This document discusses malignant tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It begins by covering the epidemiology, risk factors, and common histological subtypes of carcinomas in these areas. It then describes the natural history and spread patterns of tumors originating in different paranasal sinuses. Diagnostic workup, staging, and treatment options such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are outlined. Surgical approaches like craniofacial resection are explained in detail. Prognosis and complications depend on tumor stage, size, and extent of involvement of surrounding structures.

1. MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF NOSE
AND PNS & SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
EMAN ZAYED
SUPERVISED BY
PROF DR AHMED ALI

2. CARCINOMA OF
PARANASAL SINUSES

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Maxillary sinus ca – 70%
• Ethmoid(20%),frontal(3%),sphenoid(1%)
sinus ca – extremely rare
• 3% of head and neck malignacies
• M > F ( 2 : 1 )
• Age – 6th & 7th decades
• Carpenters, saw mill workers
• Occupational exposure
• Smoking
• Alcohol

4. OCCUPATIONAL AGENTS
CORRELATED WITH
SINONASAL CANCER

5. Epithelial epidermoid Squamous cell carcinoma (spindlecell, verrucous, transitional
Epithelial non-
epidermoid
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Acinic cell carcinoma
neuroectodermal tumour Malignant melanoma, Olfactory neuroblastoma
Neuroendocrine carcinoma
Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Ewing’s sarcoma
Odontogenic tumours Ameloblastoma
Mesenchymal Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Alveolar soft-part sarcoma
Muscular Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma
Vascular Angiosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma
Glomangiopericytoma (haemangiopericytoma)
Cartilaginous Chondrosarcoma (mesenchymal)
Osseous osteosarcoma
Lymphoreticular Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma
Extramedullary plasmacytoma
T/NK lymphoma, Histiocytic/dendritic cell
malignancies

6. SQUAMOUS CELL
CARCINOMA
• Squamous cell carcinoma remains the most
common sinonasal malignancy
• The majority probably arise in the maxillary
sinus
• Rarely the nasal septum or columella are the
primary site.
• These tumours have a particularly poor
prognosis due to the possibility of bilateral
metastatic spread to cervical nodes.

7. ADENOCARCINOMA
• Aout 30 per cent of patients with this condition
are woodworkers.
• These tumours usually arise in the middle meatus
and spread into the ethmoid
• Adenocarcinoma is generally rather radioresistant
but combined therapy is usually offered.
• Many patients require a craniofacial but in
selected cases have been treated successfully by
an endoscopic resection.

8. ADENOID CYSTIC
CARCINOMA
• Propensity to spread along perineural
lymphatics which compromises attempts at
excision.
• known to produce blood-borne metastases,
classically to the lung while lymphatic spread
is rare.
• Treatment is generally combined surgery and
radiotherapy

9. OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA (OR)
ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMA
• classically arises from olfactory epithelium in the upper
nasal vault
• The presence of a mass in the upper nasal cavity with
associated skull base erosion is typical.
• bimodal peak in the second/third and sixth/seventh
decades.
• Cervical metastases have been described in up to 23%.
• These are routinely resected in craniofacial approaches
• Endoscopic resection is being increasingly offered for this
tumour particularly when it arises from the middle and
superior turbinates.
• should always be combined with radiotherapy.

10. OHNGREN'S
LINE
· Line running from
medial canthus to
angle of mandible
· Prognosis of
suprastructure
tumors worse (This
was before advent
of craniofacial
resection)

11. Natural history & spread
Maxillary ca

12. NATURAL HISTORY & SPREAD -
CONTD
Ethmoidal ca

13. NATURAL HISTORY & SPREAD –
CONTD…
Sphenoid sinus ca Frontal sinus ca

14. LYMPHATICDRAINAGE
• Usually sparse-10% incidence of cervical LNE
• If tumor extension into skin of face, nasal
cavity, NPX -> ↑ed incidence of LN->Assocated
with poor prognosis
• First echelon: submandibular nodes
• Second echelon: subdigastric nodes - same
side
• Contralateral mets. extremely rare

15. CLINICAL FEATURES
Maxillary sinus ca
• Facial swelling, pain, paresthesia of cheek
• Epistaxis, nasal discharge, obstruction
• Ill fitting dentures, alveolar/palatal mass
• Proptosis, diplopia, impaired vision, orbital pain
Ethmoid sinus ca
• Headache
• Referred pain to nasal, retrobulbar region
• SC mass at inner canthus, nasal
obstruction,dischargeD,r.Vi
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lopia & proptosis

16. WORK UP
• H & P
• Routine blood examination
• CXR- Adenocystic ca
• CT/MRI
• Dental evaluation
• Baseline ophthalmologic examn
• Baseline speech & swallowing assessment
• Fiberoptic endoscopic examination & Bx

17. COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY
• Bone erosion
– orbit, cribiform plate
– fovea, post max sinus wall
– sphenoid, post wall of
frontal sinus
• 85% accuracy
• ? Tumor vs. inflammation vs.
secretions
• Limitation-periorbital
involvement
• CT Chest for Adenocystic ca

18. MRI
• Superior to CT
- multiplanar
- Detect intracranial,
perineural & leptomeningeal
spread
• Inflammatory tissue &
secretions - intense T2
• Tumor - intermediate T1 &
T2 (low signal)
• 94% accuracy
• gadolinium (enhancement)
98% accuracy

19. AJCC- NASAL CAVITY &
ETHMOID SINUS
Tx - Primary tm cannot be assessed
To - no evidence of primary tm
Tis - carcinoma in situ
T1 - Tm restricted to any one subsite with or without bony
invasion
T2 - invading two subsite in a single region or extending to
involve an adjacent region within the nasoethmoidal complex
T3 - invade medial wall/ floor of orbit, maxillary sinus,palate/
cribiform plate
T4a - invade ant orbital contents, skin of nose /cheek, ant cranial
fossa, pterygoid plates,sphenoid/ frontal sinus
T4b - orbital apex, dura, brain,mid cranial fossa, cr nerves,
nasopharynx/ clivus Dr.Vinod M K

20. STAGING –
CONTD…
Dr.Vinod M K
Nx - regional nodal status cannot be assessed,
No - No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 - single I/L clinically +ve lymph node ≤ 3cm
N2 - metastasis in ipsilateral, bilateral, contralateral node
N2a - single I/L +ve LN >3cm <6cm
N2b - multiple, I/L +ve LN <6cm
N2c - B/L or C/L LN <6cm
N3 - any LN > 6cm
Mx - distant metastasis cannot be assessed
Mo - No distant metastasis
M1 -distant metastasis

21. STAGING –
CONTD…
• STAGE III – T3N0M0 OR T1-T3N1M0
• STAGE IV :
- IVA -T4N0-1M0
• ANY TN2 M0
- IVB ANY TN3M0
- IVC ANY T ANY N, M1
Dr.Vinod M K
Stagewise distribution
stage I
stage II
- T1N0M0
– T2N0M0

22. TREATMENT
OPTIONS
Dr.Vinod M K
Maxillary sinus ca
• Surgery
• Radiotherapy
- definitive
- pre op RT
- post op RT
• Combined modality ( Sx + RT)
• Chemotherapy
- Neo adjuvant
- Concomitant

23. STAGEWISE
TREATMENT

24. STAGEWISE TREATMENT –
CONTD…

25. SURGERY
Contraindications
- extension thr ant. Fossa
- involvement of both optic n.
- post. extension into sphenoid sinus
- invasion of middle cranial fossa
- extension into NPx
- inoperable neck node & distant mets

26. • CRANIOFACIAL RESECTION
• MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING
• LATERAL RHINOTOMY
• MAXILLECTOMY
• ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION
• TOTAL RHINECTOMY

27. CRANIOFACIAL
RESECTION
• the ‘gold standard’ for tumours affecting the anterior
skull base.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Extensive frontal lobe and/or middle cranial fossa
involvement or bilateral orbital invasion/optic chiasm.
• Certain histologies, such as mucosal malignant
melanoma where extent of surgery does not influence
outcome
• those where surgery is not appropriate, such as
sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, lymphoma,
plasmacytoma.
• Distant metastasis.

28. INCISION
• Following bilateral temporary tarsorrhaphies,
an extended lateral rhinotomy is made on the
side of maximal tumour involvement

29. TECHNIQUE
• The soft tissues of the face are mobilized by subperiostial
elevation to expose the nasal bones, frontal processes of
the maxilla and frontal bone up to the hairline via an
extended lateral rhinotomy.
• Through the lateral rhinotomy, the upper lateral cartilage is
separated from the nasal bone to allow complete retraction
of the nasal ala.
• The orbital periosteum is elevated to expose the lacrimal
fossa and the medial orbital wall. The nasolacrimal duct is
often transacted obliquely at this point
• anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are divided after
bipolar coagulation.
• If the lamina has been eroded by tumour, the adjacent
periorbita should be resected for frozen section assessment

30. • A shield-shaped craniotomy is performed above the
level of the supraorbital rim to include the frontal
sinus. usually approximately 3x3x3.5 cm size.
• The frontal sinus which has been opened by this
manoeuvre is cleared of its mucosa and the posterior
wall removed combined with a wide dissection of the
dura.
• Dissection around the cribriform plate and crista galli is
facilitated by the use of the operating microscope.
• This dissection continues until the cribriform plate is
exposed and continues on to the jugum of the
sphenoid.
• In cases of olfactory neuroblastoma routinely the
olfactory bulb and tracts are removed in continuity.
• The anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are
coagulated with the bipolar diathermy although care
must be exercised as the
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c nerve is approached.

33. • Osteotomies are performed around the cribriform plate
through the ethmoidal and sphenoid roofs.
• The posterior osteotomy crosses the planum sphenoidale to
include the anterior face of the sphenoid and the nasal
septum is separated by quadrilateral cuts.
• The specimen is mobilized this can be removed, haemostasis
achieved and the cavity inspected for further resection.
• fashion a large middle meatal antrostomy to prevent
subsequent infection.
• dura has small defects which can be repaired primarily but
more with fascia lata held in place with fibrin glue to which a
split-skin graft taken from the thigh is applied inferiorly.
• The frontal bone flap is replaced and secured with miniplates.
• The periosteum and subcutaneous layer is closed with
absorbable sutures and skin with clips or fine skin sutures. A
pressure dressing is appliedD
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34. POST OP CARE
• Patients are kept in a neutral position of
approximately 15 degree for the first 2 or 3
days and then gently elevated.
• The urinary catheter is removed on the
second or third day and facial sutures after 5–
7 days.
• The anticonvulsant is continued for 6 weeks
following the operation and patients must
douche the nose long term.

35. • Complications are:
• IMMEDIATE:
• – convulsions
• – haemorrhage
• – air embolism
• INTERMEDIATE:
• – cerebrovascular accident
• – confusion
• – pulmonary embolism
• – meningitis
• – aerocele
• LONG TERM:
• – haemorrhage
• – frontal abscess/encephalitis
• – bone necrosis/fistula
• – cerebrospinal fluid leak
• – epilepsy
• – epiphora
• – diplopia
• – serous otitis media
• – sinusitis/mucocele
• – cellulitis
• – pituitary deficiency

36. MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING
Dr.Vinod M K
• The degloving approach affords excellent access to the middle third of the
face.
• Indicated in malignant tumours affecting the nasal
cavity,maxilla,ethmoids,sphenoid, pterygopalatine and infratemporal
fossae.
INCISION
• After temporary tarrsoraphies, a bilateral sublabial incision is made from
maxillary tuberosity to tuberosity down to bone
• Routine rhinoplasty intercartilaginous incisions are made extending into a
transfixion incision along the dorsal and caudal borders of the
cartilaginous septum,separating it from the medial crura of the lower
lateral cartilages.
• The circumferential incisions are joined across the floor of the nose just
anterior to the pryriform aperture.

37. Dr.Vinod M K

38. Dr.Vinod M K
• The soft tissues of the midface are elevated
subperiosteally up to the infraorbital nerve on each
side to display the pyriform aperture.
• The soft tissues over the nasal bridge are elevated as
far as the root of the nose and laterally to complete the
mobilization from below so that the mid-third of the
face is completely elevated and can be lifted superiorly
over the nasal skeleton.
• nasal cavities and maxillary sinuses can be opened
using drills, hammers and osteotomes.
• maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries accessed and
ligated

41. • ethmoids, sphenoid, nasopharynx and structures
posterior and lateral to the maxillae are reached
for further resection.
• Closure of the incisions must be done with care
to avoid complications, using absorbable suture
material.
• The bridge of the nose may be taped or a
rhinoplasty dressing applied for a few days.
• After pack removal patients advised to use saline
douching daily until crusting settles.

42. LATERAL
RHINOTOMY
• Indicated in any malignant tumour affecting the
nasal septum,lateral wall and extending into
ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses and up to
the anterior skull base
INCISION
• After a temporary tarrsoraphy, the incision runs
from the level of the medial canthus, midway
between the canthus and nasal bridge in the
nasomaxillary groove, curving round the lower
ala into the nasal cavity

43. TECHNIQUE
• Through the incision, the orbital periosteum can be
dissected from the lamina and the nasolacrimal duct
mobilized.The duct can be transected obliquely adjacent to
the sac.
• Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries ligated
• An en bloc or piecemeal removal of lateral nasal wall done
including the pyriform aperture,nasal bone,frontal process
of maxilla,anterior maxillary wall,medial orbital wall and
rim,ethmoids lamina pipyracea and lacrymal fossa
depending upon extend of tumour.
• The sphenoid sinus can be opened,frontal can be
accesed,orbital periosteum can be resected if required

44. MAXILLECTOMY
• Malignant tumors of maxilla involving all walls
with/without orbital extension.
INCISION
-Weber-Fergusson incision extends 1cm lateral to the lateral
canthus and medially 3mm below the lower eyelash.at medial
canthus incision curves inferiorly into nasomaxillay groove
down to alar margin.it continues medially to the midline
where it turns at right angle dividing the upper lip.
-incision extends round the upper alveolus in the
gingivobuccal sulcus upto maxillary tuberosity.medially
incision pass to hard palate between the central incisors as far
as junction of hard and soft palate,then crosses laterally to the
poserior aspect of maxillary tuberosity

46. TECHNIQUE
• The entire soft tissue of cheek are raised subperiosteally off
the maxilla from the pyriform apperture to the zygomatic
arch including buccinator
• The orbicularis oculi left intact around the eye but the
orbital periosteum is incised at the bony rim allowing
dissection of orbital contents.infraorbital neurovascular
bundle is cut at the infra orbital foramen.
• Osteotomies are made through the zygoma beneath the
infraorbital rim,across the frontal process of maxilla,into
pyriform fossa,inferiorly through the central upper
alveolus.lateral nasal wall divided below the superior
turbinate.
• Mobilization of maxilla completed by seperating the
tuberosity from the pterygoid plates.

49. • A variety of reconstructions are available.
• At its simplest,a split skin graft can be applied to the
cavity wall held in place with quilting
incisions,biological glues,and a temporary gutta percha
prosthesis.
• Alternatively a free flap can be utilized, e.g. rectus
abdominis, latissimus dorsi, radial or fibula
osteocutaneous flaps with osseointegration
• Repairing lost orbital support decreases the risk of
globe malposition, diplopia and disturbance of
extraocular muscle function.
• Small defects in the floor can be left, larger ones can be
repaired using a fascia lata sling secured to the margins
of the bony defect

50. • Extensive spread of the tumour anteriorly into
the facial skin may necessitate sacrifice of this
with repair using a local pedicled or free
microvascular flap.
• More frequently, extension occurs posteriorly
into the pterygoid region which adversely affects
prognosis.
• Limited areas of pterygoid muscle can be
removed.
• clearance of the pterygopalatine and
infratemporal fossae can be undertaken.

51. Reconstruction and Prosthetic Rehabilitation
Aim :
• - prevent contracture of the check
• -to separate oral & nasal cavities
• -to provide support for the globe .
• -An obturator should be made preoperatively
from an impression of the hard palate

53. Tumours with bad prognosis
1 Advanced maxillary cancer .
2lesions involving pterygoid plates or
pterygopalatine fossa .
3lesions involving brain , dura , nasopharynx ,
sphenoid .
4 lesions involving orbital contents

54. FOLLOW UP
• 3 mths after Rx
- baseline physical examn
- CT, MRI or PET CT
• 1st 3 yrs – every 4 mths
• 4th & 5th yr – every 6 mths
• Then - annually