This document provides an overview of milling(machining). It defines milling as a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by advancing the cutter into the workpiece. There are two main classes of milling processes: face milling which cuts flat surfaces using the end corners of the cutter, and peripheral milling which cuts along the circumference of the cutter to produce shapes like slots and gears. Milling cutters come in different types for various milling operations. The document also discusses factors that affect the surface finish produced by milling and different types of milling like gang milling. It provides details on milling equipment, operations, and the basic parts and functions
This document provides information about different types of grinding machines. It discusses cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, and other specialized grinders. The key points are:
- Grinding machines use an abrasive wheel to remove a thin layer of material from the workpiece through friction.
- Cylindrical grinders can grind external or internal cylindrical surfaces and include plain, universal, and centerless varieties.
- Surface grinders grind flat surfaces and include reciprocating and rotary table styles.
- Other grinders include belt grinders, bench grinders, and specialized grinders for tasks like thread grinding and crankshaft grinding.
Machine tool iii grinding superfinishing limit fit tolerance & surface f...iukashyap
This document provides an overview of grinding and superfinishing processes. It discusses grinding wheels, their components like abrasives, bonds and specifications. It describes grinding wheel wear mechanisms and different types of grinding machines. Centerless grinding advantages are outlined. Honing, lapping and polishing are introduced as superfinishing processes to achieve very high surface finishes for critical machine components.
A lathe rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling with tools. It consists of a headstock, bed, carriage, tailstock. The headstock powers the spindle and workpiece. The carriage moves the tool parallel to the axis of rotation. Turret and capstan lathes allow quick tool changes. Automatic lathes can produce identical pieces without operator attention after initial setup.
Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool called a broach to remove material in a single pass. Broaching was first used in the 1850s and was commonly used to rifle gun barrels during World War 1. Broaching machines can perform horizontal, vertical, continuous, and rotary broaching. Broaching tools are designed based on the material, size and shape of the cut, required tolerances, and production rates. Broaching provides high production rates and accuracy for complex hole shapes and surfaces.
This document provides information on sawing and broaching machines. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the classification, components, operation, and applications of sawing machines such as reciprocating saws, band saws, and circular saws. It also covers broaching, including the construction and operation of broaching machines as well as different types of broaches and their applications in machining processes. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components of sawing and broaching machines.
The document discusses different types of lathes and their components and operations. It describes the key parts of a centre lathe like the headstock, tailstock, bed, and carriage. It explains different lathe operations such as turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading and knurling. The document also discusses various methods of taper turning and thread cutting on lathes. Special attachments for centre lathes are mentioned as well to enable additional machining capabilities.
The document discusses abrasive processes and broaching. It describes various abrasive machining processes including grinding, honing and lapping. It details different types of grinding processes such as cylindrical grinding and centerless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. Broaching involves using a multi-tooth tool to remove material in one pass to produce internal and external features with high tolerances and production rates.
This document provides an overview of broaching machines and the broaching process. It discusses the basic principles of broaching, including that it removes material in layers using a cutter with gradually increasing cutting edges. It describes the construction of broaching tools, including their configuration, materials like HSS and cemented carbides, and cutting edge geometry. It also discusses different types of broaching like internal and external, pull and push broaches, and broaching machines like horizontal and vertical varieties.
This document provides information about different types of grinding machines. It discusses cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, and other specialized grinders. The key points are:
- Grinding machines use an abrasive wheel to remove a thin layer of material from the workpiece through friction.
- Cylindrical grinders can grind external or internal cylindrical surfaces and include plain, universal, and centerless varieties.
- Surface grinders grind flat surfaces and include reciprocating and rotary table styles.
- Other grinders include belt grinders, bench grinders, and specialized grinders for tasks like thread grinding and crankshaft grinding.
Machine tool iii grinding superfinishing limit fit tolerance & surface f...iukashyap
This document provides an overview of grinding and superfinishing processes. It discusses grinding wheels, their components like abrasives, bonds and specifications. It describes grinding wheel wear mechanisms and different types of grinding machines. Centerless grinding advantages are outlined. Honing, lapping and polishing are introduced as superfinishing processes to achieve very high surface finishes for critical machine components.
A lathe rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling with tools. It consists of a headstock, bed, carriage, tailstock. The headstock powers the spindle and workpiece. The carriage moves the tool parallel to the axis of rotation. Turret and capstan lathes allow quick tool changes. Automatic lathes can produce identical pieces without operator attention after initial setup.
Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool called a broach to remove material in a single pass. Broaching was first used in the 1850s and was commonly used to rifle gun barrels during World War 1. Broaching machines can perform horizontal, vertical, continuous, and rotary broaching. Broaching tools are designed based on the material, size and shape of the cut, required tolerances, and production rates. Broaching provides high production rates and accuracy for complex hole shapes and surfaces.
This document provides information on sawing and broaching machines. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the classification, components, operation, and applications of sawing machines such as reciprocating saws, band saws, and circular saws. It also covers broaching, including the construction and operation of broaching machines as well as different types of broaches and their applications in machining processes. The document aims to explain the basic concepts and components of sawing and broaching machines.
The document discusses different types of lathes and their components and operations. It describes the key parts of a centre lathe like the headstock, tailstock, bed, and carriage. It explains different lathe operations such as turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading and knurling. The document also discusses various methods of taper turning and thread cutting on lathes. Special attachments for centre lathes are mentioned as well to enable additional machining capabilities.
The document discusses abrasive processes and broaching. It describes various abrasive machining processes including grinding, honing and lapping. It details different types of grinding processes such as cylindrical grinding and centerless grinding. It also discusses broaching machines and broaching processes. Broaching involves using a multi-tooth tool to remove material in one pass to produce internal and external features with high tolerances and production rates.
This document provides an overview of broaching machines and the broaching process. It discusses the basic principles of broaching, including that it removes material in layers using a cutter with gradually increasing cutting edges. It describes the construction of broaching tools, including their configuration, materials like HSS and cemented carbides, and cutting edge geometry. It also discusses different types of broaching like internal and external, pull and push broaches, and broaching machines like horizontal and vertical varieties.
1. There are several types of lathes used in manufacturing including speed lathes, turret lathes, and numerical control turning centers.
2. Turret lathes have eleven tooling stations that allow for rough simultaneous cuts of metal and are economical for medium production lots.
3. Quick-change tool holders are used on lathes to reduce tool changing time which can constitute 50% of the total cycle time for jobs with repeated operations.
Basics of Production Engineering In MetalworkingIJERA Editor
This document discusses milling machines and their operation. It describes the different types of milling machines, including horizontal, vertical, and universal milling machines. It explains the basic movements and functions of milling machines. The document also covers topics like milling processes, cutting speeds, workholding, and calculating cutting elements. Milling machines are used to machine flat, curved, and other surfaces on metal workpieces through removing layers of metal in the form of swarf.
This document provides information about shaper machines. It begins with an introduction to shaper machines, describing their main functions and parts. It then discusses the working principle of shaper machines and how they perform cutting operations. The document outlines the typical construction of shaper machines, including their base, body, cross rail, and ram/tool head. It also describes shaper machine mechanisms, specifications, operations and applications. In under 3 sentences.
The document discusses metal cutting and machining processes. It begins with an introduction to metal cutting and the reasons for adopting machining processes. It then describes the mechanics of chip formation during metal cutting and different types of cutting like orthogonal and oblique. The document also defines important machining terminology like tool nomenclature, tool angles, tool signature and different machining operations like turning, drilling and milling.
1. Grinding is a finishing operation that involves slowly wearing away material using an abrasive that is harder than the material being ground. Heat generated during grinding can damage the grinding wheel.
2. There are several types of grinding machines including surface grinders, cylindrical grinders, and universal tool and cutter grinders. Surface grinding is commonly used to grind flat surfaces while cylindrical grinding is used to grind external and internal diameters.
3. Grinding wheels come in different materials, shapes, grains, bonds, grades, and structures suited for different grinding applications and material removal needs. Proper wheel selection is important for achieving the desired surface finish.
GEOMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING MACHINE BEDIjripublishers Ijri
In this paper, a machine bed will be selected for the complete analysis for both static and dynamic loads. Then investigation
is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity and the accuracy
of the machine tool by adding ribs at the suitable locations.
Machining processes involve cutting a workpiece into a desired shape and size through controlled material removal. The three main machining processes are turning, drilling, and milling. Turning involves rotating the workpiece and feeding a single-point cutting tool parallel to the axis of rotation to cut external or internal features. Drilling produces round holes using a rotating drill bit. Milling uses a multi-toothed cutting tool to cut flat and complex shapes by rotating the tool perpendicular to the workpiece feed direction. Other machining processes include grinding, broaching, and advanced processes like water jet machining or electrical discharge machining.
The gear hobbing process involves using a hob (a cylindrical cutting tool with teeth) to cut gear teeth onto a workpiece. As the hob and workpiece rotate, the hob is fed axially across the face of the workpiece to gradually form each tooth. Modifications can be made to the hob shape to produce specialized tooth forms. Multiple-start hobs can increase production speed by indexing the workpiece multiple teeth with each hob revolution, but they introduce challenges like uneven thread spacing that can affect gear quality. Proper machine design and process parameters are needed to optimize gear hobbing.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines. It describes surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. Surface grinding machines are used to grind flat surfaces and can have horizontal or vertical spindles with reciprocating or rotary tables. Cylindrical grinding machines are used to produce external cylindrical surfaces and include plain, universal, and centerless types. Internal grinding machines grind internal cylindrical surfaces and include chucking, planetary, and centerless types. Tool and cutter grinding machines are used for complex tools.
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a circular hole in solid materials. The drill bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at high speeds to cut chips from the hole. There are various types of drills classified by material, size, number of flutes, helix angle, length, and application. Drilling machines impart both rotational and feed motions to the drill bit to remove material. Key components include the motor, speed gearbox, feed gearbox, and spindle to mount the drill. The workpiece is securely fastened to the machine bed during the drilling operation.
Acrobat Reader 4 is required to use the calculator tool on this document for cutting data calculations for various milling operations like ballnose end mills, round insert cutters, 45 degree facemills, and square shoulder milling. The document provides input fields for parameters like cutter diameter, spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut and performs calculations for optimal values.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
Machining by broaching removes material in one stroke using a broach tool with gradually increasing cutting teeth. Broaching is used to make holes, slots, gears, and other precision components. Broaching machines come in horizontal and vertical configurations and can be single-station or multi-station. Broaching provides high productivity and precision compared to other machining methods for suitable applications.
Mechanical Technology Grade 12 Chapter 6 Terminology Of MachinesFuture Managers
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
1. The document describes a horizontal spindle and reciprocating table grinding machine. It includes diagrams of the machine and descriptions of its main parts and working.
2. The key parts are the grinding wheel, reciprocating work table, and various wheels for transverse, down, and cross feeds. The grinding wheel rotates horizontally to grind workpieces held on the reciprocating table.
3. The machine is used to grind metals with small widths and in medium-scale manufacturing industries such as for auto parts, taps, and aluminum shops. It allows hands-on workpiece holding and achieves high accuracy grinding.
This presentation discusses different types of sawing machines used for cutting metal. It covers reciprocating saws, band saws, and circular saws. Reciprocating saws, also called power hacksaws, use a blade that moves back and forth through the workpiece. Band saws have an endless blade running over two wheels that can cut in any direction. Circular saws cut using a revolving disc blade and come in varieties like cold saws, friction discs, and abrasive discs. The presentation provides details on the components, operation, and applications of these common metal sawing machine types.
This grinding report summarizes two experiments conducted in a work shop. The first experiment used a surface grinding machine to grind a plate, resulting in a smooth surface finish. The second experiment used a bench grinding machine to create cutting tools for a lathe by sharpening metal plates. Bench grinders are used to drive abrasive wheels and shape metal for welding or fitting by sharpening tools like drill bits. The report provides details on the equipment, procedures, and results of the two grinding experiments.
Milling machines perform machining operations through rotating cutters that remove material from the workpiece. There are several types of milling machines including vertical, horizontal, and universal milling machines. Milling operations include plain milling for flat surfaces, angular milling for chamfers and grooves, straddle milling for parallel surfaces, face milling for perpendicular surfaces, and form milling for complex contours. Cutters are held using various arbors, collets, chucks, and adapters. Workpieces are mounted to the machine table, angle plate, fixtures, between centers, in a chuck, or vise depending on the operation.
The document discusses milling and milling machines. It defines milling as a metal cutting process that removes material from a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool called a milling cutter. A milling machine is a machine tool that uses this milling process to remove metal as the workpiece is fed against the rotating cutter. The document describes the main components and functions of milling machines, different types including column and knee mills, horizontal and vertical mills, and special purpose mills. It also outlines common milling operations like face milling and pocket milling.
The document provides an overview of milling operations and machines. It discusses:
1) The basic working principle of milling, where a rotating cutting tool (milling cutter) with multiple teeth machines a workpiece by moving it past the cutter.
2) The main types of milling operations including peripheral, face, and special operations like end milling and contouring.
3) The different categories of milling machines including column and knee machines, fixed bed machines, and special machines. Common machine specifications are also outlined.
1. There are several types of lathes used in manufacturing including speed lathes, turret lathes, and numerical control turning centers.
2. Turret lathes have eleven tooling stations that allow for rough simultaneous cuts of metal and are economical for medium production lots.
3. Quick-change tool holders are used on lathes to reduce tool changing time which can constitute 50% of the total cycle time for jobs with repeated operations.
Basics of Production Engineering In MetalworkingIJERA Editor
This document discusses milling machines and their operation. It describes the different types of milling machines, including horizontal, vertical, and universal milling machines. It explains the basic movements and functions of milling machines. The document also covers topics like milling processes, cutting speeds, workholding, and calculating cutting elements. Milling machines are used to machine flat, curved, and other surfaces on metal workpieces through removing layers of metal in the form of swarf.
This document provides information about shaper machines. It begins with an introduction to shaper machines, describing their main functions and parts. It then discusses the working principle of shaper machines and how they perform cutting operations. The document outlines the typical construction of shaper machines, including their base, body, cross rail, and ram/tool head. It also describes shaper machine mechanisms, specifications, operations and applications. In under 3 sentences.
The document discusses metal cutting and machining processes. It begins with an introduction to metal cutting and the reasons for adopting machining processes. It then describes the mechanics of chip formation during metal cutting and different types of cutting like orthogonal and oblique. The document also defines important machining terminology like tool nomenclature, tool angles, tool signature and different machining operations like turning, drilling and milling.
1. Grinding is a finishing operation that involves slowly wearing away material using an abrasive that is harder than the material being ground. Heat generated during grinding can damage the grinding wheel.
2. There are several types of grinding machines including surface grinders, cylindrical grinders, and universal tool and cutter grinders. Surface grinding is commonly used to grind flat surfaces while cylindrical grinding is used to grind external and internal diameters.
3. Grinding wheels come in different materials, shapes, grains, bonds, grades, and structures suited for different grinding applications and material removal needs. Proper wheel selection is important for achieving the desired surface finish.
GEOMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING MACHINE BEDIjripublishers Ijri
In this paper, a machine bed will be selected for the complete analysis for both static and dynamic loads. Then investigation
is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity and the accuracy
of the machine tool by adding ribs at the suitable locations.
Machining processes involve cutting a workpiece into a desired shape and size through controlled material removal. The three main machining processes are turning, drilling, and milling. Turning involves rotating the workpiece and feeding a single-point cutting tool parallel to the axis of rotation to cut external or internal features. Drilling produces round holes using a rotating drill bit. Milling uses a multi-toothed cutting tool to cut flat and complex shapes by rotating the tool perpendicular to the workpiece feed direction. Other machining processes include grinding, broaching, and advanced processes like water jet machining or electrical discharge machining.
The gear hobbing process involves using a hob (a cylindrical cutting tool with teeth) to cut gear teeth onto a workpiece. As the hob and workpiece rotate, the hob is fed axially across the face of the workpiece to gradually form each tooth. Modifications can be made to the hob shape to produce specialized tooth forms. Multiple-start hobs can increase production speed by indexing the workpiece multiple teeth with each hob revolution, but they introduce challenges like uneven thread spacing that can affect gear quality. Proper machine design and process parameters are needed to optimize gear hobbing.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines. It describes surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. Surface grinding machines are used to grind flat surfaces and can have horizontal or vertical spindles with reciprocating or rotary tables. Cylindrical grinding machines are used to produce external cylindrical surfaces and include plain, universal, and centerless types. Internal grinding machines grind internal cylindrical surfaces and include chucking, planetary, and centerless types. Tool and cutter grinding machines are used for complex tools.
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a circular hole in solid materials. The drill bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at high speeds to cut chips from the hole. There are various types of drills classified by material, size, number of flutes, helix angle, length, and application. Drilling machines impart both rotational and feed motions to the drill bit to remove material. Key components include the motor, speed gearbox, feed gearbox, and spindle to mount the drill. The workpiece is securely fastened to the machine bed during the drilling operation.
Acrobat Reader 4 is required to use the calculator tool on this document for cutting data calculations for various milling operations like ballnose end mills, round insert cutters, 45 degree facemills, and square shoulder milling. The document provides input fields for parameters like cutter diameter, spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut and performs calculations for optimal values.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
Machining by broaching removes material in one stroke using a broach tool with gradually increasing cutting teeth. Broaching is used to make holes, slots, gears, and other precision components. Broaching machines come in horizontal and vertical configurations and can be single-station or multi-station. Broaching provides high productivity and precision compared to other machining methods for suitable applications.
Mechanical Technology Grade 12 Chapter 6 Terminology Of MachinesFuture Managers
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
1. The document describes a horizontal spindle and reciprocating table grinding machine. It includes diagrams of the machine and descriptions of its main parts and working.
2. The key parts are the grinding wheel, reciprocating work table, and various wheels for transverse, down, and cross feeds. The grinding wheel rotates horizontally to grind workpieces held on the reciprocating table.
3. The machine is used to grind metals with small widths and in medium-scale manufacturing industries such as for auto parts, taps, and aluminum shops. It allows hands-on workpiece holding and achieves high accuracy grinding.
This presentation discusses different types of sawing machines used for cutting metal. It covers reciprocating saws, band saws, and circular saws. Reciprocating saws, also called power hacksaws, use a blade that moves back and forth through the workpiece. Band saws have an endless blade running over two wheels that can cut in any direction. Circular saws cut using a revolving disc blade and come in varieties like cold saws, friction discs, and abrasive discs. The presentation provides details on the components, operation, and applications of these common metal sawing machine types.
This grinding report summarizes two experiments conducted in a work shop. The first experiment used a surface grinding machine to grind a plate, resulting in a smooth surface finish. The second experiment used a bench grinding machine to create cutting tools for a lathe by sharpening metal plates. Bench grinders are used to drive abrasive wheels and shape metal for welding or fitting by sharpening tools like drill bits. The report provides details on the equipment, procedures, and results of the two grinding experiments.
Milling machines perform machining operations through rotating cutters that remove material from the workpiece. There are several types of milling machines including vertical, horizontal, and universal milling machines. Milling operations include plain milling for flat surfaces, angular milling for chamfers and grooves, straddle milling for parallel surfaces, face milling for perpendicular surfaces, and form milling for complex contours. Cutters are held using various arbors, collets, chucks, and adapters. Workpieces are mounted to the machine table, angle plate, fixtures, between centers, in a chuck, or vise depending on the operation.
The document discusses milling and milling machines. It defines milling as a metal cutting process that removes material from a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool called a milling cutter. A milling machine is a machine tool that uses this milling process to remove metal as the workpiece is fed against the rotating cutter. The document describes the main components and functions of milling machines, different types including column and knee mills, horizontal and vertical mills, and special purpose mills. It also outlines common milling operations like face milling and pocket milling.
The document provides an overview of milling operations and machines. It discusses:
1) The basic working principle of milling, where a rotating cutting tool (milling cutter) with multiple teeth machines a workpiece by moving it past the cutter.
2) The main types of milling operations including peripheral, face, and special operations like end milling and contouring.
3) The different categories of milling machines including column and knee machines, fixed bed machines, and special machines. Common machine specifications are also outlined.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotary cutter to remove material from a workpiece by advancing it into the cutter's teeth. Milling cutters can have single or multiple teeth. There are two main types of milling: up milling and down milling. Up milling involves feeding the workpiece against the cutter's rotation and is used for roughing operations, while down milling feeds in the same direction as rotation and is preferred for finishing cuts. Milling machines come in various types but generally include a base, worktable, saddle, knee, spindle, and column. The document then discusses various milling operations and cutter types.
Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Milling machines use a rotating multipoint cutter to remove material from a workpiece through feeding in various ways. There are several types of milling machines but the most common is the vertical knee-type mill which allows movement of the workpiece in multiple axes. Milling operations include plain milling for flat surfaces, face milling for perpendicular surfaces, and slot milling or angular milling for complex shapes. Milling provides fast metal removal for complex geometries through cutters that can cut on sides, ends, and faces.
Different flanking devices and attachmentAlbert Candor
This document discusses different types of milling machine attachments and factors to consider when selecting milling cutters for jobs. It describes dividing heads, vertical heads, rotary tables, slotting attachments, rack milling attachments, universal spiral attachments, and high speed attachments. When choosing milling cutters, considerations include the material being cut, desired cutting speed, type of cut, and ensuring the cutter is appropriately sized for the job.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study on modeling and analyzing a surface milling cutter using finite element analysis. The study involves designing a face milling cutter using CATIA V5 software. A single tooth of the cutter is then modeled and analyzed in ANSYS for different spindle speeds ranging from 50 to 2000 rpm. The stresses acting on the tooth are calculated and compared with theoretical values. The stress values obtained from finite element analysis match well with theoretical calculations. The study demonstrates an integrated approach for computer-aided design and analysis of milling cutters.
Milling is a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by feeding the workpiece into a spinning tool. There are two main types of milling machines: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal milling machines have a horizontally mounted spindle and cutter above the worktable, while vertical milling machines have a vertically oriented spindle and cutter that can plunge to cut the workpiece. The type of milling machine used depends on factors like the shape, size, and number of sides needing machining of the workpiece.
The document describes milling machine operations. It defines milling, the main components of milling machines, and different types of milling machines including horizontal, vertical, and speciality machines. It also explains various milling techniques such as plain milling, face milling, end milling, and gang milling. Key parts of milling machines like the spindle, table, and arbor are identified. Methods like up milling and down milling are compared.
This document provides an overview of milling machines and milling processes. It describes the two main types of milling machines - horizontal and vertical milling machines. It outlines common cutting tools and industrial applications of milling. The key milling processes of spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutter rotation direction are explained. Typical milling operations such as plain milling, end milling and gang milling are defined. The document also covers workholding methods and the importance of vice alignment and safety practices.
about shaper machine, planer machine, and milling machine.
how to use these machines.
and how to work these machines.
easy to learn about these machines.
Milling is a machining process where a workpiece is fed against a rotating cylindrical tool with multiple cutting edges called a milling cutter. There are different types of milling operations depending on the positioning of the tool and workpiece, including peripheral milling where the tool axis is parallel to the work surface and face milling where the tool axis is perpendicular. The key parts of a milling machine include the base, column, knee, saddle, table, overarm, arbor, and spindle. Cutting parameters that must be controlled include cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.
This document provides an introduction to CNC milling. It begins by defining NC and CNC, explaining that CNC refers to a computer connected to an NC machine to increase versatility. It then discusses the basic components of an NC system, including the program of instructions, control unit, and machine tool. The document outlines different milling processes like face milling and end milling. It also explains machine coordinate systems and CAD/CAM software integration. Advantages of CNC include increased productivity and accuracy while limitations include high costs.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating cutting tool called a milling cutter to remove material from a workpiece. Milling cutters come in various types for different purposes like flat surfaces, slots, threads, gears, etc. There are two types of milling: up milling where the cutter moves against the workpiece feed and down milling where they move together. Down milling provides better surface finish and tool life. Milling machines are classified based on their purpose, configuration, orientation, and level of automation. Milling cutters are also classified based on their geometry and how they machine specific features. Key parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut determine the material removal rate
Lathe and Shaper, Planer, Slotter for 2022 GATE ESE PSUs by S K Mondal.pdfssuser72b8e8
1. The document describes various parts and operations of a lathe machine. It discusses the headstock, ways, tailstock, bed, carriage, lead screw, lead rod and other basic components.
2. It also covers various lathe operations like turning, threading, tapering, grooving, drilling, boring, knurling and others. It provides formulas for calculating machining time, metal removal rate, and speed ratios for different operations.
3. The document discusses work holding devices for lathes like chucks, collets, faceplates, mandrels and centers. It provides details about three jaw and four jaw chucks.
The document provides information about milling machines from the Babaria Institute of Technology. It defines milling as a metal cutting process that uses a rotating multipoint cutter to remove material from the workpiece. The document then discusses the main parts and types of milling machines, including column and knee mills, fixed-bed mills, and planer mills. It also covers milling methods like up and down milling, as well as indexing, cutter types, and common milling operations.
The document discusses milling, which is a machining process that uses a rotating cutting tool to remove material from a workpiece. It describes different types of milling machines like column and knee machines, planer machines, and special machines. It also covers milling methods, cutter types, indexing heads, and thread milling. The main types of milling machines are column and knee machines, which can be horizontal, universal, or vertical, and planer machines, which are heavy-duty machines suited for production work.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Machines
1. Milling(machining)
Millingisthe machiningprocessof usingrotary cuttersto remove material[1]
fromaworkpiece
advancing(orfeeding) ina directionatan angle withthe axisof the tool.[2][3]
Itcoversa wide varietyof
differentoperationsandmachines,onscalesfromsmall individual partstolarge,heavy-dutygang
millingoperations.Itisone of the mostcommonlyusedprocessesinindustryandmachine shopstoday
for machiningpartstoprecise sizesandshapes.
There are twomajor classesof millingprocess:
In face milling,the cuttingactionoccurs primarilyatthe end cornersof the millingcutter.Face
millingisusedtocutflat surfaces(faces) intothe workpiece,ortocut flat-bottomedcavities.
In peripheral milling,the cuttingactionoccursprimarilyalongthe circumference of the cutter,
so that the cross sectionof the milledsurface endsupreceivingthe shape of the cutter.Inthis
case the bladesof the cuttercan be seenasscoopingoutmaterial fromthe work piece.
Peripheral millingiswellsuitedtothe cuttingof deepslots,threads,andgearteeth.
Millingcutters
Main article:Millingcutter
Many differenttypesof cuttingtoolsare usedinthe millingprocess.Millingcutterssuchas endmills
may have cuttingsurfacesacrosstheirentire endsurface,sothattheycan be drilledintothe workpiece
(plunging).Millingcuttersmayalsohave extendedcuttingsurfacesontheirsidestoallow forperipheral
milling.Toolsoptimizedforface millingtendtohave onlysmall cuttersattheirendcorners.
The cutting surfacesof a millingcutterare generallymade of ahard and temperature-resistantmaterial,
so that they wearslowly.A lowcostcuttermay have surfacesmade of highspeedsteel.More expensive
but slower-wearingmaterialsinclude cementedcarbide.Thinfilmcoatingsmaybe appliedtodecrease
frictionorfurtherincrease hardness.
Theyare cuttingtoolstypicallyusedinmillingmachinesormachiningcentrestoperformmilling
operations(andoccasionallyinothermachine tools).Theyremovematerial bytheirmovementwithin
the machine (e.g.,aball nose mill) ordirectlyfromthe cutter'sshape (e.g.,aformtool such as a hobbing
cutter).
Surface finish
A diagramof revolutionridgesonasurface milledbythe side of the cutter,showingthe positionof the
cutterfor each cuttingpassand howit correspondswiththe ridges(cutterrotationaxisisperpendicular
to image plane)
2. As material passesthroughthe cuttingareaof a millingmachine,the bladesof the cuttertake swarfsof
material atregularintervals.Surfacescutbythe side of the cutter (asin peripheral milling)therefore
alwayscontainregularridges.The distance betweenridgesandthe heightof the ridgesdependonthe
feedrate,numberof cuttingsurfaces,the cutterdiameter.[4]
Withanarrow cutterand rapidfeedrate,
these revolutionridgescanbe significantvariationsinthe surface height.
Trochoidal marks,characteristicof face milling.
The face millingprocesscaninprinciple produceveryflatsurfaces.However,inpractice the result
alwaysshowsvisibletrochoidalmarksfollowingthe motionof pointsonthe cutter'sendface.These
revolutionmarks give the characteristicfinish of aface milledsurface.Revolutionmarkscanhave
significantroughnessdependingonfactorssuchas flatnessof the cutter'sendface and the degree of
perpendicularitybetweenthe cutter'srotationaxisandfeeddirection.Oftenafinal passwithaslow
feedrate isusedto compensate fora poormillingsetup,inordertoreduce the roughnessof revolution
marks.In a precise face millingoperation,the revolutionmarkswill onlybe microscopicscratchesdue to
imperfectionsinthe cuttingedge.
Gang milling
Heavygang millingof millingmachine tables
Gang millingreferstothe use of two or more millingcuttersmountedonthe same arbor(thatis,
ganged) ina horizontal-millingsetup.All of the cuttersmayperformthe same type of operation,oreach
cuttermay performa differenttype of operation.Forexample,if severalworkpiecesneedaslot,aflat
surface,andan angular groove,agood methodtocut these (withinanon-CNCcontext) wouldbe gang
milling.Allthe completedworkpieceswouldbe the same,andmillingtime perpiece wouldbe
minimized.[5]
Gang millingwasespeciallyimportantbefore the CNCera,because forduplicatepartproduction,itwas
a substantial efficiencyimprovementovermanual-millingone featureatan operation,thenchanging
3. machines(orchangingsetupof the same machine) tocut the nextop.Today, CNCmillswithautomatic
tool change and 4- or 5-axiscontrol obviate gang-millingpractice toa large extent.
Equipment
Millingisperformedwith millingcutters attachedtoamillingmachine.
Types and nomenclature
Mill orientationisthe primaryclassificationformillingmachines.The twobasic configurations are
vertical andhorizontal.However,there are alternate classificationsaccordingtomethodof control,size,
purpose andpowersource.
Mill orientation
Watch video
Vertical mill
Vertical millingmachine.1:millingcutter2:spindle 3:top slide oroverarm4: column5: table 6: Y-axis
slide 7:knee 8: base
In the vertical mill the spindle axisisverticallyoriented. Millingcutters are heldinthe spindle androtate
on itsaxis.The spindle cangenerallybe extended(orthe table canbe raised/lowered,givingthe same
effect),allowingplungecutsanddrilling.There are twosubcategoriesof vertical mills:the bedmilland
the turret mill.
A turret mill has a stationaryspindle andthe table ismovedbothperpendicularandparallel to
the spindle axistoaccomplishcutting.The mostcommonexampleof thistype isthe Bridgeport,
describedbelow.Turretmillsoftenhave aquill whichallowsthe millingcuttertobe raisedand
loweredinamannersimilartoa drill press.Thistype of machine providestwomethodsof
cuttinginthe vertical (Z) direction:byraisingorloweringthe quill,andbymovingthe knee.
In the bedmill,however,the table movesonly perpendiculartothe spindle'saxis,while the
spindle itself movesparallel toitsownaxis.
Turret millsare generallyconsideredbysome tobe more versatile of the twodesigns.However,turret
millsare onlypractical as longas the machine remainsrelativelysmall.Asmachine size increases,
4. movingthe knee upanddownrequiresconsiderable effortanditalsobecomesdifficulttoreachthe
quill feedhandle (if equipped).Therefore,largermillingmachinesare usuallyof the bedtype.
Horizontal mill
Horizontal millingmachine.1:base 2: column3: knee 4 & 5: table (x-axisslide isintegral)6:overarm7:
arbor (attachedto spindle)
A horizontal mill hasthe same sortof x–y table,butthe cuttersare mountedona horizontal arbor(see
Arbormilling) acrossthe table.Manyhorizontal millsalsofeature abuilt-inrotarytable thatallows
millingatvariousangles;thisfeature iscalleda universaltable.While endmillsand the othertypesof
toolsavailable toavertical mill maybe usedina horizontal mill,theirreal advantage liesinarbor-
mountedcutters,calledside andface mills,whichhave acrosssectionratherlike a circularsaw,but are
generallywiderandsmallerindiameter.Because the cuttershave goodsupportfromthe arborand
have a largercross-sectional areathanan endmill,quite heavycutscanbe takenenablingrapid
material removal rates.These are usedtomill groovesandslots.Plainmillsare usedtoshape flat
surfaces.Several cuttersmaybe gangedtogetheronthe arbor to mill acomplex shape of slotsand
planes.Special cutterscanalsocut grooves,bevels,radii,orindeedanysectiondesired.These specialty
cutterstendto be expensive.Simplex millshave one spindle,andduplex millshave two.Itisalsoeasier
to cut gears ona horizontal mill.Some horizontal millingmachinesare equippedwithapower-take-off
provisiononthe table.Thisallowsthe table feedtobe synchronizedtoa rotary fixture,enablingthe
millingof spiral featuressuchas hypoidgears.
A SiegX2 miniature hobbyistmillplainlyshowingthe basicpartsof a mill.
5. Metal lathe
Centerlathe with digital readout andchuck guard.Size is460 mmswingx 1000 mmbetweencenters
A metal lathe or metalworkinglathe isa large class of lathesdesignedforprecisely machiningrelatively
hard materials.Theywere originallydesignedtomachine metals;however,withthe adventof plastics
and othermaterials,andwiththeirinherentversatility,theyare usedina wide range of applications,
and a broad range of materials.Inmachining jargon,wherethe largercontextisalreadyunderstood,
theyare usuallysimplycalled lathes,orelse referredtobymore-specificsubtypenames(toolroom
lathe,turret lathe,etc.).These rigid machine tools remove material fromarotatingworkpiece viathe
(typically linear) movementsof variouscuttingtools,suchas tool bits and drill bits.
Construction
The designof lathescan varygreatlydependingonthe intendedapplication;however,basicfeaturesare
commonto most types.These machinesconsistof (atthe least) aheadstock,bed,carriage,and
tailstock.Bettermachinesare solidlyconstructedwithbroadbearingsurfaces(slide-ways) forstability,
and manufacturedwithgreatprecision.Thishelpsensure the componentsmanufacturedonthe
machinescanmeetthe requiredtolerancesandrepeatability.
Headstock
Headstockwithlegend,numbersandtextwithinthe descriptionrefertothose inthe image
6. The headstock (H1) housesthe mainspindle (H4),speedchange mechanism (H2,H3),andchange gears
(H10). The headstockisrequiredtobe made as robustas possible due tothe cuttingforcesinvolved,
whichcan distorta lightlybuilthousing,andinduce harmonicvibrationsthatwilltransferthroughtothe
workpiece,reducingthe qualityof the finishedworkpiece.
The main spindle isgenerallyhollowtoallow longbarstoextendthroughtothe work area.Thisreduces
preparationandwaste of material.The spindle runsinprecisionbearingsandisfittedwithsome means
of attachingworkholdingdevicessuchas chucksor faceplates.Thisendof the spindle usuallyalsohasan
included taper,frequentlyaMorse taper,to allow the insertionof hollow tubular(Morse standard)
tapersto reduce the size of the taperedhole,andpermituse of centers.Onoldermachines('50s) the
spindle wasdirectlydrivenbya flatbeltpulley withlowerspeedsavailablebymanipulatingthe bull
gear.Later machinesuse a gearbox drivenbya dedicatedelectricmotor.A fully'gearedhead'allows
the operatorto selectsuitable speedsentirelythroughthe gearbox.
Beds
The bed isa robustbase that connectsto the headstockandpermitsthe carriage and tailstock,tobe
movedparallel withthe axisof the spindle.Thisisfacilitatedbyhardenedandground bedwayswhich
restrainthe carriage and tailstockina settrack. The carriage travelsbymeansof a rack and pinion
system.The leadscrew of accurate pitch,drivesthe carriage holdingthe cuttingtool viaagearbox driven
fromthe headstock.
Typesof bedsinclude inverted"V"beds,flatbeds,andcombination"V"andflatbeds."V"and
combinationbedsare usedforprecisionandlightdutywork,whileflatbedsare usedforheavyduty
work.[citation needed]
Whena lathe is installed,the firststepisto level it,whichrefersto makingsure the bedisnot twistedor
bowed.There isnoneedtomake the machine exactlyhorizontal,butitmustbe entirelyuntwistedto
achieve accurate cuttinggeometry.A precisionlevel isauseful tool foridentifyingandremovingany
twist.Itis advisable alsotouse sucha level alongthe bedtodetectbending,inthe case of a lathe with
more than fourmountingpoints.Inbothinstancesthe levelisusedasa comparatorrather than an
absolute reference.(aboutabdulrehman)
Feedand leadscrews
The feedscrew(H8) isa longdriveshaftthatallowsaseriesof gearstodrive the carriage mechanisms.
These gearsare locatedinthe apron of the carriage.Both the feedscrew and leadscrew(H7) are driven
by eitherthe change gears (onthe quadrant) or an intermediategearbox knownasa quick change
gearbox (H6) or Nortongearbox.These intermediate gearsallowthe correctratioand directiontobe
setfor cuttingthreads or wormgears.Tumblergears(operatedby H5) are providedbetweenthe
spindle andgeartrainalongwitha quadrant plate thatenablesagear trainof the correct ratio and
directiontobe introduced.Thisprovidesaconstantrelationshipbetweenthe numberof turnsthe
spindle makes,tothe number of turnsthe leadscrew makes.Thisratioallowsscrewthreadstobe cut on
the workpiece withoutthe aidof a die.
7. Some latheshave onlyone leadscrew thatservesall carriage-movingpurposes.Forscrew cutting,a half
nut is engagedtobe drivenbythe leadscrew'sthread;andforgeneral powerfeed,akeyengageswitha
keywaycutintothe leadscrewtodrive apinionalongarack thatis mountedalongthe lathe bed.
The leadscrew will be manufacturedtoeither imperial ormetricstandardsandwill requireaconversion
ratioto be introducedtocreate threadformsfroma differentfamily.Toaccuratelyconvertfromone
threadformto the otherrequiresa127-tooth gear,or on lathesnotlarge enoughto mountone,an
approximationmaybe used.Multiplesof 3and 7 givinga ratio of 63:1 can be usedto cut fairlyloose
threads.Thisconversionratioisoftenbuiltintothe quickchangegearboxes.
The precise ratiorequiredtoconverta lathe withanImperial (inch) leadscrew tometric(millimeter)
threadingis100 / 127 = 0.7874... . The bestapproximationwiththe fewesttotal teethisveryoften37/
47 = 0.7872... . Thistranspositiongivesaconstant -0.020 percenterroroverall customaryand model-
maker'smetricpitches(0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75,
2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50, 5.00, 5.50 and 6.00 mm).
Carriage
Carriage withlegend,numbersandtextwithinthe descriptionrefertothose inthe image
In itssimplestformthe carriage holdsthe tool bitand movesitlongitudinally(turning) or
perpendicularly(facing) underthe control of the operator.The operatormovesthe carriage manually
viathe handwheel(5a) or automaticallybyengagingthe feedshaftwiththe carriage feedmechanism
(5c). Thisprovidessome relief forthe operatorasthe movementof the carriage becomespower
assisted.The handwheels (2a,3b, 5a) on the carriage and itsrelatedslidesare usuallycalibrated,both
for ease of use and to assistinmakingreproduciblecuts.Calibrationmarks will measure eitherthe
distance fromcenter(radius),orthe workpiece'sdiameter,soforexample,onadiametermachine
where calibrationmarksare inthousandthsof aninch,the radial handwheel dial will read.0005 inches
of radiusperdivision,or.001 inchesof diameter.The carriage typicallycomprisesatopcasting,known
as the saddle (4), and a side casting,knownasthe apron (5).
Cross-slide
The cross-slide (3) rideson the carriage and has a feedscrew thattravelsatrightanglesto the main
spindle axis.Thispermits facing operationstobe performed,andthe depthof cut to be adjusted.This
feedscrewcanbe engaged,throughagear train,to the feed shaft(mentionedpreviously)toprovide
automated'powerfeed'movementtothe cross-slide.Onmostlathes,onlyone directioncanbe
engagedata time asan interlockmechanismwill shutoutthe secondgeartrain.
8. Compoundrest
The compound rest (or top slide) (2) isusuallywhere the tool postismounted.Itprovidesasmaller
amountof movement(lessthanthe cross-slide) alongitsaxisviaanotherfeedscrew.The compoundrest
axiscan be adjustedindependentlyof the carriage orcross-slide.Itisused forturningtapers,tocontrol
depthof cut whenscrewcuttingorprecisionfacing,ortoobtainfinerfeeds(undermanual control) than
the feedshaftpermits.Usually,the compoundresthasa protractor markedinits base (2b),enablingthe
operatorto adjustitsaxisto precise angles.
Tailstock
Tailstockwithlegend,numbersandtextwithinthe descriptionrefertothose inthe image
Steady, followerandother rests
A steadyrest
Grindingmachine
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Thisarticle includesalistof references,relatedreadingorexternal links,butitssourcesremain
unclear because it lacks inline citations.Please improvethisarticle byintroducingmore precise
citations. (April2009)
9. Rotatingabrasive wheel onabenchgrinder.
A grindingmachine, oftenshortenedto grinder,isany of various powertools ormachine tools usedfor
grinding,whichisatype of machiningusingan abrasive wheelasthe cuttingtool.Each grainof abrasive
on the wheel'ssurface cutsa small chipfromthe workpiece viasheardeformation.
Grindingisusedto finishworkpiecesthatmustshow highsurface quality(e.g.,low surface roughness)
and high accuracy of shape anddimension.Asthe accuracyindimensionsingrindingisonthe orderof
0.000025 mm, inmostapplicationsittendstobe a finishingoperationandremovescomparativelylittle
metal,about0.25 to 0.50 mm depth.However,there are some roughingapplicationsinwhichgrinding
10. removeshighv
Hacksaw
From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Typical full-size hacksawframe,with12"blade
A hacksaw is a fine-toothedsaw,originallyandprincipallyforcutting metal.Theycanalsocut various
othermaterials,suchasplasticand wood;forexample, plumbers andelectricians oftencutplasticpipe
and plasticconduit withthem.There are handsaw versionsandpoweredversions(powerhacksaws).
Most hacksawsare handsaws witha C-shapedframe thatholdsablade undertension.Suchhacksaws
11. have a handle,usuallyapistol grip,withpinsforattachinganarrow disposable blade.The framesmay
alsobe adjustable toaccommodate bladesof differentsizes.A screw orothermechanismisusedtoput
the thinblade undertension. Panel hacksawsforgothe frame and insteadhave a sheetmetal body;
theycan cut intoa sheetmetal panel furtherthana frame wouldallow.These sawsare nolonger
commonlyavailable,buthacksawblade holdersenable standardhacksaw bladestobe usedsimilarlyto
a keyhole saworpad saw.Powertoolsincludingnibblers,jigsaws,andangle grindersfittedwithmetal-
cuttingbladesanddiscsare nowusedfor longercutsinsheetmetals.
On hacksaws,aswithmost frame saws,the blade can be mountedwiththe teethfacingtowardoraway
fromthe handle,resultingincuttingactiononeitherthe pushorpull stroke.Innormal use,cutting
verticallydownwardswithworkheldinabenchvice,hacksaw bladesshouldbe settobe facing
forwards.Some frame saws,includingFretSawsandPiercingSaws,have theirbladessettobe facingthe
handle because theyare usedtocut by beingpulleddownagainstahorizontal surface.
Blades
Juniorhacksaw
Bladesare available instandardizedlengths,usually10or 12 inchesfora standardhandhacksaw.
"Junior"hacksawsare typically150mm long.Poweredhacksawsmayuse large bladesinarange of sizes,
or small machinesmay use the same handblades.
The pitch of the teethcan be anywhere fromfourteentothirty-twoteethperinch(tpi) forahand blade,
withas fewas three tpi fora large powerhacksaw blade.The blade chosenisbasedonthe thicknessof
the material beingcut,witha minimumof three teethinthe material.Ashacksaw teethare sosmall,
theyare setina "wave"set.Asforothersaws theyare set fromside toside to provide a kerf or
clearance whensawing,butthe setof a hacksaw changesgraduallyfromtoothtotooth ina smooth
curve,ratherthan alternate teethsetleftandright.
Hacksaw bladesare normallyquite brittle,socare needstobe takento prevent brittle fracture of the
blade.Earlybladeswere of carbonsteel,now termed'low alloy'blades,andwere relativelysoftand
flexible.Theyavoidedbreakage,butalsowore outrapidly.Exceptwhere costisa particularconcern,this
type isnow obsolete.'Lowalloy'bladesare still the onlytype available for the Juniorhacksaw,which
limitsthe usefulnessof thisotherwise popularsaw.
Hacksaw blade specifications:The mostcommon blade isthe 12 inchor 300 mm length.Hacksaw
bladeshave twoholesnearthe endsformountingtheminthe saw frame and the 12 inch / 300 mm
dimensionreferstothe centertocenterdistance betweenthese mountingholes.[3]
12 Inch Blade
12. Hole to Hole:11 7/8 inches/300 mm
Overall blade length:12 3/8 inches/ 315 mm (nottightlycontrolled)
MountingHole diameter:9/64 to 5/32 inch/ 3.5 to 4 mm (nottightlycontrolled)
Blade Width:7/16 to 33/64 inch/ 11 to 13 mm (nottightlycontrolled)
Blade Thickness:0.020 to 0.027 inches/0.5 to 0.70 mm(varieswithtoothpitchandother
factors)
The kerf producedby the bladesissomewhatwiderthanthe blade thicknessdue tothe setof the teeth.
It commonlyvariesbetween0.030and 0.063 inches/0.75 and1.6 mm dependingonthe pitchandset
of the teeth.
The 10 inch blade is alsofairlycommonandall the above dimensionsapplyexceptforthe following:
Hole to Hole:9 7/8 inches/ 250 mm
Overall blade length:10 3/8 inches/ 265 mm (nottightlycontrolled)