Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

1. Major Extra and Intra cellular Electrolytes
Mrs. Dipali Kulkarni,
Assistant Professor,
Yash Institute of Pharmacy,
Aurangabad

2. Electrolytes
An electrically conducting solution;
when dissolved in a polar solvent (water)
Dissociates into ions in aqueous solution.
Ions can be positively charged (cations)
or negatively charged (anions)

3. Major electrolytes in human body
Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl- )
Potassium (K+), Phosphate (HPO4--)
Calcium (Ca++) Sulfate (SO4--)
Magnesium (Mg++) Bicarbonate (HCO3- )

4. Importance of electrolytes
Maintain water balance.
Contract and relax muscles
Maintain acid-base balance.
Maintain a constant environment
Transmit nerve impulses.

5. Intracellular fluid : fluid within cells.
Ex. Cytoplasm, cytosol
It is 12-15% of body weight
Volume is 30 liter
K+ and HPO4- are the major electrolytes.

6. Extracellular fluid : outside the cells.
It 12-15% of body weight
Volume 10 litre
Na + and Cl- being the major electrolytes
Intravascular Fluid within blood vessels Ex: Blood Plasma
Interstitial Fluid Ex: Between cells and blood vessels
Trans cellular Fluid Ex: cerebrospinal,
pericardial synovial fluid

7. Sodium (Na+)
Most abundant extracellular electrolyte ion
Constitute 90% Daily requirement 5 to 20 g
Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
Responsible for osmolarity of vascular fluids
Regulation of body fluid levels
Na shifts into cells and K shifts out of the cells (sod. pump)
Assists with regulation of acid-base balance

8. Potassium (K+)
Most abundant intracellular electrolyte ion
essential for normal membrane excitability for nerve impulse
Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
Contraction of muscle
Promotes enzyme action
Na+ shifts into cells , K+ shifts out of cells (sod. pump)
Assists with regulation of acid-base balance

9. Calcium (Ca++)
combined with Phosphorus to form the mineral salts of bones and
teeth.
Promotes and conduction of nerve impulses
Contraction, relaxation of muscle
important for blood clotting
Integrity of cell membrane, cell adhesion
conduction of electric impulse in certain regions of heart.

10. Magnesium (Mg++)
Found in the intracellular fluid and in bone .Aldosterone controls
its concentration in extracellular fluid.
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism
Storage and use of intracellular energy
important for nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Aid to the action of enzyme
In side cell Mg ++ helps in sodium-potassium pump.

11. Chloride (Cl-)
Chloride major extracellular anion
Maintains serum osmolarity along with Na
Cl- shift within blood helps to move HCO3- out of
RBCs and into the plasma for transport
Excitability of muscles and neurons
Essential in pH balance In the gastric mucosa, Cl- and H+
combine to form HCl
Combines with other ions for homeostasis; Na+, K+, Ca++

12. Phosphate (PO4-)
Principal anion of intracellular fluid compartment.
Two forms HPO4 – Hydrogen mono phosphate and H2PO4 –
Hydrogen di phosphate
HPO4 -- and H2PO4 - important buffer system of body.
synthesis of nucleic acids
essential for proper metabolism of calcium
synthesis of high-energy compounds such as ATP
Essential in pH balance
Normal bone and tooth development. .

13. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
second most prevalent anion in extracellular fluid.
With carbonic acid it acts as important buffer system of body.
Each day kidney filters about 4320 milli equivalents
All of this is reabsorbed from the tubules
Reduction in ECF H+ ion concentration (alkalosis)
In alkalosis, removal of bicarbonate ions raises
ECF hydrogen ion concentration back towards normal.

14. Regulate pH in small intestine. It is released from the pancreas in
response to the hormone secretin to neutralize the acidic chyme
entering the duodenum from the stomach
Bicarbonate is alkaline, and a vital component of the pH buffering
system of the human body (maintaining acid-base homeostasis).
70 to 75 % of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid
(H2CO3),which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO3−).
carbonic acid bicarbonate – in conjunction with H2O, H+,, CO2
forms buffering system, which maintain equilibrium.
Resist drastic pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions.
Important for protecting tissues of CNS, where pH changes could
prove disastrous

15. Thank you