This document summarizes progress in finding solutions to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), a new threat to maize in Africa. MLN is caused by a mixed infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus. The outbreak was first detected in Kenya in 2011 and has since spread to multiple other countries in Africa. Efforts are underway to understand MLN epidemiology, develop improved diagnostics, breed for resistance, and implement pre-emptive control strategies. Gaps in knowledge around virus transmission and vector ecology need further study. MLN poses a serious risk to maize production across Africa.
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) in KenyaCIMMYT
MLN's incidence and impacts in Kenya, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Maize Lethal Necrosis: Perspective from the U.S. MidwestCIMMYT
Perspective from the U.S. Midwest on MLN, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Incidence and Impacts of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in EthiopiaCIMMYT
Incidence and impacts of MLN in Ethiopia, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
MLN Incidence and Impact in Uganda, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Integration of maize Lethal Necrosis disease management in crop-livestock int...africa-rising
Poster prepared by MB Jumbo, D Makumbi, Janet Njeri Kimunye, G Mahuku, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) in KenyaCIMMYT
MLN's incidence and impacts in Kenya, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Maize Lethal Necrosis: Perspective from the U.S. MidwestCIMMYT
Perspective from the U.S. Midwest on MLN, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Incidence and Impacts of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in EthiopiaCIMMYT
Incidence and impacts of MLN in Ethiopia, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
MLN Incidence and Impact in Uganda, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Integration of maize Lethal Necrosis disease management in crop-livestock int...africa-rising
Poster prepared by MB Jumbo, D Makumbi, Janet Njeri Kimunye, G Mahuku, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
Workshop on MLN Diagnostics and Managment in AfricaCIMMYT
Current Phytosanitary Policies to Control the incidence and spread of MLN in Nigeria and Africa, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Incidence and Impact of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in TanzaniaCIMMYT
Incidence and Impact of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in Tanzania, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Pre-emptive control measures against MLN spread into West & Central AfricaCIMMYT
Pre-emptive control measures against MLN spread into West & Central Africa, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Enhancing rice production in sub-Saharan Africa: Characterization of rice bla...ILRI
Poster prepared by Samuel Mutiga, Felix Rotich, Veena Devi Ganeshan, Emmanuel Mgonja, David Mwongera, Jagger Harvey, Lusike Wasilwa, Ibrahima Ouedraogo, Drissa Silue, Bo Zhou, Tom Mitchell, Guo-Liang Wang, James Correll and Nick Talbot, February 2016
Possible management strategies for Fall Armyworm, a threat to African maize f...Francois Stepman
Johnnie Van den Berg (North-West University, South Africa)
30 - 31 August 2018. Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium. IPBO conference 2018: “Scientific innovation for a sustainable development of African agriculture”
Workshop on MLN Diagnostics and Managment in AfricaCIMMYT
Current Phytosanitary Policies to Control the incidence and spread of MLN in Nigeria and Africa, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Incidence and Impact of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in TanzaniaCIMMYT
Incidence and Impact of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in Tanzania, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Pre-emptive control measures against MLN spread into West & Central AfricaCIMMYT
Pre-emptive control measures against MLN spread into West & Central Africa, presented at the International Conference on “MLN Diagnostics and Management in Africa,” organized by AGRA (Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa) and CIMMYT, 12-14 May, 2015
Enhancing rice production in sub-Saharan Africa: Characterization of rice bla...ILRI
Poster prepared by Samuel Mutiga, Felix Rotich, Veena Devi Ganeshan, Emmanuel Mgonja, David Mwongera, Jagger Harvey, Lusike Wasilwa, Ibrahima Ouedraogo, Drissa Silue, Bo Zhou, Tom Mitchell, Guo-Liang Wang, James Correll and Nick Talbot, February 2016
Possible management strategies for Fall Armyworm, a threat to African maize f...Francois Stepman
Johnnie Van den Berg (North-West University, South Africa)
30 - 31 August 2018. Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium. IPBO conference 2018: “Scientific innovation for a sustainable development of African agriculture”
MLN status, Disease diagnosis and Management Kitale, Kenya 23rd June 2022.pptxSuresh, L.M
MLN diagnosis and disease management training is given to NPPO's across in ESA to help them for understanding MLN disease. This also helps them for disease diagnosis and produce disease free seeds and manage the disease. Thus it helps for good food security. Recently the training wasprovided. This shall help a large audians
Global germplasm collections: sure benefits without seedborne diseasesCIAT
The Genetic Resources Program is the germplasm bank of CIAT which conserves the collections of bean and tropical forage seeds, and the collection of cassava "in vitro" for a total of approximately 67,500 different accessions. The conservation of these collections allows the benefit of the distribution of germplasm of approximately 6,000 samples of genetic material per year, at national and international level. To minimize the risks associated with the movement of germplasm, especially the transport of pathogens of quarantine interest, it is required a process of laboratory tests certifying the plant quality. This process is carried out in the Germplasm Health Laboratory of the GRP, where also research is developed to improve the effectiveness of the detection, testing reliability and efficiency of operations.
Management of SPVD: A model for production, multiplication and delivery of cl...ILRI
Presented by Settumba Mukasa and Samuel Kyamanywa (Makerere University) at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Partnering to outfox crop-infecting viruses in AfricaILRI
Presented by Jagger Harvey, ILRI, at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
Three months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan (China), the African response could be labelled as impressive. Many lessons were learnt by African countries from Ebola epidemic which hit West Africa (2014-2016). Industrial resiliency (mask production at scale), Technological innovations (PCR test local production, machine learning and robotics) and Genomic Prowess (Genome sequence of COVID-19 virus) ; all showed Africa is ready to be part of the global solution to COVID-19. Yet, only 3 clinical trials for vaccine and medicine against the virus were ongoing across the continent at the time of this presentation. The presentation also discusses some of the public health and industrial strategies to build even more resiliency in the continent beyond the pandemic.
In light of the global health crisis, Imperial College Healthcare Club to host the second webinar discussion around Africa’s healthcare system resilience to COVID-19. We are honored to be joined by Dr. Kaouthar Lbiati, who are both currently working on the continent’s response to the pandemic.The event will be a discussion, where the speakers will be presenting their work as well as their views and perspectives around the Healthcare crisis in Africa.
The webinar will focus on :
1. How the healthcare actors based in Africa have been crucial in responding to the pandemic.
3. How the long-term consequences of this crisis can bring major changes in Africa.
Kaouthar Lbiati (MD, MSc) will be emphasising on the wider scope of the healthcare policy & industry and explore the strategies on both that Africa as a continent could
establish to build resilience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN): Progress in finding solutions to a new threat to maize in Africa
1. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium
Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN):
23 November 2015
(R4D Week 2015)
Progress in finding solutions to a new threat to maize in Africa
Lava Kumar et al
2. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
23 November 2015, R4D Week 2015
Maize Lethal
Necrosis (MLN):
Progress in finding solutions to
a new threat to maize in Africa
Lava Kumar et al.
L.kumar@cgiar.org
3. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Viral disease of maize
4. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Maize streak virus (MSV) is an
endemic threat to maize in Africa
Leaf hopper (C. mbila)
• Widespread in Africa
• Transmitted by leafhoppers
• Causes severe yield reduction in
susceptible lines
• MSV resistant lines developed for
disease control
5. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Outbreak of a new maize
disease in Kenya
• First outbreak in
September 2011 in Bomet
county in Kenya
• Necrosis, rapid decline
and premature death of
plants
• Rapid spread within and
between the fields
• Referred as ‘Bomet
Disease’
6. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Outbreak of a new maize disease
7. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Outbreak of a new maize disease
Cobs from MCMV infected plants
8. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Outbreak of a new maize disease
• Yield losses vary from 30 to 70% depending on the
stage of infection
• In 2012, MLN outbreak in Kenya affected 77,000 ha ;
destroyed production worth US$52 million
• All the farmer adopted lines and hybrids are highly
susceptible
9. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Maize chlorotic mottle virus
Sugarcane mosaic virus
The new disease identified as maize lethal necrosis
(MLN) caused by mixed infection of two viruses
10. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
The new disease identified as maize lethal necrosis
(MLN) caused by mixed infection of two viruses
SCMV
+
MCMV
Synergistic
interaction
• SCMV is known to be endemic and widespread in Africa. Not known to
be a threat to maize.
• MCMV is a new record in the continent; and the main contributor for
MLN outbreak.
• MCMV on its own can cause severe symptoms and yield losses.
• Both viruses have wide host range
12. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
2004
Thailand
2010
China
2012
1974
Peru
1976
USA1989
Mexico
MCMV distribution
MCMV has been identified in two MLN outbreaks
1. Kansas state USA (1980s)
2. Eastern Africa (since 2011)
13. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Distribution in Africa
•Kenya (2012)
•Tanzania (2013)
•Uganda (2013)
•Rwanda (2013)
•Burundi (2013)
•South Sudan (2013)
•DRC (2014)
•Ethiopia (2014)
MCMV spread in Africa
14. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• Delayed initial diagnosis
– Unfamiliar disease
– Lack of awareness
– Lack of diagnostic capacity
• Once established, difficult to control
• Limited control options (mainly regulatory
control)
– Multiple sources of inoculum
• Soil, residues and water
• Seed
• Vectors
Challenges to MLN control
15. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
IITA’s R4D focus on MLN
•MLN epidemiology (AfricaRISING and CRP): Causes and factors
contributing to disease spread
•Development of MLN diagnostics (BMGF, AfricaRISING and CRP):
Tools for reliable detection of causal viruses
•Breeding for MCMV resistance (CRP & BMGF): Evaluation of
maize lines for assessing host response to MLN causal agents and
finding promising lines for breeding
•Risk assessment & pre-emptive management (CRP): Determine
the spread risk potential and preparedness in Central and Western
Africa.
SARI
Sealian Agricultural
Research Institute
16. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
1. Understanding MLN Epidemiology
Sub-Humid District
(1610 to 2178 mts)
Semi-Arid Districts
(1261- 1527 mts)
Medium elevation
Studies in Tanzania
17. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MCMV + SCMV
(MLND)
MCMV only
MCMV SCMV
SCMV+
MCMV MSV
51 (64%) 18 (22.5) 17 (21.5) 16 (20)
Viruses detected (N = 80 samples)
SCMV only
Incidence of MLN agents differ
First survey in 2013
•MCMV alone can cause severe symptoms
18. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MCMV spread into DRC
• Only MCMV was detected in the MLN
outbreak in DR Congo.
• It is very likely that MLN-like severe
symptoms can result from MCMV infection
alone.
• Controlling MCMV is critical for MLN control
19. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MLN surveys in 2015 in
Tanzania
Widespread and expanding; incidence between 5 to 70%
21. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MLN Virus MSV
Incidence of viruses
1 - 34%1 - 62%0 - 37%
22. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MLN Virus MSV
Prevalence of viruses
10 - 100%51 - 100%0 - 100%
23. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
JX286709-MCMV (Kenya)
MCMV-DRC (KJ699379)
JQ982468-MCMV (Yunnan2)
KF010583-MCMV (Yunnan)
GU138674-MCMV (Yunnan)
EU358605-MCMV (USA)
X14736-MCMV (USA)100
99
84
63
0.002
MCMV diversity in East Africa
•Viral isolates from Kenya, Tanzania and DRC
are 99 – 100% identical to MCMV China isolates
•SCMV isolates were similar but greater
diversity observed in some locations
Africa
24. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
D02_Rm2COI_826285
E02_Rm3COI_826286
G04_RmECR1_826304
G11_RmECR2_826360
H11_RmECR3_826361
A05_RmAIbo_826306
B01_F11TTa_840483
D03_Rm4COI_826293
C02_Rm1COI_826284
F02_Rm3bCO_826287
HQ112195India-R maidis
F01_F12Tan_840487
G01_F9Tanz_840488
A01_F10Tan_840482
C01_F11BTa_840484
TANZF13COF
D01_F2Tanz_840485
GU457795RhoKorea-R padi
GU140277Canada-P nigronervosa
100
100
99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.01
Rhopalosiphummaidis
Rhopalosiphumpadi
• Molecular analysis (COI gene-based taxonomy) confirmed R. padi
as common aphid vector of SCMV.
• Corn thrips, Frankliniella williamsi common vector of MCMV
MLN Vectors
25. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Late planting in March
(High incidence)
Early planting in
January (no or low
incidence)
MLN disease cycle
Vectors
Maize growing period
26. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MCMV Seed transmission
•Seed collected from infected plants for
seed transmission assay
•High rate of seed loss due to fungal
infection. Survived seed planted.
•Total 48 batches of 7 hybrids / lines; 500
seed tested per batch.
•11,527 of 24,000 planted seed germinated
(48% germination)
•No evidence of MCMV in the seed lots
tested
•MCMV seed transmission suspected for long range spread in Africa
•Previous reports indicated 0 to 0.33% rate of MCMV seed transmission
•MCMV can be detected in the seed
27. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
2. New diagnostics for MCMV
Scaling of new diagnostic tools developed in
AfricaRISING
•New diagnostics for MCMV
developed in 2013-14
•Recombinant polyclonal
antibodies against MCMV
28. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• Single tuber Multiplex PCR for simultaneous
detection of all the major maize viruses
Improving diagnostics
10-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7
Multiplex assay detected up to
10-3 dilution
29. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
New diagnostics
RT-
LAMP
Dilutions MCMV MSV
1 1:1000 + +
2 1:5000 + +
3 1:10000 + +
4 1:100000 + +
5 1:1000000 + +
6 1:10000000 + -
7 Buffer - -
8 Water - -
MSV
MCMV
• Reverse transcriptase/Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LMPA) assay.
• Further modified to develop UDG-LAMP to avoid contamination
30. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• Established a MLN diagnostic Lab at Selian
Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Arusha
• Pathology lab refurbished with essential equipment
• Training to staff
Developing diagnostic capacity
31. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• 22 persons trained from Tanzania and
• Field and lab diagnosis | Insect vector identification
• Disease control
Developing diagnostic capacity
32. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
3. Breeding for MLN Resistance
• IITA initiated pre-emptive breeding for deploying MLN resistance
in cultivars and lines preferred in West and Central africa
• Evaluation CIMMY – KALRO MLN phenotyping facility at Naivasha,
Kenya
33. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Initiation of pre-emptive breeding against the
spread of MLN to West and Central Africa
• 40 elite inbred lines screened and 3 promising inbred lines with
moderate resistance to MLN identified
• Used as partners to develop 22 bi-parental crosses in 2014
• The 22 bi-parental crosses were self pollinated in 2015 to
develop MLN resistant inbred lines
• Additional 33 bi-parental crosses involving other elite
inbred lines were successfully made in 2015
• Inbred lines with resistance to MLN introduced from CIMMYT
for crossing to expand the genetic base of resistance source
germplasm
34. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Score1 Score2 Score3 Score4
MLNScores(1-5)
TZMI730 TZMI746
TZMI723 TZMI740
TZMI764 TZMI765
• Identification of MCMV resistant lines for use in crossing
Initiation of pre-emptive breeding against the
spread of MLN to West and Central Africa
TZMI723
TZMI730
TZMI746
35. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
•SCMV and MSV detected but not MCMV
•Aphids and thrips are widely distributed
• Baseline study for maize
viruses
• Assessment of risk to
seed production sector
• Awareness creation
about MLN
• Capacity development
of regulatory authority
• Understanding viruses
in perennial cereal
hosts (e.g. sugarcane)
Pre-emptive control
36. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Unknown’s
•Rate of transmission
•Virus transmission through seed
•Inoculum survival
•Vector diversity and their role in spread
•Effect of environment and farmers practices
•Disease distribution in MLN affected countries
Knowledge gaps
37. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
MLN: Ebola of Maize
•MLN outbreak is a spoiler of maize revolution in Africa.
•Severely reduced maize production
•Crippled commercial seed industry in Kenya
•Forced re-strategising of maize improvement
programs (search for identification of high levels of
resistance to recovery maize production)
•Pre-emptive control (surveillance), preparedness and
emergency response plans are critical to save maize
from invasive threat.
Conclusions & Lessons
38. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Acknowledgments
SARI
Sealian Agricultural
Research Institute