Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

2.  Sesame, commonly known as til, is one of the important
edible oilseeds cultivated in India.
 It is grown in the country since antiquity.
 Its seeds are rich in oil (50%) and protein (18-20%).
Nearly 73% of the oil is used for edible purposes, where
as 8.3% for hydrogenization and 4.2% for industrial
purposes in the manufacture of paints, pharmaceuticals
and insecticides.
 Sesame oil is also used in soap, cosmetic and skin care
industries. The oil is very stable and does not turn
rancid. It has anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and
anti-oxidant properties. Since sesame seed oil is
cholesterol free, it is also used in health food industries

3. BOTANICAL CLASSCIFICATION
Scientific classification
Botanical name: Sesamum
indicum L.
Family: Pedaliaceae
Chromosome number: 2n=26

5. ORIGIN
 Sesame is presumed to have originated in Africa and later
spread to West Asia to India, China and Japan. However, it is
also believed that cultivated sesame originated in India.
Sesame in wild form (black) was found in India as its use in
religious function is mentioned in Sanskrit, and spread to
Mesopotamia and then to Babylonia, Egypt, China, Greece
etc.
 The genus Sesamum consists of 35 recognized species (Total
is over 60). Out of these, S. indicum L. is cultivated
extensively. The other 6 partially cultivated species include S.
radiatum (India, Africa, Sri Lanka), S. angustifolium (Congo,
Mozambique, Uganda), S. occidentale (Africa, Sri Lanka,
India), S. calycinum (Angola, Mozambique), S. bauymii
(Angola). All other species are wild and found in tropical
African countries. Nine wild species have been found in
peninsular India.

6. DISTRIBUTION:
India, Pakistan, Africa, China,
Mexico, Iran, Iraq etc

7. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
 Sesame is the crop of tropical and subtropical
areas. It is grown on 6.5 mha, producing over 3 m
tonnes of seed. India, Sudan, Myanmar, Medico
and China account for 68% of world production
(Table 1).


8. .
1.India accounts for the lion’s share of 39% area, 27%
production and 40 % export of sesame in the world.
2.India exports sizeable quantity of sesame seeds (2.19
lakh tonnes in 2002) to Germany, Turkey, The
Netherlands, USA, Greece, Hong Kong, Israel, China,
UK, UAE, etc. to earn valuable foreign exchange.
3. In India, its cultivation is mostly confined to Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (Table 2).
4. In the east (West Bengal, Orissa, Assam and Andhra
Pradesh) both red and black seeded sesame are grown,
while in Gujarat and other western states, only white
seeded sesame is grown

10. CLASSIFICATION
 Based on maturity period, sesame cultivars are
classified as: Early (possess less number of flowers
and branches) and Late (possess more number of
flowers and branches) types. Based on seed coat
colour, they are grouped into white and black
seeded cultivars. Using the number of carpels in
the capsules, sesame cultivars are classified as
Bicarpellatum (two carpels) and Quadricarpellatum
(four capels in the capsule).
 On the basis of chromosome number, sesame
species are classified into the following three
groups.

11. Group Chromosom
e number
species
1 2n=26 Sesamum indicum ,
sesamum latum,
sesamum malabaricum,
Sesamum mulayanum
Sesamum schenckki
2 2n=32 Sesmum prostractum,
Sesamum laciniatum
Sesamum angolence
Sesamum angustifolium
3 2n=64 Sesamum radiatum
Sesamum occidentale

12. VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS
 Sesame is highly sensitive to seasonal variations in
terms of day length and temperature. Therefore,
varieties recommended for commercial cultivation
are location and season-specific. The improved
varieties recommended for different parts of the
country (semi-rabi, rabi and summer seasons), are
presented in Table 3.

14. HYBRIDS:
 Sesame hybrids have been evolved in China to exploit
heterosis at commercial scale for the first time, with two hand-
emasculated hybrids, having a yield potential of 3 t/ha.
 In India, All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on
Sesame and Niger (ICAR) at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
Viswavidyala, Jabalpur (M.P.) has evolved some hybrids.
Seven experimental hybrids AHY.Til-5, AHY.Til-12, RTH-1,
AHYT-13, RHT-3, TKG-HY-5 and TKG-HY-4 exhibited
superiority of 31.0 to 44.3% in seed yield and 13.0 to 48.0% in
oil yield over TKG-22, the national check variety.
 The cost of hybrid seed (Rs 350-1000/kg) is, however, a
deterrent for its wide adoptation. Evolution of CMS based
hybrids will solve this problem, and efforts in this direction are
underway

15. WILD RELATIVE VARIETY
Sesamum malabaricum (2n=26)
Sesamum laciniatum(2n=32)
Sesamum prostatum(2n=26)
Sesamum africanum(2n=26)
Sesamum occidentalis(2n=64)

16. BEEDIND OBJETIVE
 Higher yields
 Improved plant architecture
 Adapted crop duration,
 resistance to diseases and pests and indehiscent
capsules are the major objectives in this crop
 The degree of dehiscence is a cultivar characteristic and
is of great importance for mechanized harvesting. The
leaf eating caterpillar ( Antigastra catalaulmlis Dup.) and
the gallfl y ( Asphondylia sesalili Felt) are the serious
pests of Sesamum
 phyllody (virus, mycoplasina), bacterial leaf
 spot ( Pseudomonas sesami Matkoff) and leaf curl are
the important diseases of this
 crop which needs genetic interventions.

17. BREEDING OBJECTIVE
 Heterosis breeding is perhaps the most important way
for the vertical yield increase in this crop
 The programme on development of CMS lines through
interspecific hybridization needs to be strengthened for
exploiting some workable CMS system in this crop for
hybrid development programme.
 Increase in oil content is also one of the important
components in varietal improvement of this crop.
 The development of varieties with low or zero anti-
nutritional factors like oxalic and phytic acids needs
attention for its value addtion

18. BEEDING METHOD:
1.Conventional breeding
 Conventional breeding is under the control of
human for choice of parental lines,and selection of
their offspring to direct the evolution process for
crop production according to their desires
a.Pure line and mass selection
 Selection is regarded as the most ancient and basic
procedure in plant breeding in which desired plants
are selected from genetically variable population.
 b.Hybridization In conventional plant breeding,
hybridization is the most frequently used technique.
 It helps to combine the desirable traits from different
plant lines into a single plant through cross
pollination

19. C)MUTATION
o Mutation breeding involves induction of new genetic
variability through spontaneous or artifi cial mutagens
(chemicals or physical). It minimizes our dependence on
the use of wild species or species from other cultivars
o Innovative breeding
Shortcomings in the conventional breeding (sexual
reproduction) are overcome by genetic engineering
techniques that introduces desirable genes directly into
the target crop making gene pool unbounded.
a)In Vitro Culture and Screening
Somatic plant cells are used for in vitro culturing on
nutrient media and new plants are generated from these
explants

20. B)SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
 Hybrid plants can also be developed through fusion of
somatic plant cells. Protoplast fusion is helpful to
overcome sexual incompatibility as distantly related
species can be fused
C)GENETIC MANIPULATION
 In genetic engineering techniques, specifi c genes from
any organism (plants,bacteria, fungi, animals and
viruses) coding for desired traits are introduced into the
genome of any plant. Various techniques are used to
obtain transgenic plants viz., DNA transfer through
Agrobacterium or direct DNA transfer via bombardment,
electroporation and polyethylenglycol permeabilization

21. D)MASS ASSISTED SELECTION
The MAS program has been widely applied
tool in commercial crop breeding and product
development in a variety of agriculturally
important economic crops, including cereal,
oilseeds,vegetables and ornamentals.

22. THANKS

23. SUBMITTED BY
NIRAKAR MEHER
13C/14
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CHIPLIMA
OUAT