations related to tooth development, eruption, and shedding. It begins with an introduction on tooth composition and classifications of developmental defects. It then examines specific defects that can occur during different stages of tooth development, such as anodontia, supernumerary teeth, gemination and fusion during the initiation stage. Enamel hypoplasia, dens invaginatus, taurodontism and amelogenesis imperfecta are among the defects discussed during the apposition stage. Syndromes associated with certain defects and systemic diseases that can cause tooth abnormalities are also reviewed.
Etiology of malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Syndromes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Etiology of Malocclusion_ Genral Factors Dr.Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
The document discusses the aetiology (causes) of malocclusion. It states that malocclusion is usually caused by distortions in normal development rather than pathology. It can result from complex interactions between multiple factors that influence growth and development. These factors include abnormalities in skeletal relationships, soft tissue factors like muscles and lips, and disproportion between tooth size and arch length. The document provides examples of each type of factor and how they can contribute to malocclusion.
Etiology of malocclusion local factors /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
etiology of malocclusion for general practitioners.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Etiology of Malocclusion
For general practitioners
Prepared by
Dr. M Alruby
Etiology in orthodontics is the study of actual causes of dento – facial abnormalities.
Malocclusion is the condition where there is a deviation from the usual or accepted relationship, dental malocclusion exists when the individual teeth within one or both jaws are abnormally related to each other, this condition may be limited to a couple of teeth or involving the majority of teeth present.
Development of normal dentition and occlusion depends on a number of interrelated factors that include the dento alveolar, skeletal and the neuromuscular factors. Thus localization of the possible etiology may be a very difficult task.
A- Extrinsic factors:
1- Evolution:
With evolution, the jaws become smaller, reduction in the number and size of teeth and diminution of jaw projection together with increased in vertical height of the face and there is retrognathic tendency in man as he ascends the evolutionary scale.
2- Heredity:
Transmission of dento facial characteristic through generation by genes. The child is a product of parents who have dissimilar genetic material. Thus the child may inherit conflicting traits from both the parents resulting in abnormalities of the dentofacial region. Another reason attributed for genetically determined malocclusion is the racial, ethnic and regional intermixer, which might have led to uncoordinated inheritance of teeth and jaws.
There are three types of transmission of malocclusion from the stand point of genetics:
1- Repetitive: the recurrence of single dentofacial deviation within the immediate family.
2- Discontinuous: a tendency for a malocclusion trait to reappear within the family over several generations.
3- Variable: the occurrence of different but related types of malocclusion within several generation of the same family.
Dental defect of genetic origin include the following:
= Crowding and spacing of teeth.
= Size and characteristic of soft tissue including muscles and frenum.
= Macrognathia and micrognathia.
= Macrodontia and microdontia.
= Oligodontia.
= Tooth shape variations.
= Median diastemas.
= upper face height, nose height, and bigonial width.
= Bimaxillary protrusion.
4- Congenital:
Those are deformities of hereditary or non-hereditary origin but exciting at birth.
The congenital abnormalities that cause malocclusion:
= Cleft lip and palate:
lack of fusion between the two palatal processes to each other. From one third to one half of all cleft palate children have familial history of this deformity.
As with the non-cleft child, palatal, pharyngeal and perioral musculature is well developed at birth to meet the demand of suckling, deglutition and mastication. While the complete unilateral or complete bilateral cleft break the continuity of the upper lip and disturbs the functional pattern and significantly reduce the restraining effect of the buccinators mechanism that pro
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The document defines fibro-osseous lesions and Waldron's classification system. It describes fibrous dysplasia as a benign fibro-osseous condition involving bone replacement by fibrous tissue. Fibrous dysplasia can present as monostotic (single bone) or polyostotic (multiple bones) forms. The polyostotic form is associated with skin pigmentation and endocrine abnormalities in Albright's syndrome and McCune-Albright syndrome.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Primary etiologic sites:
1- Neuromuscular system:
The muscle group that serve most frequently as primary etiologic sites are:
== muscles of mastication
== muscles of facial expression
== tongue
The neuromuscular system plays its primary role in the etiology of dentofacial deformity by the effect of abnormal contraction of bony skeleton and the dentition. Both bones and teeth are affected by the many functional activities of orofacial region
2- Bone:
Since the bone pf maxilla and mandible serve as bases of dental arches, changes in dental arches growth may alter the occlusal and functional relationship.
3- Teeth;
The teeth may be primary sites in the etiology of dentofacial deformity in many ways
Gross variation in size and shape are encountered frequently and always are of concern
Decrease or increase in the regular number of teeth will give rise malocclusion
Etiologic factors:
A- Extrinsic factors:
1- Evolution:
With evolution, the jaws become smaller, reduction in number and size of teeth and diminution of jaw projections together with increased in vertical height of the face and there is a retrognathic tendency in mans as he ascends the evolutionary scale
2- Heredity:
Transmission of dentofacial characteristics through generations by genes. Most authors between 1900-- 1920 did not completely determine the role of inheritance in determination of the form, size and proportion of dentofacial skeleton, but they stress their work upon the effect of the environmental factors, and at this time they were hardly belief that the effect of local lack of function is more important.
Bennet statement: the size, form and density of bones such as maxilla and mandible varies according to the extent to which these structure are used during period of growth – (function stimulate growth)
Walk Joff statement: the form and degree of development of maxilla and mandible depends upon the magnitude of functional stimuli of muscles acting upon these structures.
Baker: his study was performed on animals by unilateral amputation of muscles of mastication, he found lack of growth on the affected side.
Brash: studied the facial form and the dental development in twins on genetic bases, he also emphasized the genetic facial pattern of some royal families in Europe where they had been inter-marriage, his studies gave the best evidence to support the role of inheritance
Axel Lundstorm:1925 showed that, the form and size of dental bases and the teeth are genetically determined, when the size of the teeth and their basal arches are not correlated, problems of crowding or spacing will be arising.
Broadbent and Hofrath 1931: developed standardized cephalometric x-ray technique which permit serial longitudinal studies of facial growth, by this studies the concept of inheritance growth pattern arises
There are three types of transmission of malocclusion from the standpoint of genetics:
a- Repetitive: the recurrence of single dentofacial deviation within the immediate famil
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses impacted wisdom teeth and their management. It begins by defining impacted teeth and describing the various classifications of impaction. Mesioangular impaction of the mandibular third molar is the most common type. Complications of impacted teeth include pericoronitis, cyst formation, root resorption of adjacent teeth, and pathological fractures. Extraction is usually recommended when a tooth is partially erupted or fully covered by bone or soft tissue. While prophylactic extraction remains controversial, evidence suggests extracting impacted teeth with signs of pathology or repeat episodes of pericoronitis. Careful examination is needed to evaluate risks and benefits of extraction versus retention.
Similar to Malocclusion general factors /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
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Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
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2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental
education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
Malocclusion may be defined as
a significant deviation from what is defined as
normal or ideal occlusion (Andrews,1972) *.
The term ‘normal occlusion' is arbitrary,
but is generally accepted to be class I molar
relationship with good alignment of all teeth *.
*(The heritability of malocclusion:part 2. P.A. Mossey, British journal of orthodontics/vol.
26/1999)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Heredity
Genetically homogenous population tend to
have normal occlusion as the Melanesians
of the Philippine islands, in whom the
malocclusion is almost non-existent.
In heterogenous population , the incidence
of jaw discrepancies and occlusal
disharmonies is significantly greater.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Role of homeobox genes
These genes are known to play a role in patterning the embryonic
development.
These are master genes of head and face controlling
patterning , induction, programmed cell death and epithelial
mesenchymal interactions.
Important genes in craniofacial development include Hox
group, Msx1 & Msx2, Dlx, Otx, Gsc and Shh.
Two major groups of regulatory proteins including
mesenchymal growth factors, BMPs and steroids/ thyroid/
retinoid group are the vehicles through which Hox genes
information is expressed.
(The heritability of malocclusion:part1; P.A. MOSSEY, British
Journal of orthodontics/vol.26/1999/103-113)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Horowitz etal.(1960) studied fraternal and identical adult twin pairs
using only linear cephalometric measurements, and he demonstrated
highly significant hereditary variations in the anterior cranial base,
mandibular body length, lower face height, and total face height..
( P.A. Mossey, British journal of orthodontics, vol. 26/1999/195-203).
Primary sites affected by genetically
transferred dentofacial deformities
–
–
–
–
Neuromuscular system
Dentition
Bone & Cartilage
Soft Tissues (except muscles)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Neuromuscular system
Consist anomalies in
– size, position, tonicity, contractility and
neuromuscular coordination pattern of
facial, oral & tongue musculature
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Lip deformities
The lower lip plays more
important role than the
upper lip in function
movements and in
governing the position of
lower incisors in normal
function during swallowing,
speech & smiling.
The inherited pattern of lips
can result in malocclusion.
Abnormalities in lip form
and lip line can cause
malocclusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Tongue deformities
Tongue Size : Macroglossia
Microglossia
Tongues Positions
In case of
incompetent lips, tongue
protrudes between the teeth to
touch the lower lips. This
allows nasal breathing n
prevents full vertical
development of incisors
leading to open bite.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Dentition
Heredity is the main cause of abnormality in dentition.Twin studies
have shown that tooth crown dimensions are strongly determined
by heredity (Osborne etal, 1958)*.
The molecular genetics of tooth morphogenesis with the
homeostatic Hox 7 and Hox 8 (now referred to as MSX1 and
MSX2) genes being responsible for stability in dental patterning is
confirmation of Butler’s field theory (1963)*.
(The heritability of malocclusion:part 2;P.A. Mossey, British Journal of Orthodontics/vol.26/
1999/195-203)
Abnormalities
–
–
–
–
Size, shape, number of teeth
Mineralization of teeth
Path of eruption in primary position of tooth germ
Sequence of eruption www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Number
Hypodontia
MSX1 & PAX9 genes are found
to be involved in some families
with non-syndromic autosomal
dominant hypodontia .
1
Hyperodontia
Supernumary teeth,most frequently
seen in premaxillary region with male
sex predilection, are also genetically
determined
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2
22. Mineralisation
Inherited defects differ from exogenic
induced disturbances
– present in both deciduous & permanent
teeth
– localized in either enamel or dentin
– arranged irregularly or as vertical ridges
& grooves
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23. Bones & Cartilage
Bone morphology or growth alter occlusal relation &
functioning
Factors
–
–
–
–
Bone size
Shape of jaw bases
Bone location
Number of bones present
Inherited skeletal malocclusions
–
–
–
–
–
Class II, division 2
Mandibular Prognathism
Bimaxillay protrusion
Skeletal open bites
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mandibular retrognathism
24.
…rotational growth of mandible resulted from the condylar
growth pattern and this would be under genetic control..*
…forwardly rotated mandible is largely responsible for
strong chin, hypodivergent angular relationship of mandible
with cranial base and deep, restrictive over bite.*
…atleast three hard-tissue anatomic features with
generally accepted hereditary bases: small tooth size,
abundant mandibular basal growth, strong chin.*
Inheritance of a complex occlusal variation in Angle’s class
II division 2 malocclussion may actually be polygenic and
additive in nature , through combined expression of
genetically determined anatomical components, rather than
being the effect of a single controlling gene for the entire
occlusal malformation.*
*(classII division 2 malocclusion: A heritable pattern of small teeth in welldeveloped jaws. Sheldon peck, Angle 0rthodontist vol.1;9-20;1998)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Bone Location
Prognathism
– Mandibular prognathism and class
II division 2 are attributed to
dominant inheritance.
– Best known example of familial
mandibular prognathism is referred
to as the Hapsburg jaw.
Retrognathism
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29.
Achondroplasia
Autosomal dominant characterstics.
Failure of synchondrosis leads to
underdevelopment of midface because the upper
jaw is not translated forward by normal lengthening
of the cranial base.
This results in Class III malocclusion.
Pierre Robins syndrome
Triad of features are:
Glossoptosis
Cleft palate
Micrognathia
This results in Class II malocclusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30.
Craniofacial dysostosis
Transmitted as autosomal dominant trait.
Premature craniosynostosis with or without
syndactyly.
Hypoplasia of maxilla with mandibular
prognathism and a high arched palate,
parrot’s beak nose
Treacher Collins syndrome
Hypoplasia of facial bones
Macrostomia, high palate, abnormal position of
teeth
Bird like or fish like facies.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31.
Down syndrome
Features include:
- Macroglossia, fissured tongue, or pebbly
tongue.
- High arched palate.
- Enamel hypoplasia, microdontia.
- Severe periodontitis
Gardner’s syndrome
- Multiple impacted supernumerary teeth
- Multiple Polyposis of large intestine
- Osteoma of bones
- Multiple Epidermoid cysts
- Desmoid tumors
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32.
Marfan syndrome
–
–
–
–
Autosomal dominant trait
Defective organization of collagen.
Long and narrow face
Hyperextensibility of joints
High arched palatal vault
Multiple odontogenic cysts
Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia
X-linked recessive
– Hypohidrosis
– Hypotrichosis
– Hypodontia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Cleidocranial dysostosis
Unilateral or bilateral , partial or
complete absence of clavicle.
Delayed closure of cranial suture,
maxillary retrusion, Mandibular
protrusion , retarded eruption of
permanent teeth, retained deciduous
teeth & supernumary teeth.
Mutations have been found in core
binding factor 1 gene(CBFA1).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Congenital Deformities
Caused by developmental damage
during fetal period (Moss 1967, Enlow 1982)
–
–
–
–
Cleft lip & Palate
Cerebral palsy
Torticollis
Congenital syphilis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Cleft lip & Palate
Most frequent congenital
deformity
Incidence 1:700 live births
Can be caused by the use of
teratogens like , aspirin, dilantin,
6-mercaptopurine, valium and
cigarette smoke.
In Unilateral cleft, teeth on the
affected site are in lingual cross
bite
Teeth are frequently crowded in
cleft
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Cerebral palsy
Paralysis or lack of muscular
coordination attributed to intracranial
lesion
Commonly result of birth injury
Lack of motor control causes
abnormal function in mastication
,deglutition ,respiration & speech.
Thus affects normal occlusion .
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39. Torticollis or Wry neck
Malocclusion &
alteration in
morphology of
cranium & face is
caused due to
foreshortening of
sternomastoid muscle.
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41. Environment
Phenotypes are products of genotypes
and the ultimate product is blend of
inheritance potential as it has been
modified by a dynamic environment.
Prenatal influence
Postnatal influence
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42. Prenatal influence
Uterine posture , fibroids of mother ,
amniotic lesions
German measles , maternal diet ,
metabolism , drug like thalidomide
induced deformities
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43.
‘ Vogelgesicht’ ,
inhibited growth of
mandible due to
ankylosis of TMJ
Intrauterine pressure
or trauma cause
hypoplasia of
mandible
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44. Postnatal influence
Forceps delivery can injure
the TMJ
Disabling accidents
produces malocclusion
Milwaukee braces wear
produces malocclusion
– Maxillary incisors are tipped
labially
– Mandibular incisors fit into
deep palatal grooves
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45. Predisposing metabolic
climate & disease
Exanthematous fever
disturbs developmental
time table and often
leave permanent
marks on surfaces of
teeth.
Endocrine disorders
Infectious diseases
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46. Endocrine disorders
Prenatally , manifest as hypoplasia of
teeth.
Postnatally , retard or hasten , but do
not disrupt the direction of facial
growth. May affect the rate of
ossification of bone , eruption of teeth
& resorption of primary teeth.
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47. Hyperpituitarism
Hypopituitarism
Accelerated development of mandible
Accelerated development & eruption
Enlarged tongue and facial structure
Hypercementosis
Retarded growth
Decreased linear facial measurement
Decreased cranial base measurement
Open bite
Delayed tooth eruption
Incomplete root formation
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48. Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Heat intolerance
Accelerated skeletal growth
Increased vertical face height
Open bite
Mild prognathism
Growth retardation
Decreased vertical growth of face
Decreased cranial base length
Anterior open bite
Delayed eruption
Maxillary protrusion
Spacing between teeth
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50. Infectious diseases
Nasopharyngeal diseases & impeded nasal
breathing.
Enlarged adenoids causes
–
–
–
–
–
Increased anterior facial height
narrow and high palate
Retroclined incisors
Increased lower facial height
Open bite & cross bite
Gingival and periodontal diseases
– Causes loss of teeth
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– Ankylosis of teeth
51. Nutritional deficiency
Malocclusion caused by
disturbed developmental time
table in :
- Rickets – Vit. D deficiency
- Scurvy – Vit. C deficiency
- Beri beri – Vit. B1 deficiency
Malocclusion is caused due
to
– Premature loss of teeth
– Prolonged retention
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– Poor tissue health
1
2
52. Protein deficiency
Delayed eruption
Decreased radicular
osteocementum
Vitamin A deficiency Calcification of
teeth is affected
Retarded eruption
General growth is slow
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53. Vitamin C deficiency
Disturbed collagen
formation
Bleeding gums
Loosening of teeth
Atrophy and
disorganisation of odontoblasts
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypophosphatemia
Disturbed calcification
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54. Abnormal pressure
habits
Habits are learned patterns of
muscle contraction.
–
–
–
–
Thumb & digit sucking
Tongue thrusting
Lip biting & sucking
Nail biting
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55. Thumb and digit sucking
Habit is considered normal till 3 ½ to 4
years of age.
Triad of factors
–
–
–
Duration of habit
Frequency of habit
Intensity of habit
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56. Thumb and digit sucking
Effects of thumb sucking
– Proclination of maxillary
anteriors
– Increased overjet
– Lingual tipping of
Mandibular incisors
– Anterior open bite
– Narrow maxillary arch
– Upper lip is hypotonic
– Hyperactive mentalis
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activity
57. Tongue thrusting
Condition in which tongue
makes contact with any
teeth anterior to molars
during swallowing.
Effects :
–
–
–
–
Proclination of anterior teeth
Anterior open bite
Bimaxillary protrusion
Posterior open bite in case of
lateral thrust
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– Posterior cross bite
58. Lip biting & sucking
Lower lip is turned inward and
pressure s exerted on lingual
surfaces of maxillary anterior
teeth .
Effects :
–
–
–
–
Proclined maxillary anteriors
Retroclined mandibular anteriors
Hypertonic lower lip
Cracking of lips
Nail biting
Causes minor local tooth
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irregularity
59. Posture
Stoop shouldered child with head hung so
that the chin rests on chest may have
mandibular retrusion.
Child resting his head on his hands or
sleeping on his arms , fists can have
malocclusion
Poor posture accentuates an existent
malocclusion
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60. Trauma or accidents
Idiopathic eruptive
abnormalities can be
caused due to the
blows on face and
dental areas.
Non vital deciduous
teeth have abnormal
resorption patterns.
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61. References
1.Handbook of orthodontics
by Robert E. Moyers
2.Orthodontic diagnosis
by T. Rakosi
Irmtrud Jonas
T.M Graber
3.Orthodontics principles and practice
by T.M. Graber
4.Contemporary orthodontics
by W.R. Proffit
5.Orthodontics current principles and techniques
by T.M Graber
R.L Vanarsdall
6.Oral pathology
by Shafer
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