Frederick Taylor was an American engineer who developed the theory of scientific management in the early 20th century. He advocated for precise time and motion studies of workers to determine the most efficient ways for them to perform their jobs. His principles included defining tasks, standardizing procedures, financial incentives, and close supervision. While his methods increased productivity, they were criticized for treating workers like machines and ignoring psychological needs.
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Managementuma reur
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Management - Principles of Scientific Management by Taylor:
F.W. Taylor or Fredrick Winslow Taylor is also known as the ‘father of scientific management’ proved with his practical theories that a scientific method can be implemented to management. Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and performance of managers and workers at an operational level. Let’s discuss in detail the five(5) principles of management by F.W Taylor.
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Managementuma reur
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Management - Principles of Scientific Management by Taylor:
F.W. Taylor or Fredrick Winslow Taylor is also known as the ‘father of scientific management’ proved with his practical theories that a scientific method can be implemented to management. Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and performance of managers and workers at an operational level. Let’s discuss in detail the five(5) principles of management by F.W Taylor.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. 1. Frederick winslow Taylor ’s scientific
management principle
Frederick winslow Taylor (1856–1915)
He was an American mechanical engineer who sought to
improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of
scientific management and was one of the first management
consultants
3. Taylor was also a manufacturing manager who eventually
became a consultant and taught many other managers how to
apply his scientific management techniques
He advocated that decisions about organizations and job
design should be based on precise, scientific study of
individual situations.
4. F.W Taylor did a number of experiments. One of them was known
as the time and motion study.
Times and motion study; Involved the careful timing and recording
of the actions taken to perform a particular task.
Aim was to find ways to improve each employee’s ability to
perform a particular task.
For example, by reducing the number of motions employees made
to complete the task, by changing the layout of the work area or the
type of tools employed used, or by experiment with tools of
different sizes.
5. Scientific management principles
1. Remuneration ( Equal work, equal pay)
• Incentives to encourage outputs
2. Defined work tasks (true science for each person’s work)
3. Standard working procedures
6. 4. Foremanship/supervision
5. Cooperation
6. Scientific Selection/ training of workers
7. The division of work and responsibility between management
and the workers.
Mullins, 2002
7. Contributions of scientific management
Highly contributed to modern day management practices
Encouraged specialisation/division of labour
Encouraged standard operating procedures
8. Criticism of scientific management
Money is not the only motivator
Workers treated like machines
Psychological and emotional needs of workers overlooked
Too much focus on internal operations of an organisation and
overlooked the external environment.
9. Henri fayol (1841-1925). He was a french man and mining
engineer. He later became a successful manager
1. Unity of command
Each subordinate receives orders from only one superior
2. Hierarchy of Authority/scalar chain
describes who reports to whom and the span of control for
each manager.
10. There should be a clear chain of command in an organisation
Organisational charts depict hierarchy of authority
3. Unity of direction
There should be unity of purpose. One plan, one leader
4. Remuneration
Fair reward for work done
11. 5. Division of labour
specialisation and repetition, leading to speed and accuracy.
6. Authority and responsibility
Authority and responsibility must go hand in hand.
‘Responsibility is feared as much as authority is sought for.’
13. 9. Centralization
Decisions must be made by top management
10. Equity
Justice, respect and fair treatment to all workers
11. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
suppressing personal interests to the general good
14. 12. Initiative
allowing employees to think through a problem and implement
a solution (this helps to increase motivation).
13. Stability of staff
people need to stay in their jobs long enough to deliver, so
should not be moved around too much.
15. 14. Esprit de corps
United we stand, divided we fall. keeping the team together,
using harmony as a basis of strength.
16. Max weber (1864–1920) was a German sociologists.
Bureaucracy refers to a formal system of organizations and
administration designed to improve efficiency and
effectiveness.
He developed a set of principles for an “ideal” bureaucracy as
follows:
17. 1. A manager’s formal authority derives from the position he
or she holds in the organization.
Obedience is owed to a manager, not because of any personal
qualities but because a manager occupies a position that is
associated with a certain level of authority and responsibility.
18. 2. Defined work task/activities
Clearly specified system of tasks and role relationships
3. Employment must be based on technical qualifications
4. Impersonality
Equal and fair treatment of workers. Individual differences
should not influence management decisions
19. 5. System of written down rules and work procedures
Rules are formal instructions that specify the actions to be
undertaken under different circumstances to achieve specific
goals.
6. Chain of command/hierarchy of authority
Authority can be exercised effectively in an organisation when
positions are arranged hierarchically, so that employees know
whom to report to and who reports to them.
20. Advantages
Helped to level down social classes because for one to get a
job position there is need for technical skills/abilities
TASK
With the use of practical examples, explain how the principles of
bureaucracy can be used to improve the performance of a local
clinic in your area. (10marks)
21. Disadvantages
Encourages red tapism- Rigid adherence to rules and
procedures
Inhibits initiative/creativity
Organisational rigidity
Too much power in the hands of few individuals
22. Early work on industrial psychology and human relations
received little attention because of the prominence of scientific
management. However, a major breakthrough occurred with a
series of experiments at a Chicago electric company, USA.
which came to be known as the Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of
several factors on worker productivity .
23. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) an Australian born psychologists was
one of the main pioneers of the hawthorne works.
At the hawthorne works, Workers were subjected to different
experiments, lighting, relay assembly room test, interviews,
Bank wiring tests and counselling program.
24. Interpretations of these studies at the hawthorne works
showed that:
• work satisfaction and performance is basically not economic.
• It depends more on working conditions and attitudes -
communications, positive management response and
encouragement, working environment.
25. In conclusion the hawthorne studies showed that positive
treatment of employees improved their motivation and
productivity.
These findings led to a revolution in worker treatment and laid
the groundwork for leadership, motivation, and human
resource management.
26. Douglas Mc’gregor (1906-1964 ) an American social
psychologists, management professor and also a student of
Abraham maslow.
proposed two sets of assumptions about how work attitudes
and behaviour not only dominate the way managers think but
also affect how they behave in organizations.
He named the two sets of assumptions as Theory Y and Theory
X
27. THEORY X
According to the assumption of Theory X, the average worker is
lazy, dislikes work and will try to do as little as possible.
Moreover, workers have little ambition and wish to avoid
responsibility. Thus the managers’ task is to counteract workers’
natural tendencies to avoid work.
Jones and George, 2002
28. To keep workers’ performance at a high level, the manager
must supervise the workers closely and control their behaviour
by means of the “carrot and “stick” i.e. rewards and
punishment.
29. THEORY Y
In contrast, Theory Y assumes that workers are not inherently lazy,
do not naturally dislike work, and if given the opportunity will do
what is good for the organisation.
According Theory Y, the characteristics of the work setting
determine whether workers considers work to be a source of
satisfaction or punishment.
30. managers do not need to closely control workers’ behaviour to
make them perform at a high level. .
because workers exercise self-control when they are
committed to the organizational goals.
31. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970 ) was an American
psychologists. He developed the hierarchy of needs to help
explain motivation.
Although Maslow did not originaly intend that the needs
hierarchy should necessarily be applied to the work situation,
it still remains popular as a theory of motivation at work.
32. Applying the hierarchy of needs to the work place
its used as a means to determine how to more effectively
motivate employees so that productivity increases.
It shows how to better meet the needs of employees in the
work place
The hierarchy is often depicted as a pyramid to represent the
need to fulfill the lower level needs before an individual can
move up to the next level
33.
34. Physiological needs- food, oxygen, sleep
Safety needs-security, freedom from pain
Love needs-affection, sense of belonging,
Esteem needs-self respect, recognition, reputation, status and prestige
Self actualisation- one’s full potential, Career advancements
35. TASK
Discuss the pro’s and con’s of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs as a basis to improve worker productivity in today’s
modern organisations. (10marks)
36. Daft, R.L, (2007), Organizational Theory and Design,
Thompson Learning, Inco, Ohio.
Jones, G and George, J (2002), Understanding and Managing
Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.