Machine learning is motivated by the ability to use data to build models that can make predictions without being explicitly programmed. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning where labeled data is used to train models, unsupervised learning where unlabeled data is used to find hidden patterns in data, and reinforcement learning where agents learn from rewards and punishments. The machine learning process involves getting data, preparing it, training models on the data, testing the models, and improving the models through iterative training. Popular tools for machine learning include Python programming languages, TensorFlow framework, cloud platforms like Google Cloud, and resources like online courses and Kaggle competitions.