This document is a report on Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching that was written by Abid Afsar for an assignment. The 3-page report discusses several key topics in ATM switching including: ATM switch architecture types such as single bus, multiple bus, and self-routing [1]; functional components like input/output modules and switch fabrics [2]; and operations including routing, buffering, and connection admission control [3]. The report provides an overview of ATM switching technology.
This document provides information on ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networking. It describes ATM as using fixed-size cells to transfer multiple service types over connection-oriented virtual circuits. The key aspects covered are that ATM uses 53-byte fixed cells, virtual paths and circuits, and three planes (control, user, management) along with four layers (physical, ATM, AAL, higher). It also details the fields in the ATM cell header.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM is the cell relay protocol designed by ATM Forum and adopted by the ITU-T. Cell, a small fixed size block of information with asynchronous TDM ensures high speed real time transmission with efficient and cheaper technology. Instead of user addresses, it uses virtual circuit identifier and virtual path identifier, which can be repeated at unrelated locations. This technology ensures connectivity to much more users than normal packet switching networks.
ATM and ISDN-B combination allows high-speed interconnection of world's network.
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
The document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It describes the issues driving changes to local area networks, including supporting different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. It then provides details on the ATM standard and conceptual model, including its connection-oriented nature and use of virtual paths and channels. The document also examines the ATM protocol architecture, including the different ATM adaptation layers used to package data for transmission over ATM networks.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that uses fixed-length packets called cells to carry different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. ATM works by segmenting data into these fixed-size cells which are then transmitted through virtual connections set up across an ATM network and reassembled at their destination. It provides benefits like high performance, Quality of Service guarantees, and the ability to handle different traffic types.
The Design of an MVB Communication Controller Based on an FPGAIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:According to the TCN standard (Train Communication Network Standard), in order to design the MVB controller simply and quickly, this paper presents an new design idea, which avoids the cumbersome process in the traditional design process and makes the MVB controller design become efficient and concise. The design realizes the real-time protocol associated with the multifunction vehicle bus (MVB) device and the design process for all layers associated with the MVB device link layer. The design is a concurrent, easy-to-parameter and reconfigurable top-down design process that is implemented through programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and related circuits. The design provides an efficient and rigorous design idea, and was verified by some experiments successfully.
This presentation provides an introduction to ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks. It discusses the key components of the ATM architecture including public and private networks connected through switching nodes. The presentation also outlines the three layers of the ATM protocol - the physical layer, ATM layer, and adaptation layer which are managed by different control and management planes. Finally, it describes how ATM can be adapted for local area networks and different models for ATM LAN architecture including pure, legacy, and mixed LANs.
Asynchronous transfer mode (atm) in computer networkMH Shihab
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard that allows multiple data types like voice, video, and data to be transmitted over the same network. ATM breaks information into small, fixed-size cells and transmits them asynchronously. It is connection-oriented and supports services with different quality of service requirements. ATM cells are 53 bytes long, with a 5 byte header containing information like virtual path/channel identifiers and an 8-bit checksum, and 48 bytes of payload. ATM supports both constant and variable rate traffic through its connection-oriented virtual circuits.
This document provides information on ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networking. It describes ATM as using fixed-size cells to transfer multiple service types over connection-oriented virtual circuits. The key aspects covered are that ATM uses 53-byte fixed cells, virtual paths and circuits, and three planes (control, user, management) along with four layers (physical, ATM, AAL, higher). It also details the fields in the ATM cell header.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM is the cell relay protocol designed by ATM Forum and adopted by the ITU-T. Cell, a small fixed size block of information with asynchronous TDM ensures high speed real time transmission with efficient and cheaper technology. Instead of user addresses, it uses virtual circuit identifier and virtual path identifier, which can be repeated at unrelated locations. This technology ensures connectivity to much more users than normal packet switching networks.
ATM and ISDN-B combination allows high-speed interconnection of world's network.
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
The document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It describes the issues driving changes to local area networks, including supporting different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. It then provides details on the ATM standard and conceptual model, including its connection-oriented nature and use of virtual paths and channels. The document also examines the ATM protocol architecture, including the different ATM adaptation layers used to package data for transmission over ATM networks.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that uses fixed-length packets called cells to carry different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. ATM works by segmenting data into these fixed-size cells which are then transmitted through virtual connections set up across an ATM network and reassembled at their destination. It provides benefits like high performance, Quality of Service guarantees, and the ability to handle different traffic types.
The Design of an MVB Communication Controller Based on an FPGAIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:According to the TCN standard (Train Communication Network Standard), in order to design the MVB controller simply and quickly, this paper presents an new design idea, which avoids the cumbersome process in the traditional design process and makes the MVB controller design become efficient and concise. The design realizes the real-time protocol associated with the multifunction vehicle bus (MVB) device and the design process for all layers associated with the MVB device link layer. The design is a concurrent, easy-to-parameter and reconfigurable top-down design process that is implemented through programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and related circuits. The design provides an efficient and rigorous design idea, and was verified by some experiments successfully.
This presentation provides an introduction to ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks. It discusses the key components of the ATM architecture including public and private networks connected through switching nodes. The presentation also outlines the three layers of the ATM protocol - the physical layer, ATM layer, and adaptation layer which are managed by different control and management planes. Finally, it describes how ATM can be adapted for local area networks and different models for ATM LAN architecture including pure, legacy, and mixed LANs.
Asynchronous transfer mode (atm) in computer networkMH Shihab
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard that allows multiple data types like voice, video, and data to be transmitted over the same network. ATM breaks information into small, fixed-size cells and transmits them asynchronously. It is connection-oriented and supports services with different quality of service requirements. ATM cells are 53 bytes long, with a 5 byte header containing information like virtual path/channel identifiers and an 8-bit checksum, and 48 bytes of payload. ATM supports both constant and variable rate traffic through its connection-oriented virtual circuits.
The document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) including:
- ATM uses fixed-size cells (53 bytes) to transport all data types at high speeds over both LANs and WANs.
- It operates in a connection-oriented manner, with connections either switched or permanent.
- The ATM protocol stack includes the physical layer, ATM layer, ATM adaptation layer (AAL), and above that applications or IP.
- The AAL segments data into cells and reassembles them, supporting different classes of service like constant bit rate.
This document provides an overview of ATM traffic management. It discusses why traffic management is needed in ATM networks to support different applications and allocate resources fairly. It describes how network congestion can occur and the effects of congestion. It also defines important traffic parameters used in ATM like Peak Cell Rate and Sustainable Cell Rate. Furthermore, it outlines the different ATM service categories including Constant Bit Rate, Real-Time Variable Bit Rate, and Available Bit Rate, and provides examples of applications for each category.
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit wide-area network technology designed in the late 1980s that operates at the physical and data link layers. It allows for bursty data transmission and higher transmission speeds than traditional WANs. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) to transmit data between nodes. It supports both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data in fixed length cells over virtual paths and circuits to provide connection-oriented services between endpoints.
This document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking, including how it uses fixed-size cells for multiplexing different packet sizes, the architecture of an ATM network including virtual paths and connections, how connections are identified, how switches route cells using techniques like crossbar and banyan switches, the different ATM layers including the adaptation layers, ATM header and service classes, quality of service, using ATM in WANs, and connecting Ethernet to ATM networks.
The SONET standard includes four functional layers
They correspond to both the physical and the data link layers
Path layer
Line Layer
Section Layer
Photonic Layer
TestLink Services Ltd is a privately owned company established in 1989 that provides ATM services across Europe. It has 150 staff across 3 locations in the UK and Czech Republic. It offers ATM repair, refurbishment, maintenance and logistics services to customers. It has a proprietary enterprise management system called TEMS that provides visibility and control across the supply chain. TestLink has a proven track record of over 20 years in servicing thousands of ATMs across Europe.
An overview of the communication stack within the classical AUTOSAR
- AUTOSAR Static architecture
- Communication stack
- CAN stack
- PDU-ROUTER
LINKS:
---------
https://www.autosar.org/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was developed to address issues with integrating different types of digital traffic such as voice, video, and data on local area networks. ATM uses fixed-size cells consisting of header and payload to efficiently transport variable bit rate traffic. The ATM architecture includes adaptation layers to segment higher-level data into cells and reassemble cells back into packets or frames. The architecture was refined over time to better support different traffic types through permanent and switched virtual connections.
- Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a switching technique that uses fixed-sized cells to encode data and is used in telecommunication networks. It is different from variable packet size techniques like Ethernet.
- ATM uses synchronous optical network as a backbone and forms the core protocol of integrated digital services networks. It establishes connections using virtual circuits before transmitting data between endpoints like routers and switches.
- ATM cells have a header containing a virtual path/channel identifier pair to identify the destination as cells pass through switches on their way to the final destination. Quality of service is ensured through traffic contracts specifying parameters like constant or variable bit rates.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
ATM is a high-speed networking standard designed to support voice, image, video, and data communications through fixed-size cells. It provides high bandwidth, high data transfer rates, quality of service, and efficient bandwidth allocation. ATM is used for both constant rate traffic like audio and video as well as variable rate traffic like data. It can be implemented through a company's own ATM network or through fixed connections from network operators. While ATM requires new hardware and software and has some complexity, it allows for a single network connection that can easily mix different media types.
Model-based Automotive Software Development using Autosar, UML, and Domain-Sp...Alexander Nyßen
The document discusses model-based automotive software development using the AUTOSAR standard, UML modeling language, and domain-specific languages. It provides an overview of the AUTOSAR architecture and its separation of basic software and application software components. The AUTOSAR standard proposes different modeling approaches for basic software (using UML) and application software components (using an AUTOSAR graphical notation). The document also notes that while AUTOSAR specifies structural aspects, it does not address behavioral aspects in detail, and these still need to be modeled, such as using UML interactions and state machines.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). It discusses how ATM emerged to allow different information types to be carried on a single network. The document also describes the ATM implementation example of Sprint's ATM network, including its ATM switches and Integrated Services Hub. Finally, it outlines how ATM provides quality of service and flexibility through permanent and switched virtual circuits.
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).
This document discusses parallel processing and interprocessor communication. It covers topics like pipelining, multiprocessor characteristics, interconnection structures, interprocessor arbitration methods including bus arbitration, interprocessor communication using shared memory, and synchronization techniques like semaphores for mutual exclusion. The document also provides examples of specific bus standards and arbitration protocols.
This document discusses bus-based computer systems and how they interconnect microprocessors, memory, and I/O devices using a CPU bus. It describes the basic components and functions of a CPU bus including address and data lines. It also discusses bus protocols using a four-cycle handshake and how direct memory access (DMA) allows bus transactions without CPU involvement by letting other devices become bus masters. The document concludes by discussing multiple bus systems and advanced bus architectures like AMBA.
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
This document summarizes interprocessor arbitration. It discusses why arbitration is required to resolve bus conflicts when multiple processors request access to the system bus simultaneously. It describes serial and parallel arbitration procedures, including dynamic algorithms like time slice polling, least recently used, first in first out, and rotating daisy chain. The goal of arbitration is to service all processor requests on the basis of established priorities in a fair and efficient manner.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It begins by stating the objectives of explaining ATM and then provides background on ATM, noting that it transfers information in small, fixed-size cells. It describes the benefits of ATM, including dynamic bandwidth allocation and support for multimedia traffic. It then explains the basic components of an ATM network, including switches and endpoints, and describes the ATM cell format and header fields. Finally, it introduces the concept of virtual connections in ATM networks.
Switching and multicast schemes in asynchronous transfer mode networksEditor Jacotech
This document summarizes various switching and multicast schemes used in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. It discusses shared memory ATM switching architectures and different approaches for supporting multicast traffic in shared memory switches including replication-at-receiving, replication-at-sending, multiple write multiple read, and single write single read schemes. It also covers requirements for ATM multicast and compares these schemes in terms of advantages and disadvantages related to memory usage and switching performance.
The document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) including:
- ATM uses fixed-size cells (53 bytes) to transport all data types at high speeds over both LANs and WANs.
- It operates in a connection-oriented manner, with connections either switched or permanent.
- The ATM protocol stack includes the physical layer, ATM layer, ATM adaptation layer (AAL), and above that applications or IP.
- The AAL segments data into cells and reassembles them, supporting different classes of service like constant bit rate.
This document provides an overview of ATM traffic management. It discusses why traffic management is needed in ATM networks to support different applications and allocate resources fairly. It describes how network congestion can occur and the effects of congestion. It also defines important traffic parameters used in ATM like Peak Cell Rate and Sustainable Cell Rate. Furthermore, it outlines the different ATM service categories including Constant Bit Rate, Real-Time Variable Bit Rate, and Available Bit Rate, and provides examples of applications for each category.
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit wide-area network technology designed in the late 1980s that operates at the physical and data link layers. It allows for bursty data transmission and higher transmission speeds than traditional WANs. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) to transmit data between nodes. It supports both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data in fixed length cells over virtual paths and circuits to provide connection-oriented services between endpoints.
This document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking, including how it uses fixed-size cells for multiplexing different packet sizes, the architecture of an ATM network including virtual paths and connections, how connections are identified, how switches route cells using techniques like crossbar and banyan switches, the different ATM layers including the adaptation layers, ATM header and service classes, quality of service, using ATM in WANs, and connecting Ethernet to ATM networks.
The SONET standard includes four functional layers
They correspond to both the physical and the data link layers
Path layer
Line Layer
Section Layer
Photonic Layer
TestLink Services Ltd is a privately owned company established in 1989 that provides ATM services across Europe. It has 150 staff across 3 locations in the UK and Czech Republic. It offers ATM repair, refurbishment, maintenance and logistics services to customers. It has a proprietary enterprise management system called TEMS that provides visibility and control across the supply chain. TestLink has a proven track record of over 20 years in servicing thousands of ATMs across Europe.
An overview of the communication stack within the classical AUTOSAR
- AUTOSAR Static architecture
- Communication stack
- CAN stack
- PDU-ROUTER
LINKS:
---------
https://www.autosar.org/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) was developed to address issues with integrating different types of digital traffic such as voice, video, and data on local area networks. ATM uses fixed-size cells consisting of header and payload to efficiently transport variable bit rate traffic. The ATM architecture includes adaptation layers to segment higher-level data into cells and reassemble cells back into packets or frames. The architecture was refined over time to better support different traffic types through permanent and switched virtual connections.
- Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a switching technique that uses fixed-sized cells to encode data and is used in telecommunication networks. It is different from variable packet size techniques like Ethernet.
- ATM uses synchronous optical network as a backbone and forms the core protocol of integrated digital services networks. It establishes connections using virtual circuits before transmitting data between endpoints like routers and switches.
- ATM cells have a header containing a virtual path/channel identifier pair to identify the destination as cells pass through switches on their way to the final destination. Quality of service is ensured through traffic contracts specifying parameters like constant or variable bit rates.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
ATM is a high-speed networking standard designed to support voice, image, video, and data communications through fixed-size cells. It provides high bandwidth, high data transfer rates, quality of service, and efficient bandwidth allocation. ATM is used for both constant rate traffic like audio and video as well as variable rate traffic like data. It can be implemented through a company's own ATM network or through fixed connections from network operators. While ATM requires new hardware and software and has some complexity, it allows for a single network connection that can easily mix different media types.
Model-based Automotive Software Development using Autosar, UML, and Domain-Sp...Alexander Nyßen
The document discusses model-based automotive software development using the AUTOSAR standard, UML modeling language, and domain-specific languages. It provides an overview of the AUTOSAR architecture and its separation of basic software and application software components. The AUTOSAR standard proposes different modeling approaches for basic software (using UML) and application software components (using an AUTOSAR graphical notation). The document also notes that while AUTOSAR specifies structural aspects, it does not address behavioral aspects in detail, and these still need to be modeled, such as using UML interactions and state machines.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). It discusses how ATM emerged to allow different information types to be carried on a single network. The document also describes the ATM implementation example of Sprint's ATM network, including its ATM switches and Integrated Services Hub. Finally, it outlines how ATM provides quality of service and flexibility through permanent and switched virtual circuits.
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).
This document discusses parallel processing and interprocessor communication. It covers topics like pipelining, multiprocessor characteristics, interconnection structures, interprocessor arbitration methods including bus arbitration, interprocessor communication using shared memory, and synchronization techniques like semaphores for mutual exclusion. The document also provides examples of specific bus standards and arbitration protocols.
This document discusses bus-based computer systems and how they interconnect microprocessors, memory, and I/O devices using a CPU bus. It describes the basic components and functions of a CPU bus including address and data lines. It also discusses bus protocols using a four-cycle handshake and how direct memory access (DMA) allows bus transactions without CPU involvement by letting other devices become bus masters. The document concludes by discussing multiple bus systems and advanced bus architectures like AMBA.
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
This document summarizes interprocessor arbitration. It discusses why arbitration is required to resolve bus conflicts when multiple processors request access to the system bus simultaneously. It describes serial and parallel arbitration procedures, including dynamic algorithms like time slice polling, least recently used, first in first out, and rotating daisy chain. The goal of arbitration is to service all processor requests on the basis of established priorities in a fair and efficient manner.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It begins by stating the objectives of explaining ATM and then provides background on ATM, noting that it transfers information in small, fixed-size cells. It describes the benefits of ATM, including dynamic bandwidth allocation and support for multimedia traffic. It then explains the basic components of an ATM network, including switches and endpoints, and describes the ATM cell format and header fields. Finally, it introduces the concept of virtual connections in ATM networks.
Switching and multicast schemes in asynchronous transfer mode networksEditor Jacotech
This document summarizes various switching and multicast schemes used in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. It discusses shared memory ATM switching architectures and different approaches for supporting multicast traffic in shared memory switches including replication-at-receiving, replication-at-sending, multiple write multiple read, and single write single read schemes. It also covers requirements for ATM multicast and compares these schemes in terms of advantages and disadvantages related to memory usage and switching performance.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a protocol developed for broadband ISDN that supports high data transmission rates. It uses fixed-size cells called ATM cells that are 53 bytes long, with 5 bytes for header and 48 bytes for payload. ATM cells allow data to be organized into logical connections identified by Virtual Channel Identifier and Virtual Path Identifier values. These logical connections support quality of service guarantees and efficient transmission of data, making ATM well-suited for real-time multimedia applications.
This includes description about what is ATM, its definition, layers, applications, working procedure, format type, available data bit rates, necessity of ATM, benefits & difference between Internet & ATM Network.
The document discusses the history and development of ATM networks. It explains that ATM networks emerged from standardization activities around Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) in the 1970s. This was driven by the trend toward an all-digital telephone network and the need to support digital connectivity for end users as well as non-voice applications like data and video. The document then provides details on the ATM cell header format and its various fields that are used to identify connections and support different types of traffic and services.
ATM is a cell relay protocol designed to optimize fiber optic networks. It breaks data into fixed-size cells for uniform transmission. ATM aims to maximize bandwidth, interface existing systems, be inexpensive, support telecom hierarchies, ensure reliable delivery, and minimize software functions. Connections between endpoints are established through virtual paths and circuits identified by header fields. Cells contain a 5-byte header and 48-byte payload. Connections can be permanent or switched. ATM defines layers for applications, cell processing, and physical transmission. It supports various quality of service levels through parameters like cell error and loss rates.
Q1: What is the use of Asynchronous Transfer mode switching(ATM)?
ATM as a Backbone technology:
ATM Devices:
ATM network interface:
User to Network Interface (UNI):
Network to Node Interface (NNI):
ATM reference model:
ATM services:
ATM Virtual Connections:
ATM CLASS OF SERVICES:
ATM CONCEPTS SERIVES CATEGORIES:
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell-based switching and multiplexing technology that was designed in the early 1990s to expedite the transmission of voice, video, and data over digital networks. ATM uses fixed-length cells of 53 bytes to carry traffic. It establishes virtual connections between endpoints to guarantee quality of service. ATM works by segmenting data into fixed-size cells at the source, transporting cells through a switch network via virtual circuits, and reassembling them at the destination. It provides benefits like high performance, integration of multiple data types, and adaptability to different network speeds.
This document is an assignment on Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) submitted to Pranab Bandhu Nath. It provides an overview of ATM including that it is an efficient call relay technology that transmits all information in fixed size 53 byte packets called cells. It discusses why ATM networks were developed to support a range of service qualities at reasonable cost. The document also describes some applications of ATM like WANs, virtual private networks, and residential broadband, and outlines the basic working including virtual path and channel connections and the ATM layers of adaptation, physical, and ATM itself.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a connection-oriented networking technology that transmits data in fixed-size cells and can support different types of data and applications with quality of service guarantees. ATM uses virtual connections identified by virtual path and channel identifiers to transport cells through a network of ATM switches. The ATM architecture includes physical, ATM, and adaptation layers to encapsulate data for transmission and ensure interoperability between network elements.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It discusses:
- What ATM is and why it was developed to provide high-speed, low delay networking for various traffic types like voice, video, and data.
- Key aspects of ATM including fixed-length 53-byte cells, virtual connections, connection-oriented and connectionless modes, and quality of service guarantees.
- Components of the ATM protocol stack including the physical layer, ATM layer, and ATM adaptation layer (AAL). It describes the different AAL types.
- ATM network architecture including interfaces like UNI and NNI and the use of virtual paths and channels for
IRJET - Analysis of Different Arbitration Algorithms for Amba Ahb Bus Protoco...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares different arbitration algorithms for the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-Performance Bus (AHB) protocol used in System on Chip (SoC) designs. It describes the AMBA specification and AHB bus. It then examines three arbitration algorithms - static fixed priority, round robin, and modified round robin. Simulation results show the modified round robin algorithm provides the fastest response time to bus requests while using more logic than the other methods. Overall, the modified round robin algorithm is concluded to be the most efficient approach for handling multiple concurrent bus requests in terms of speed and performance.
Simulation model of dc servo motor controlEvans Marshall
This document describes a simulation model of a DC servo motor control system using the TrueTime simulator and WirelessHART communication protocol. The model includes three nodes - a sensor, controller, and actuator - connected via a WirelessHART network. The document provides details on configuring the TrueTime kernel blocks for each node, implementing the control algorithm, and setting up the WirelessHART network simulation. Simulation results are presented showing the data transfer between the nodes for controlling the motor position.
Asynchronous Transfer ModeATM is originally the transfer mode for implementin...JebaRaj26
ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed, low-delay switching and transmission technology that uses short and fixed-size packets, called cells, to transport information.
This document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as a connection-oriented, high-speed switching and transmission technology that uses fixed-size cells. It describes ATM's architecture including its layers, cell format, connection types, and quality of service categories. ATM evolved from B-ISDN standards and uses cells to transport information across networks while avoiding issues of mixed frame sizes.
high speed network notes for both cse and ece studentsvani643720
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It covers 10 modules that describe the concepts and components of ATM. Module 1 discusses how ATM was developed for Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) to support different types of services. Module 2 covers ATM concepts like virtual circuits and fixed size cells. Module 3 presents the ATM protocol reference model and the layers of ATM including the adaptation, ATM, and physical layers.
The document summarizes key aspects of computer communication and networking using Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It discusses the group members and their topics, ATM cell structure consisting of 53 bytes with 5 byte header and 48 byte payload, ATM layers including physical, ATM, and adaptation layers, and ATM switching techniques using cell switch fabrics to quickly route and buffer variable sized traffic from multiple sources to appropriate outgoing ports.
ATM is a connection-oriented multi-service network architecture that can carry voice, data and video simultaneously over the same network. It uses fixed-length cells consisting of a 5-byte header and 48-byte payload. Virtual connections called virtual channel connections (VCC) and virtual path connections (VPC) establish logical connections between end users for transmitting data through the network. ATM provides quality of service guarantees and efficient traffic management through these virtual connections and different service categories like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, available bit rate and unspecified bit rate.
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It describes ATM as offering high bandwidth networks capable of carrying mixed data, voice, and video traffic through a unified LAN/WAN model. The document outlines the three stages of ATM data transfer: call setup, data transfer, and call termination. It also defines ATM connections as virtual circuits and describes permanent and switched virtual circuits. Additionally, it covers ATM classes of service, quality of service parameters, signaling, and adaptation layers. The goal of the document is to help readers understand ATM concepts, terminology, and how it can be applied in enterprise networks.
Similar to M Sc Tns 2823134 Assignment 1 Atm Switching Abidafsar (20)
2. Abstract: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching is a switching technique use for
Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). In this paper we will investigate
the ATM switching architecture, operation, functional components and feature such as,
switch fabrics, switch buffering, and so on. We will explore the ATM switching designs
types, and the trade-offs it involve. ATM switch sends information in the form of cell relay or
cell and use virtual channel for internal routing. The core duties of ATM switching involve
routing, cell forwarding, and management. Moreover, the ATM switching techniques were
not a part of ATM standards.
Keywords: ATM, Cell Relay, B-ISDN, virtual channel, switch architecture, ATM standards.
1. Introduction
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a standard network switching method formed by
International Telecommunication union telecommunication standardisation Sector (ITU-T). It
was developed in the early 1980’s for the purpose to unify telecommunication and computer
networks, and to get together the requirements of Broadband Integrated Services Digital
Network. The need of ATM is vital for an increase integration of every sort of application
such as data and voice, audio and video, and so on. The internet is evolving at a very high
speed and this shift in network paradigm brings a unique amalgamation of multimedia, high
speed, and real time services.
The integration of communication needs powerful switches to process, and to perform
routing with a high accuracy. ATM is a connection oriented switching technique, it use
virtual channel to connect network nodes. The virtual channel (VC) has a unique
identification and is refereed as virtual channel identification (VCI). ATM switching takes
different approach in regards to packets propagation, and size constraints as compare to
packet switching, frame really and Ethernet. It use cells of equal size, and propagates it by
using time division multiplexing mechanism. ATM taking services of data link layer and
physical layer of Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. ATM inherits the features of
circuit switching because it based on cell switching and multiplexing technology. The
2
Abid Afsar
3. asynchronous nature of ATM makes it more efficient as compare to the synchronous
technique such as time-division multiplexing because it do not waste empty slots.
2. Switch Fabric Architecture:
ATM switch architecture is available in several flavours. The most know architectures which
are widely used are single bus, multiple bus and self routing. Self routing can be further
divide into two forms blocking and non-blocking switch architecture. The core purpose of
the ATM switch fabric is to transfer cell from one point to another. The switching use the
combination of software and hardware to pass the incoming data from network node to
input ports and from output ports to other network node, the process is referred as switching
fabrics or switching matrices. The switch designs can be hybrids and can accommodate one
larger switch fabrics to connect other switches or combinations of smaller switch fabrics
make one larger switch fabrics. We will discuss the switch architecture in terms components,
and attributes such as, input module (IM), output module (OU), admission connection control
(CAC), switch management (SM), scalability, blocking level, maximum overall speed, and
support of multicast. Diagrammatically the switch architecture can be represented as
Figure 1: A generic view of ATM switch
2.1. Single Bus:
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4. The simplest type of switch architecture is single bus. It consists on single bus which in
parallel connects multiple circuit board trace. The speed of single bus is between 1 and 10
Giga bit per second (Gbps). The complexity level involved with single bus is low. In terms of
scalability the single bus performance is poor because of the load on single bus. The blocking
level at each port is low due to bus controller call to arbiter to decide that who will get the bus
first and so on. And multicasting is easy in this sort of bus for the reason that all output
listening to the same bus. Diagrammatically it is represented as,
Bus
Figure 2: Single Bus
2.1. Multi Bus:
Multi bus switching architecture works on the concept of broadcasts and do broadcast on
each input port. It eliminates the requirement of bus arbitrations unlike single bus. As the
architecture is changed it adds extra requirements to output port. In multiple buses each bus
shared with multiple circuit board trace. The maximum speed range is between 1 to 20 Gbps.
In relation to output port, if it receives numbers of cells simultaneously then the input
buffering technique is used for arbitration purpose. And bus control entails blocking to
mange output ports. This architecture of bus is also called knockout switch architecture
because every outputs inlet receives only limited number of inputs simultaneously which
makes it favourable choice for scalability. And multicasting is entailed in the nature of this
sort of bus. Diagrammatically it is represented as,
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5. Multi- Buses
Figure 3: Multiple Buses
2.3. Self-Routing Bus:
Self routing is a complex switching architecture and use amalgamated switching attributes
and components. It is widely in use in Batcher Banyan networks; it can easily scale large
size of switching components, and is suitable for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). It still
needs in-depth research due to its complex nature of operations. The speed of self routing and
inputs are same, therefore it has a high probability of blocking. As compare to the
counterparts of switching architecture it run with high speeds. Diagrammatically it is
represented as
Self Routing
(Blocking)
Self Routing (Non-Blocking)
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6. Figure 4: Self Routing
3. Switching Operation:
ATM switch carry out a number of operations through input and output ports. Generally
switch involved a list of jobs such as routing, cell forwarding, and connection controls
managements with other switches and so on.
3.1. User platform: The job of switch is to route input cells to designated output ports. The
cells are encapsulated in a header with payload bytes. When these cells reach to input
ports a virtual connection is established which are uniquely identified by virtual path
identifier and virtual circuit identifier (VPI/VCI) and drive these cells to expected end
user node. In user plan the core functions are mainly performed by input module, switch
matrix, and output modules.
3.2. Control Platform: The control platform is responsible for connection establishing, and
controls of virtual path and virtual circuit (VP/VC). The information in the payload in this
case in not visible to the network. In this platform the switch tagging signal and even
produce some signal by itself. The Connection Admission Control (CAC) doing the job
of signalling and which is indispensable. The switch fabric may or may not receives the
signalling or may be pass by Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) network signalling protocol
standard.
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7. 3.3. Management Platform: This platform is to control and maintain the operation of
network, and to guarantee that everything is working at optimum rate. The management
operations are further categorised as, traffic management operation, accounting
management operation, performance management operation, fault management operation,
security management operation and so on. These operations are accomplished by switch
management module; it is also responsible for ATM Operation and Management layer
(OAM) functions. Furthermore, it has to determine OAM signalling and may produce
OAM signal. The switch management module also reinforce UNI interface that is called
Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI).
3.4. Traffic Control Operations: The operations such as connection admission control
(CAC), congestion control, and network parameter UPC/NPC are also reinforcing by
switching technique. The operation to control congestion is the responsibility of switch
management module, and the operations to maintain network parameter UPC/NPC is the
responsibility of input module.
4. Switch Interfaces
4.1 Input Module: The function of input module (IM) is to manage table lookup and VCI/VPI
translation. When a cell arrives at input module in first attempt it is VPI value is extracted
in cell header because VPI value is used in the address table for link identification. The
VPI/VCI are not unique on every link and chances of duplication can occur, to resolve
this issue ATM switch use separate address table for each link and also add link identifier
with VPI/VCI. A number of methods can be used for table lookups such as hashing,
search trees or content addressable memories and so on. It can be determine from the
table lookups that the particular VPI value may matches VPC or VCC. If the VPI value
corresponds to VCC then the concerned information can be fetched from translation
lookup table, such as new VPI value, outgoing interface identifier, cell priority, jitter, and
delay. In addition the input module convert SONET optical signal to electrical signal,
doing HEC error check for every incoming cell and discard faulty of damage cells, it
differentiate between OAM cells and signalling cells.
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8. 4.2 .Output Module: The function of the output module is the converse of input module. It
prepares the ATM cells for physical transmission medium. It converts the electrical
signals into optical signals, create new HEC field and encapsulate it in header,
multiplex user cells, OAM cells, and signalling cells; doing cell rate decoupling.
5. Cell Switch fabric:
The main purpose of the cell switch fabric module is to transfer packets from input ports
to out ports. A typical switch fabric is a combination of switch elements and transmission
links. Switch fabric is also called interconnection structure. The transmission link only
carries packets and has no power to make intelligent decisions. On the other hand switch
elements are performing intelligent decisions such as internal routing, management and so
on. In addition, it also accomplishing activities such as cell buffering, multitasking and
broadcasting, cell priority and delay scheduling, provide redundancy in relation to fault
tolerance, monitor congestion, traffic concentration and multiplexing.
5.1. Connection Admission Control (CAC): The function of CAC is to establish,
terminate, modifies VP/VC connections. The CAC core duties cover the followings issues
such as to work with higher layer signalling protocol, VPCs/VCCs switch resource
distribution and section of route, parameters generation of UPC/NPC, negotiations in
regards to user traffic contracts, and modification of VPCs/VCCs, provide signalling
reinforcement to ATM Adaptation layer (AAL) in terms of interception or generation of
signalling cells, and making decisions on VPCs/VCCs request acceptance or refusal. In
case of centralised CAC the single processing unit receives the signalling cells from input
module. And further CAC performed interpretation of incoming signalling cells and
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9. making all decisions in relation to admissions control, and switch resource allocation for
different connection.
5.2. Switched Management: The function of the switched management is to manage the
internal operations and components, elements of the switch which are listed as support
of network management, configuration management, customer network management,
switch and their security control, traffic management and performance management. In
relation to switch management area and research. The area is under development and
have no particular standards are established until today. The switch management is a wide
and complex area, entails a number of management operations and the level of
management can vary from nominal to complex. The initial jobs of switch management is
to gather information and their management, close contacts with network manger and
user, and supervisions and coordination of all operations performing in relation to switch.
A bottleneck situation arises when switch is overloaded in centralized switch
management. This can negatively affects the overall performance of the switch
management. Therefore, it is vital that a switched management administer and supervise
all incoming inputs to input module, and similarly for output module.
5.3. Concentration: In ATM switch the concentration work is to resolve all the traffic flow
at the input module before recuing the switch fibre module. Concentrator workout to
combine lower variable bit rate to higher variable bit rate for the sake to standardize the
flow or speed of traffic at input interface.
5.4. Routing and Buffering: Routing and buffering is a core function of switch fabric.
Although ATM switch is not oblige to use routing protocol. Two types of routing are
normally which are dynamic and static, if static routing protocol is in implementation
then dynamic routing is not required. In ATM switch the concept of virtual path was
purposely added to make things easier for routing. The incoming cell arrives at input
ports at switch fabric are simply route to the anticipated output ports. The role of the
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10. virtual path is working as similar as pipes with a specified bandwidth assigned to it. To
implement dynamic routing in ATM switch it use a link-state routing protocol is referred
as Public Network Network Interface (PNNI). Buffers are required when an input or
output module receives a number of cells simultaneous for same input or output.
5.5. Shared Memory Approach: in this approach the incoming cells are in first attempt
converted from parallel to serial structure and stored in a random access memory
sequentially. The controller job is to make decisions in regards memory reading, writing,
and sequence. It can also inspect cell header, and switch fabric internal routing tags.
6. Switched Designs Principal
6.1. Buffering Approaches: The use of buffer has a positive effect on switch performance
and efficiency. Three approaches of buffering are applied in switch which are input
buffering, internal buffering and out buffering. The input buffer is placed before the
input module to control the simultaneous traffic for the input ports but this is suffer from
head of line problem and it is still subject for further study. Out buffer is implementing at
the exit point of out module to manage the flow of cells to the next network node and
improve the level of traffic which are passing through. It improves the overall delay time
and throughput but it entails speed factor which negatively impact the level of scalability
for large networks. Internal Buffering
6.2. Internal Blocking: The internal blocking is a one of the operating mode of ATM
switches. It arises when N numbers of cells are addressed to N number of multiple
outputs which result conflict or collide with each other at output ports level. In general
unblocking switches are preferable to blocking switches but un-blocking fabric switch do
not use buffer which is known cause of congestion and collision. It negatively affects the
throughput, performance of the fabric module. It also affects the scalability of the fabric
switch.
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11. 7. Conclusion
In this brief report our central focus was on ATM switching. ATM switching was
elaborated in a detail which involves switching architecture approaches that entails single
bus, multi bus, and self-routing. In this paper ATM switching system is consist on
interfaces which is composed of input and output module, the switched management
performing duties such as connection, OAM layer functions, and cell fabric switch
module were briefly studied. Furthermore, the cell switch fabric is also refereed as switch
matrix that constitutes concentration, buffer management, and shared memory were
discussed.
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12. 8. Glossary
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
B-ISDN - broadband integrated services digital network.
CAC - connection admission control
NNI - network to node interface
PNNI - private network to network interface
PVC – permanent virtual circuit
VC - virtual circuit
VCI - virtual circuit Identifier
VCC - virtual channel connection
HEC- header error check
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13. Bibliography
[1]. McDysan, David E., and Darren L. Spohn. Hands-on ATM. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1998. Print
[2]. Kasera, Sumit. . Atm Networks Concepts And Protocols. Second ed. New Delhi: Tata
McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008. Networking Ser. Google. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited, 01 Jan. 2008. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. <http://books.google.ie>.
[3]. Perros, Harry G. "An Introduction to ATM Networks - Harry G. Perros." Google Books.
N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://books.google.ie/books?id=ghy9BOw6svMC>.
[4]. "Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Switching." CCS Voice, Data, Video, Fiber Optic
Cabling Los Angeles, California. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ccs-
cabling.com/>.
Reading List
[1]. "ATLAS I Overview Transparencies (ICS-FORTH, ATM Switch)." CARV-ICS-
FORTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://archvlsi.ics.forth.gr/atlasI/gen_talk1.html>.
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