Running head: BIPOLAR DISORDER BIPOLAR DISORDER 9 Page number on page one? Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a term that is used to describe a mental illness, which has many dDysthymica effects on the mind and the body of its victims. The condition is also known as the manic-depressive disorder. Research that has been conducted shows that the condition is mostly found in young adults and since recently in children as well. Studies have also shown that in the United States alone the condition affects close to 4 million people and is slowly being considered as one of the most common disabilities amongst Americans. Women in their mid-forties are also at a high chance of developing the mental disorder. After developing the mental disease, a typical patient may experience up to ten episodes of other mental disorders in the course of their condition. For women who suffer rapid-cycling, they may experience more manic episodes and depressive episodes that happen after each other without leaving space for remission (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, UK, 2006). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: How do you know all of these things? Recall from week one course announcements and discussion feedback that a citation is needed every single time you refer to the work of another. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: This is not a scholarly source. The conditionBipolar disorder is characterized by two specific mood swings, namely mania, and depression. These mood swings that almost constantly affect bipolar people can further be divided into three subcategories, namely bipolar I disorder (BD-I), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and cCylothymia. This The purpose of this paper seeks is to discuss the bipolar disorder in general, as well as summarizeing a short history of the condition, the subcategories of the condition, the symptoms, causes, and treatments of the disease (Miklowitz & Alloy, 2009). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ? What is your source on this? Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: The disorder is divided into three categories not the mood swings. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: What about your case study? The existence of the bipolar disorder was discovered during the ancient Greek era. The Greeks took it that this type of manic depression disorder was a condition of the blood, choler, phlegm, and black bile. The condition was thought to be associated with human body fluids because these fluids are responsible for homeostatic imbalances within the human body. According to the Greek academics, ensuring that the body was in a homeostatic equilibrium would cause humans to develop a need to purge themselves or release into the blood stream specific amounts and quantities of these fluids. Plato, the scholar, was strongly founded on the belief that the disorder was caused by inspirations such as God, love, and writings. Other scholars slightly agreed with Plato but imagined that the disorder was as a result of environmental factor ...

1. Running head: BIPOLAR DISORDER
BIPOLAR DISORDER 9
Page number on page one?
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a term that is used to describe a mental
illness, which has many dDysthymica effects on the mind and
the body of its victims. The condition is also known as the
manic-depressive disorder. Research that has been conducted
shows that the condition is mostly found in young adults and
since recently in children as well. Studies have also shown that
in the United States alone the condition affects close to 4
million people and is slowly being considered as one of the
most common disabilities amongst Americans. Women in their
mid-forties are also at a high chance of developing the mental
disorder. After developing the mental disease, a typical patient
may experience up to ten episodes of other mental disorders in
the course of their condition. For women who suffer rapid-
cycling, they may experience more manic episodes and
depressive episodes that happen after each other without leaving

2. space for remission (National Collaborating Centre for Mental
Health, UK, 2006). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: How do
you know all of these things? Recall from week one course
announcements and discussion feedback that a citation is needed
every single time you refer to the work of another. Comment by
Dr. Barnes-Young: This is not a scholarly source.
The conditionBipolar disorder is characterized by two
specific mood swings, namely mania, and depression. These
mood swings that almost constantly affect bipolar people can
further be divided into three subcategories, namely bipolar I
disorder (BD-I), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and cCylothymia.
This The purpose of this paper seeks is to discuss the bipolar
disorder in general, as well as summarizeing a short history of
the condition, the subcategories of the condition, the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of the disease (Miklowitz & Alloy,
2009). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ? What is your
source on this? Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: The disorder is
divided into three categories not the mood swings. Comment by
Dr. Barnes-Young: What about your case study?
The existence of the bipolar disorder was discovered
during the ancient Greek era. The Greeks took it that this type
of manic depression disorder was a condition of the blood,
choler, phlegm, and black bile. The condition was thought to be
associated with human body fluids because these fluids are
responsible for homeostatic imbalances within the human body.
According to the Greek academics, ensuring that the body was
in a homeostatic equilibrium would cause humans to develop a
need to purge themselves or release into the blood stream
specific amounts and quantities of these fluids. Plato, the
scholar, was strongly founded on the belief that the disorder
was caused by inspirations such as God, love, and writings.
Other scholars slightly agreed with Plato but imagined that the
disorder was as a result of environmental factors including the
concept of God and Satan, stress, poverty, and education.
Spiritual factors were also for a long time believed to influence
a person’s vulnerability to bipolar disorder. After many years of

3. research, researchers narrowed down the causes to either issue
of emotion, and intellect. The intellect which includes rational
thinking, behavior, and logic was considered more of a cause of
the disorder rather than an instability of emotions (Murai &
Fujimoto, 2003). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: This
sentence is unclear. Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: You
appear to be tacking citations on to the end of paragraphs.
Please review your week one course announcements on not
doing this.
According to Charles Darwin, intellect was equally more
of a cause of the disaster rather than emotional instability
because of the inability to predict and comprehend the emotions
of a person. After years of research, the manic-depressive
disorder has been associated with chemical imbalances in the
human brain. These years of research have helped scientists to
uncover more information about bipolar disorder including its
symptoms, causes, and the severity of treatment (Miklowitz &
Alloy, 2009).
Manic depressiveBipolar disorder is a condition that
greatly affects the human mind. For a long time, the condition
was also referred to as manic depression and manic-depressive
psychosis, until 2001 when it was officially reclinically named
bipolar disorder. The condition forces the mind to experience
changes in thoughts causing mood swings. The two mood
swings that the bipolar people experience. People suffering
from this condition tend to either alternate between a depressive
episode and a manic episode or in some cases experience these
two episodes simultaneously. During the manic episodes, the
patient remains irritable, energetic, lacks the need for sleep, and
makes poor judgments and inferences. It could also participate
in irresponsible and reckless behavior. The depressive episodes
leave the patient with sentiments of sadness and despair, which
eventually mature into helplessness and hopelessness. It also
includes anhedonia, lack of appetite, psychomotor retardation,
laziness, worthlessness, indecisiveness, and suicidal thoughts.
The condition is also characterized by the increase in the

4. severity of these mood swings over a span of several years or a
few days for specific cases. The symptoms and causes of this
condition can be easily picked out as they are easily
recognizable. The diagnosis of a manic episode can be made
whether or not a depression has been diagnosed (Vieta &
Colom, 2004).
The condition is categorized into three main groups,
organized from the lowest to the highest case severity of the
disorder. In the first category, bipolar I disorder (BD-I), the
main symptom is a rise in the amount of manic mood swings
that an individual experiences taking a toll on the daily
activities of that individual including school, work, or family.
Common effects of increased episodes of manic mood swings
include aggressive behavior, extreme optimism, insomnia, abuse
of alcohol and drugs, religion, agitation, and irritation. In the
second category, bipolar II disorder (BD-II), the victims are
faced with a difficult task of enduring depressive mood swing
episodes. They encounter emotions of happiness, suicidal
thoughts, guilt, sadness, anger, and irritability. In the final
category of cCyclothymia, the form of bipolar disorder with the
lowest severity, the individuals experience the highs and lows
of depression. These depressive episodes take place over a
period of years, days, or hours depending on the seasonal
changes and hallucinations or psychosis episodes. In the event
that a bipolar instance presents hallucination and psychosis
episodes, the condition may be misdiagnosed for schizophrenia.
Speech pattern tests should be conducted to distinguish if the
patient only suffers from manic-depressive disorder or
schizophrenia and other related mental conditions (Murai &
Fujimoto, 2003). Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: What
condition?
The severity of the bipolar disorder can be managed to
make the condition less severe for those who suffer from it. One
of the ways that this condition can be treated includes the use of
medication. The medication taken has chemicals used to correct
the chemical imbalances in the brain, balancing mood swings

5. and reducing the chances of depressive and anxious episodes.
Finding a suitable type of medication for every individual with
bipolar is a challenging affair because certain medications tend
to negatively affect the mental health of that individual (Vieta
& Colom, 2004).
Negative effects of the medication used to treat bipolar
disorder include worsening the symptoms a bipolar person may
already be suffering from. However, there is certain medication
like lithium carbonate which positively affects up to 60% of all
patients with the mental disorder. This medication is also
effective in reducing the symptoms of the condition and in
preventing manic episodes. Lithium medication has for a long
time been associated with decreasing the functioning of their
thyroid glands after long-term use. Hypothyroidism is feared to
have the potential of causing rapid-cycling. For pregnant
women, the use of lithium medicine during gestation has been
associated with causing birth defects in children specifically the
Ebstein’s anomaly. Most of the antidepressants, patients of this
mental condition are given, are mixed with mood stabilizers to
prevent the occurrence of depressive and manic episodes.
People should, however, remain warned that anti-depressants
could worsen the severity of mood changes and manic episodes
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, UK, 2006).
Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: For instance?
Another way bipolar people can be treated is by the use of
psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is a type of therapy where the
patient is encouraged and helped to recognize their mental
disorder as well as its causes and symptoms. It also encourages
the patient to take control of their own lives and steer it towards
the direction that they want to. Other advantages of
psychotherapy include the ability to reduce the severity of the
symptoms. This is because the patient is usually aware of the
condition responding even better to the treatment methods
employed. The method also aids to make the patient more
responsive to the medication and allow them an opportunity to
be responsible for the management of their moods and emotions.

6. Psychotherapy is further divided into cognitive behavioral
therapy for the patients and social and interpersonal types of
rhythm therapy. This groups of psychotherapy are specifically
aimed at reducing the symptoms of the mental condition as well
as helping the patients to deal with conflict, personal loss, drug
abuse, and role changes (Miklowitz & Alloy, 2009).
The final way a manic-depressive disorder patient is
through hospitalization although this is an option for crucial
cases of the disorder. In the event that the patient becomes
suicidal or slowly starts to show signs of psychosis, the patient
should be hospitalized immediately. Hospitalization gives the
patient an opportunity to be closely monitored by the many
specialists that are constantly watching over patients at the
hospital. It also allows specialists to analyze the responsiveness
of the patients and how well they respond to the medication
administered to them (Lewinsohn, Klein, & Seeley, 2000).
Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ?
Since the condition causes individuals to have strange
fluctuations in their moods, the performance of bipolar patients
in normal daily activities is negatively impacted. The with can
become very chronic although its patients can always seek
treatment to regain their mental stability. Treatment can help
the patients to regain their healthy and happy lifestyle if they
collaborate with health care providers to help themselves get
out of the situation. However, freshly diagnosed patients are
usually afraid to accept their condition because of the
stigmatization that is associated with this disease. Stigma is
defined as the action of judging someone based on their
personal attributes or traits they cannot change about
themselves. Stigmatization can negatively affect the recovery
process because it can hinder a patient from gaining treatment
which could instead negatively affect the condition of the
patient. Collaborative partnerships in society are therefore
important for the elimination of all types of stigma towards
persons with bipolar (Keck Jr, McElroy, Strakowski, Bourne, &
West 2007).

7. Stigma can be divided into two types, namely self and
public stigma. Self-stigma is a situation characterized by the
victim of a personal attribute or unchangeable trait believing all
the negative and judgmental views that have been said and
passed against the victim resulting in despair and low self-
esteem. Public stigma, on the other hand, includes the
perspective of the public about a personal attribute or an
unchangeable trait being negative or judgmental causing despair
or low self-esteem to the group of people the public negatively
judges. Both self and public stigma are negative and would
undoubtedly make it difficult for victims of bipolar to cope with
their condition unless professionals, family, and friends show
their support for the recovering individuals Hlastala, Frank,
Kowalski, Sherrill, Tu, Anderson, & Kupfer, 2000).
Comment by Dr. Barnes-Young: ?
Conclusion?
References?
Charlotte, this is a good start, though your paper appears to be
incomplete. Review my comments by turning on Track Changes
and moving through them line-by-line. Comments made apply
throughout; in other words, I have not edited every instance of
an error or correction. There are several required
elements according to the assignment that you have not yet
addressed, like the inclusion of a case study and a reference
page.
Carefully proofread your final paper. I look forward
to reading your final draft! If you would like to make further
changes to the final paper you have already submitted, you may
do so. I will accept the most recent submission of your final
paper with no penalty for lateness.
Paper Rubric
Directions: This paper does not have a required page count. The
use of correct spelling, grammar, and sentence structure is
imperative. Students will be graded on thoroughness of content
area, correct spelling, grammar, sentence structure, and correct

8. use of APA.
· Exceptional—Performance is outstanding; significantly above
the usual expectations.
· Proficient—Skills and standards are at the level of
expectation.
· Basic—Skills and standards are acceptable but improvements
are needed to meet expectations well.
· Novice—Performance is weak; the skills or standards are not
sufficiently demonstrated at this time.
Criteria
% of paper
Novice
Basic
Proficient
Exceptional
The writing is scholarly in nature; well organized and coherent
with a description of the primary behavioral problems that need
to be addressed
15%
0-3 points
3-5 points
5-10 points
11-15 points
The student discussed the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and
provided an accurate presentation of the disorder. The student
also presented prevalence and incidence rates. The student also
discussed at least two theories of etiology and contrasted the
theories.
20%
1-5 points
6-10 points
11-15 points
16-20 points
The student incorporated the core value of respect into the
discussion on assessment and diagnosis.
20%

9. 1-5 points
6-10 points
11-15 points
16-20 points
The student discussed treatment interventions based on the
theories of etiology presented. The student provided a case
example from the literature that portrayed the disorder
accurately.
20%
1-5 points
6-10 points
11-15 points
16-20 points
Correct grammar, punctuation, sentence structure is evident; all
written sections have proper citations
10%
0-2 points
3-5 points
6-8 points
9-10 points
References are appropriately cited using
APA Style. The paper is in APA format with a title page and
abstract.
15%
0-3 points
3-5 points
5-10 points
11-15 points
Total: 72
BIPOLAR DISORDER OUTLINE
1

10. Bipolar disorder
Abnormal Psychology
1. Describing the general behaviors associated with bipolar
disorder (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services;
National Institute of Health, 2009)
a) Types of bipolar disorders
i) Bipolar I (BD-I)
(1) Manic episodes lasting for a minimum of a week
/No Depression for two or more weeks.
(2) Usually requiring hospitalization /Major
changes in ordinary behavior
ii) Bipolar II (BD-II)
(1) No manic or mixed episodes
(2) Depression
(a) Hypomanic
` iii) Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (BP-NOS)
(1) Does not meet criteria but presents symptoms of
bipolar disorder
(a) Not enough symptoms

11. (i) Symptoms not lasting long enough
(2) Applies to both stages I and II
iv) Cyclothymic Disorder or Cyclothymic
I. Mild type
II. Swings from depression over a span of 2 years
III. Symptoms do not meet those of bipolar
disorders of other types
2. Explain how biological influences play a role
a) Through genetics
b) In the event of a disturbance in the balance of specific
neurotransmitters
3. Are there biological reasons why an individual may show
behaviors related to bipolar disorder
a) Family and genetic background
i) It is created by numerous genes, as well as in more
than one family member.
I. History: A family history whose members possess
a behavior that is abnormal or the history has a certain type of
substance abuse, or has higher chances of showing symptoms of
bipolar disorder
II. Children born of bipolar parents tend to grow up
and show symptoms of the condition, while families without any
history don't tend to show the symptoms of the disorder.
ii) Psychotic behaviors or substance abuse disorders are
more likely to exhibit the possibility of bipolar disorder.
4. Describe how changing states of consciousness concerning
sleep, meditation, or psychoactive drugs and hypnosis affect
people with bipolar disorder.
a) Medication is the basis of bipolar disorder treatment;
therapy and self-help strategies are a crucial part of life as well.
One can help control their symptoms by exercising, making sure
they sleep enough, eating healthy, having others check on them
to maintain a good attitude and have a support group.
b) Bipolar disorder requires long-term medication
i) There is more to treatment than medication
ii) It is ideal to work with a qualified therapist.

12. 5. Describe how bipolar disorder can affect memory
a) Brain disorder, not behavioral disorder
i) Brain controls memory
` ii) Ability to store information is affected.
b) Side effects of the medication
c) Manic Phase
d) Psychotic Phase
e) Depressive Phase
6. Briefly describe the biological influences on the memory of
a bipolar individual.
a) Runs in the genes
b) Causes an imbalance in the neurotransmitters
7. Are memory distortions commonly associated with the
disorder?
a) Not an excuse
b) Mood swings
c) People can be dangerous
8. Select two personality theories and compare them,
describing their application to the disorder.
a) Genetic/Hereditary
i) Affects immediate family members with the Bipolar
disorder.
ii) Imbalance of dopamine and serotonin
iii) Increase in the levels of these chemicals in the brain
having direct correlation
b) Environment Factors
i) Stressful Environments
ii) Initial factor that contributes to Bipolar
iii) Past Experiences
iv) Social Life
c) Contrast
i) Environmental factors and genetic influences correlate
directly in bipolar people
ii) Even without environmental factors, the genetic
makeup will still appear.
9. Evaluate the effectiveness of at least two therapies used to

13. treat the disorder.
a) No Cure
b) Medication
i) Mood Stabilizer
ii) Antipsychotic
iii) Antidepressant
c) Supportive Psychotherapy
i) Hospitalization
ii) Counseling
d) Best Outcomes
i) Correct Diagnosis
ii) Effective treatment
iii) Healthy lifestyle
iv) Supportive physician
Annotated Bibliography
Tremblay, Carol Horton. "Workplace accommodations and job
success for persons with bipolar - disorder." Work 40.4
(2011): 479-487.
This article by Dr. Carol Temblay focuses on helping the
corporate world and the business environment to learn how to
be more accommodating to the employees who suffer from
bipolar disorder. The article points out that for bipolar
employees to be successful, there are specific business
environments they have to be put into, because these
environments are conducive for their situation. The study only
used 39 respondents for its research thus the recommendations
provided by the author may not specifically apply to all bipolar
employees.
In the research, the policies and job characteristics of different
workplaces were observed and the most conducive ones for
bipolar employees were identified. These were used to assess

14. the interaction between the leaders at the workplace and the
bipolar employees. The participants of the research were 39 in
number, all of whom had been clinically diagnosed with either
bipolar I or bipolar II disorders. The respondents proceeded to
complete questionnaires about the characteristics of the
workplace that would guarantee a better performance at their
workplace. The results of the research showed that job
characteristics like autonomy, flexibility of work schedules, and
supervisor willingness would better accommodation of bipolar
employees in the workplace.
Neves, Maila de C., et al. "Neural correlates of hallucinations in
bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.1
(2016): 1-5.
The authors hypothesized that about 50% of all patients
suffering from bipolar disorder suffer psychotic features at least
once in the course of their disorder. Studies conducted have
shown lots of differences in their prefrontal and mesolimbic
regions activity, which is related to deviant salience especially
for patients who suffer psychosis. The study aimed to
investigate the structural correlates of euthymic patients with
Bipolar I that have suffered hallucinations and psychoses
before.
The study was participated by 21 patients where Voxel based
morphometric (VBM) was the method used to compare the
patients. The DARTEL algorithm for VBM was used for pre-
processing. The results showed that there was a reduction in the
volume of gray matter in the right posterior insular cortex of
patients with BD-I. This means that the patients are likely to
suffer more hallucinations and psychoses in the course of their
lives. This result is aligned with the abnormalities in the
salience network in bipolar patients.
Lejeune, Simon MW. "Special considerations in the treatment of
college students with bipolar disorder." Journal of American
College Health 59.7 (2011): 666-669.
This article is purposed tor the psychology practitioners in

15. schools and colleges, including college advisors to take care of
students who suffer the bipolar disorder. The article
hypothesizes that there are treatments that can be used to help
bipolar students to not only adapt to life on their lonesome, but
also help the students to deal with the challenges of the disorder
they suffer from on a daily basis. The recommendations of this
article are, however, limited by the fact that the research is
based on the adult-onset of the bipolar disorder, and thus do not
to all affected students.
In the article, bipolar disorder is described as a mental disorder
that has its adult onset during the years that most students are in
college. During this period of an individual’s life, the
challenges of the late stages of adolescence and puberty
combine with the challenges associated with getting used to
being a patient of a major mental disorder. To further
complicate the situation, the social environment in college is
non-conducive for the lifestyle changes that guarantee the
stability of the lives of bipolar sufferers. Treating the disorder
grants the students an opportunity to establish an alliance,
educate themselves about the changes their lives are going to
take, help to adapt to the disorder, using the medication
carefully to reduce the chances of developing side effects, and
leaving without the fear of relapse. The culture of learning and
discovering one’s self can be employed in the college setting by
the bipolar student and the health care provider to add to the
benefits of treatment.
Brietzke, Elisa, et al. "Challenges and developments in research
of the early stages of bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de
Psiquiatria 38.4 (2016): 329-337.
In this article, the authors sought to comprehensively review the
literature that already exists about the early stages of bipolar
disorder, so as to explore the neurobiology of these stages. The
research also seeks to explore the inferences from research and
mental care. The articles searched and retrieved were exposed to
different research methods to examine the articles retrieved.
Some of the approaches employed included studying offsprings,

16. conducting retrospective and prospective studies of populations
that are considered as high-risk, and exploring the progress in a
patient after they have experienced their first manic episode.
Using neuro-imaging, cognition evaluation, and biomarkers as
investigative approaches helps to provide evidence of
alterations in the neural substrate during the at-risk stage. The
article recommended that research on the disorder should be
broadened to include states that are at risk and those that are in
line with the recent methodological advancements in
neuroscience. This is because, taking the necessary steps early
enough could play a very vital role in preventing the
progression of the disorder. The research was however limited
by the current use of disparate criteria. This limitation made it
very difficult to carry out of comparisons of the findings
obtained during the studies conducted, and to make
generalizations to other locations or to the practice. Further, it
becomes challenging to predict results, calling for the need to
analyze large volumes of bio data using big-data bioinformatics
platforms. Awareness has to be risen to encourage professional
to employ timely and accurate diagnosis methodologies for
bipolar disorder to allow the recognition of the putative
prodromes of BD as early as possible and to antidepressant and
stimulant treatments for at-risk individuals.

17. Works Cited
Tremblay, Carol Horton. "Workplace accommodations and job
success for persons with bipolar - disorder." Work 40.4
(2011): 479-487.
Neves, Maila de C., et al. "Neural correlates of hallucinations in
bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38.1
(2016): 1-5.
Lejeune, Simon MW. "Special considerations in the treatment of
college students with bipolar disorder." Journal of American
College Health 59.7 (2011): 666-669.
Brietzke, Elisa, et al. "Challenges and developments in research
of the early stages of bipolar disorder." Revista Brasileira de
Psiquiatria 38.4 (2016): 329-337.
Paper Rubric
Directions: This paper does not have a required page count.
Correct spelling, grammar, sentence
structure is imperative. Student will be graded on thoroughness
of content area, correct spelling,
grammar, sentence structure, and correct use of APA.
—Performance is outstanding; significantly above
the usual expectations.
—Skills and standards are at the level of
expectation.

18. —Skills and standards are acceptable but improvements
are needed to meet expectations well.
—Performance is weak; the skills or standards are not
sufficiently demonstrated at this time.
Criteria
% of
paper Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
The writing is scholarly in nature; well
organized and coherent with a description
of the primary behavioral problems that
need to be addressed
15% 0-3 points 3-5 points 5-10 points 11-15 points
The student discussed the DSM-5
diagnostic criteria and provided an
accurate presentation of th disorder.
The student also presented prevalence
and incidence rates. The student also
discussed at least two theories of
etiology and contrasted the theories.
20% 1-5 points 6-10 points 11-15 points 16-20 points
The student incorporated the core value
of respect into the discussion on

19. assessment and diagnosis.
20% 1-5 points 6-10 points 11-15 points 16-20 points
The student discussed treatment
interventions based on the theories of
etiology presented. The student
provided a case example from the
liertaure that portrayed the disorder
accurately.
20% 1-5 points 6-10 points 11-15 points 16-20 points
Correct grammar, punctuation, sentence
structure is evident; all written sections
have proper citations
10% 0-2 points 3-5 points 6-8 points 9-10 points
References are appropriately cited using
APA Style. The paper is in APA format
with a title Page and Abstract.
15% 0-3 points 3-5 points 5-10 points 11-15 points