1. India spends too little on research and development, with its total R&D budget less than $3 billion compared to GM's annual R&D budget of $10 billion.
2. There are not enough students pursuing higher education, and India's software exports of $9.7 billion were done by only 50,000 software engineers, just 0.05% of the population.
3. Indian services firms have been upgrading old products rather than developing new technologies due to a lack of culture that encourages risk-taking and innovation.