The document discusses the global lubricants market. It notes that the global demand for lubricants is 41.7 million metric tons, with Asia being the third largest market. The lubricants industry has seen 1700 players consolidate into bigger companies through mergers to increase stability. Technology and engineering have improved lubricant quality and increased demand. Lubricants see derived demand from gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil. They are also jointly demanded for applications like brake fluids, greases, hydraulic fluids and more. Key organizational customers include OEM manufacturers, car dealerships, fleet operators and race teams. The lubricants market is segmented into automotive, industrial and marine. Market strategies focus on branding, pricing, accessibility, services
One of the most important things an operator can do for his machinery is to make sure it is properly lubricated. So what is a lubricant and how does it affect operations when used properly? In this webinar we will answer these questions and more by covering the fundamentals of lubrication. During this webinar we will discuss how a lubricant works to remove friction, the physical and chemical properties of the lubricant, and the many functions of a lubricant.
Lubrication is one of the main preventative maintenance activities.
Lubricants have a wide range of properties that impact their physical and chemical properties Knowing about these properties is important in determining which lubricant is best for which situation.
Oil analysis identifies early signs of contamination, fluid degradation and abnormal wear before they cause costly and permanent damage to equipment.
Lubrication is important to reduce friction between moving parts and prevent damage. Lubricants like oils minimize friction and energy loss from rubbing surfaces. The main functions of lubricating oil are to reduce friction and wear, act as a coolant, reduce noise, provide sealing and cushioning. Good lubricants have properties like high viscosity index, chemical and thermal stability, cleanliness and resistance to extreme pressure. Lubricants can be mineral oils from petroleum, synthetic or animal/vegetable oils, and come as liquids, greases or solids. Lubrication systems include splash, pressure and dry sump to deliver oil under pressure to engine components like bearings and gears.
This document discusses lubricants used in chemistry. It covers the functions of lubricants in decreasing friction and absorbing heat. It describes different types of lubricants including oils, greases, and solid lubricants. It outlines the process for extracting lube oils from raw oil through steps like vacuum distillation, de-waxing, and hydrogen treatment. Key tests for lube oils are described like viscosity measurements and oxidation resistance tests. Factors for choosing lubricants are discussed like viscosity changes with temperature and resisting chemical reactions.
The document discusses grease, including its composition, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes that grease is a thickened liquid lubricant composed of 70-95% base oil, 10-20% thickener, and 5-10% additives. The document discusses various base oils, thickeners, and additives used in grease and how they influence properties. It also covers grease selection factors, compatibility, consumption calculation, testing, troubleshooting, and classification.
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
The document discusses lubricating oils and the process of re-refining used lubricating oils. It defines lubricating oils and their functions in reducing friction and protecting surfaces. Used lubricating oil contains contaminants from combustion, wear, and oxidation. The re-refining process involves dehydration, vacuum distillation to separate fractions, and liquid extraction to remove aromatics and contaminants, restoring properties similar to virgin oil. Re-refining is important for conserving resources and preventing environmental pollution from used lubricating oils.
The document discusses the global lubricants market. It notes that the global demand for lubricants is 41.7 million metric tons, with Asia being the third largest market. The lubricants industry has seen 1700 players consolidate into bigger companies through mergers to increase stability. Technology and engineering have improved lubricant quality and increased demand. Lubricants see derived demand from gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil. They are also jointly demanded for applications like brake fluids, greases, hydraulic fluids and more. Key organizational customers include OEM manufacturers, car dealerships, fleet operators and race teams. The lubricants market is segmented into automotive, industrial and marine. Market strategies focus on branding, pricing, accessibility, services
One of the most important things an operator can do for his machinery is to make sure it is properly lubricated. So what is a lubricant and how does it affect operations when used properly? In this webinar we will answer these questions and more by covering the fundamentals of lubrication. During this webinar we will discuss how a lubricant works to remove friction, the physical and chemical properties of the lubricant, and the many functions of a lubricant.
Lubrication is one of the main preventative maintenance activities.
Lubricants have a wide range of properties that impact their physical and chemical properties Knowing about these properties is important in determining which lubricant is best for which situation.
Oil analysis identifies early signs of contamination, fluid degradation and abnormal wear before they cause costly and permanent damage to equipment.
Lubrication is important to reduce friction between moving parts and prevent damage. Lubricants like oils minimize friction and energy loss from rubbing surfaces. The main functions of lubricating oil are to reduce friction and wear, act as a coolant, reduce noise, provide sealing and cushioning. Good lubricants have properties like high viscosity index, chemical and thermal stability, cleanliness and resistance to extreme pressure. Lubricants can be mineral oils from petroleum, synthetic or animal/vegetable oils, and come as liquids, greases or solids. Lubrication systems include splash, pressure and dry sump to deliver oil under pressure to engine components like bearings and gears.
This document discusses lubricants used in chemistry. It covers the functions of lubricants in decreasing friction and absorbing heat. It describes different types of lubricants including oils, greases, and solid lubricants. It outlines the process for extracting lube oils from raw oil through steps like vacuum distillation, de-waxing, and hydrogen treatment. Key tests for lube oils are described like viscosity measurements and oxidation resistance tests. Factors for choosing lubricants are discussed like viscosity changes with temperature and resisting chemical reactions.
The document discusses grease, including its composition, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes that grease is a thickened liquid lubricant composed of 70-95% base oil, 10-20% thickener, and 5-10% additives. The document discusses various base oils, thickeners, and additives used in grease and how they influence properties. It also covers grease selection factors, compatibility, consumption calculation, testing, troubleshooting, and classification.
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
The document discusses lubricating oils and the process of re-refining used lubricating oils. It defines lubricating oils and their functions in reducing friction and protecting surfaces. Used lubricating oil contains contaminants from combustion, wear, and oxidation. The re-refining process involves dehydration, vacuum distillation to separate fractions, and liquid extraction to remove aromatics and contaminants, restoring properties similar to virgin oil. Re-refining is important for conserving resources and preventing environmental pollution from used lubricating oils.
This document discusses fuel filtration for modern diesel fuels. It covers changes in diesel fuels, basics of diesel engine fuel filtration systems, fuel filter design and media, factors that influence filter efficiency, and what maintenance technicians may observe in used fuel filters, such as water, sediment, oxidation buildup, or microbial growth. It provides resources for further information on fuel filtration.
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manojpalekaravadhut
The document discusses re-refining of used lubricating oil. It begins by defining lubricating oil and its functions. It then discusses the production and demand for lubricating oil worldwide and in India. It describes the types of lubricating oils and their hydrocarbon composition. The document outlines the additives used in lubricating oils and contaminants that are present in used lubricating oil. It discusses the environmental impacts of improper disposal of used lubricating oil. Finally, it summarizes different methods for re-refining used lubricating oil including physical, physiochemical, and sulfuric acid refining methods.
This document discusses lubricants, their functions, properties, types, additives, and testing. The key points are:
1. Lubricants reduce friction and wear between moving parts, protect from corrosion, and carry away heat. The main types are solid, semi-solid (grease), and liquid.
2. Important lubricant properties include viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, and demulsification number. Additives enhance properties like chemical stability, viscosity, contamination control, and lubricity.
3. Lubricants are tested using standards like ASTM to determine properties. Grease viscosity is indicated using NLGI grades while oil viscosity uses ISO viscosity grades. Tests measure viscosity,
This document provides an overview of lubrication principles and practices. It discusses the types of lubricants including oils, greases, and synthetics. Key topics covered include viscosity, additives, lubrication methods, grease characteristics, storage, handling, and selecting the right lubricant. The document emphasizes selecting the right lubricant for the application, maintaining proper lubricant storage conditions, and using lubricants to improve productivity while reducing costs and equipment failure.
The two main types of engine oils are Mineral engine oil and Synthetic engine oil. An individual may choose either of the two variants depending upon the recommendation of the vehicle manufacturer… Read more
https://shieldoils.com/what-is-the-difference-between-mineral-oil-and-synthetic-oil/
Oorja Systems Consultants provides used lube oil recycling services using environmentally sound technologies. Used lube oil constitutes around 80% recyclable lubricating oil. Government regulations mandate using processes like vacuum distillation with clay treatment or thin film evaporation to recycle waste oil. Oorja has developed a process using high vacuum distillation and thin film evaporation to remove water, diesel and light fuel fractions. The remaining lubricating oil fraction is further purified through clay free and deodorizing treatments to produce recycled lube oil meeting international standards.
This document provides an overview of greases, including their composition, manufacturing process, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A grease consists of a thickening agent dispersed in a liquid lubricant. Common thickeners include metal soaps, such as lithium, calcium, and aluminum complexes. The manufacturing process involves mixing the thickener with base oils and additives. Milling the grease improves its consistency and stability. Greases are suitable for applications where oils cannot be contained and provide benefits such as excluding contaminants and lubricating intermittent machinery. However, greases also have disadvantages like reduced heat transfer compared to oils.
This document discusses cooling and lubrication of engines. It describes how cooling systems prevent overheating by dissipating heat from combustion. Liquid cooling is more effective than air cooling but also more complex. Lubrication reduces friction and wear between moving parts by maintaining an oil film. Different lubrication systems are used to circulate oil through engines. Both cooling and lubrication are necessary to maximize engine performance and lifespan.
This document discusses different types of engine lubrication systems. It describes wet sump lubrication systems, which use oil stored in a sump at the bottom of the engine that is pumped to parts. Within wet sump systems it describes splash, semi-pressure, and full-pressure lubrication. It also describes dry sump systems, which have an external oil tank instead of a sump. The key functions of lubrication systems are reducing friction and wear, minimizing power loss, cooling, cushioning shocks, cleaning, and sealing.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
Grease is a thickened lubricant that remains in contact with moving surfaces. It is formulated from a base oil thickened with a soap, clay, or polymer. Grease properties depend on the base oil viscosity and consistency grade determined by penetration testing. Additives provide oxidation resistance, extreme pressure properties, anti-wear performance, and other characteristics. Standard tests evaluate grease properties like dropping point, oil separation, load carrying capacity, and resistance to water and corrosion. Proper grease selection depends on application parameters like temperature, speed, and load.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang analisis minyak pelumas untuk memonitor kondisi minyak pada peralatan dan memberikan rekomendasi. Dibahas pula fungsi, jenis, karakteristik, dan metode pelumasan serta cara menangani kontaminasi pelumas.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
This document provides information about maintenance practices at Uranium Corporation of India Ltd (UCIL). It discusses how UCIL conducted a root cause analysis after equipment failures and found that improper greasing was often to blame due to lack of training. UCIL then implemented an educational program to train workers on lubrication and greasing. This included creating training materials, identifying personnel for training, and instructing them on lubrication basics, types of grease, and proper grease selection. The training aimed to improve maintenance practices and reduce equipment breakdowns at UCIL.
(1) There are three main methods for gear lubrication: grease lubrication suitable for low speeds, splash (oil bath) lubrication for medium speeds, and forced oil circulation for high speeds.
(2) Grease lubrication applies grease directly but requires periodic reapplication. Splash lubrication risks insufficient lubrication from low oil levels or overheating from high levels. Forced circulation ensures lubricant reaches contact areas through spraying or misting.
(3) The purpose of gear lubrication is to reduce friction through lubricant film formation and limit temperature rises from rolling and sliding contact. Proper lubricant selection depends on operating conditions like speed and load.
This document provides an overview of lubricants presented by Md. Arman Hossain of SAJ Engineering & Trading Company. It defines lubricants as substances that reduce friction between surfaces. The presentation covers the functions of lubricants, properties, classifications, types (mineral-based, synthetic, semi-synthetic), brands and institutes. It provides details on mineral oils, additives, and limitations while emphasizing advantages of synthetic lubricants. Pertamina lubricants and their approvals from automobile and equipment manufacturers are highlighted. The presentation stresses the importance of using quality lubricants for engine protection and performance.
The document discusses lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting against wear, cooling, and removing impurities. It then explains different lubrication systems used in engines like mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. It also discusses properties of lubricating oils like viscosity and viscosity index that impact engine performance. The document outlines various types of lubricants including animal, vegetable, mineral, and synthetic oils.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
This document provides an overview of lubrication. It defines lubrication as reducing wear between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant between them. There are three regimes of lubrication depending on the load: fluid film lubrication, hydrostatic lubrication, and hydrodynamic lubrication. The main types of lubrication are hydrodynamic lubrication, hydrostatic lubrication, boundary lubrication, and extreme pressure lubrication. Lubricants are typically composed of a base oil plus additives and perform functions like keeping parts apart and transferring heat. Common lubricants include oils, greases, and solid lubricants like graphite and molybdenum disulfide. The document discusses lubricant formulation, properties, types, and
This document discusses fuel filtration for modern diesel fuels. It covers changes in diesel fuels, basics of diesel engine fuel filtration systems, fuel filter design and media, factors that influence filter efficiency, and what maintenance technicians may observe in used fuel filters, such as water, sediment, oxidation buildup, or microbial growth. It provides resources for further information on fuel filtration.
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manojpalekaravadhut
The document discusses re-refining of used lubricating oil. It begins by defining lubricating oil and its functions. It then discusses the production and demand for lubricating oil worldwide and in India. It describes the types of lubricating oils and their hydrocarbon composition. The document outlines the additives used in lubricating oils and contaminants that are present in used lubricating oil. It discusses the environmental impacts of improper disposal of used lubricating oil. Finally, it summarizes different methods for re-refining used lubricating oil including physical, physiochemical, and sulfuric acid refining methods.
This document discusses lubricants, their functions, properties, types, additives, and testing. The key points are:
1. Lubricants reduce friction and wear between moving parts, protect from corrosion, and carry away heat. The main types are solid, semi-solid (grease), and liquid.
2. Important lubricant properties include viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, and demulsification number. Additives enhance properties like chemical stability, viscosity, contamination control, and lubricity.
3. Lubricants are tested using standards like ASTM to determine properties. Grease viscosity is indicated using NLGI grades while oil viscosity uses ISO viscosity grades. Tests measure viscosity,
This document provides an overview of lubrication principles and practices. It discusses the types of lubricants including oils, greases, and synthetics. Key topics covered include viscosity, additives, lubrication methods, grease characteristics, storage, handling, and selecting the right lubricant. The document emphasizes selecting the right lubricant for the application, maintaining proper lubricant storage conditions, and using lubricants to improve productivity while reducing costs and equipment failure.
The two main types of engine oils are Mineral engine oil and Synthetic engine oil. An individual may choose either of the two variants depending upon the recommendation of the vehicle manufacturer… Read more
https://shieldoils.com/what-is-the-difference-between-mineral-oil-and-synthetic-oil/
Oorja Systems Consultants provides used lube oil recycling services using environmentally sound technologies. Used lube oil constitutes around 80% recyclable lubricating oil. Government regulations mandate using processes like vacuum distillation with clay treatment or thin film evaporation to recycle waste oil. Oorja has developed a process using high vacuum distillation and thin film evaporation to remove water, diesel and light fuel fractions. The remaining lubricating oil fraction is further purified through clay free and deodorizing treatments to produce recycled lube oil meeting international standards.
This document provides an overview of greases, including their composition, manufacturing process, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A grease consists of a thickening agent dispersed in a liquid lubricant. Common thickeners include metal soaps, such as lithium, calcium, and aluminum complexes. The manufacturing process involves mixing the thickener with base oils and additives. Milling the grease improves its consistency and stability. Greases are suitable for applications where oils cannot be contained and provide benefits such as excluding contaminants and lubricating intermittent machinery. However, greases also have disadvantages like reduced heat transfer compared to oils.
This document discusses cooling and lubrication of engines. It describes how cooling systems prevent overheating by dissipating heat from combustion. Liquid cooling is more effective than air cooling but also more complex. Lubrication reduces friction and wear between moving parts by maintaining an oil film. Different lubrication systems are used to circulate oil through engines. Both cooling and lubrication are necessary to maximize engine performance and lifespan.
This document discusses different types of engine lubrication systems. It describes wet sump lubrication systems, which use oil stored in a sump at the bottom of the engine that is pumped to parts. Within wet sump systems it describes splash, semi-pressure, and full-pressure lubrication. It also describes dry sump systems, which have an external oil tank instead of a sump. The key functions of lubrication systems are reducing friction and wear, minimizing power loss, cooling, cushioning shocks, cleaning, and sealing.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
Grease is a thickened lubricant that remains in contact with moving surfaces. It is formulated from a base oil thickened with a soap, clay, or polymer. Grease properties depend on the base oil viscosity and consistency grade determined by penetration testing. Additives provide oxidation resistance, extreme pressure properties, anti-wear performance, and other characteristics. Standard tests evaluate grease properties like dropping point, oil separation, load carrying capacity, and resistance to water and corrosion. Proper grease selection depends on application parameters like temperature, speed, and load.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang analisis minyak pelumas untuk memonitor kondisi minyak pada peralatan dan memberikan rekomendasi. Dibahas pula fungsi, jenis, karakteristik, dan metode pelumasan serta cara menangani kontaminasi pelumas.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a diesel fuel injection system. It discusses the fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel lines, fuel pumps, injectors and nozzles, ECU and sensors. The fuel is stored in the tank and delivered to the injectors by low-pressure and high-pressure fuel pumps. The ECU controls the injectors and precisely times the injection of fuel into the combustion chamber based on sensor inputs like engine speed. This allows for proper atomization and mixing of fuel for clean and efficient combustion in the diesel engine.
This document provides information about maintenance practices at Uranium Corporation of India Ltd (UCIL). It discusses how UCIL conducted a root cause analysis after equipment failures and found that improper greasing was often to blame due to lack of training. UCIL then implemented an educational program to train workers on lubrication and greasing. This included creating training materials, identifying personnel for training, and instructing them on lubrication basics, types of grease, and proper grease selection. The training aimed to improve maintenance practices and reduce equipment breakdowns at UCIL.
(1) There are three main methods for gear lubrication: grease lubrication suitable for low speeds, splash (oil bath) lubrication for medium speeds, and forced oil circulation for high speeds.
(2) Grease lubrication applies grease directly but requires periodic reapplication. Splash lubrication risks insufficient lubrication from low oil levels or overheating from high levels. Forced circulation ensures lubricant reaches contact areas through spraying or misting.
(3) The purpose of gear lubrication is to reduce friction through lubricant film formation and limit temperature rises from rolling and sliding contact. Proper lubricant selection depends on operating conditions like speed and load.
This document provides an overview of lubricants presented by Md. Arman Hossain of SAJ Engineering & Trading Company. It defines lubricants as substances that reduce friction between surfaces. The presentation covers the functions of lubricants, properties, classifications, types (mineral-based, synthetic, semi-synthetic), brands and institutes. It provides details on mineral oils, additives, and limitations while emphasizing advantages of synthetic lubricants. Pertamina lubricants and their approvals from automobile and equipment manufacturers are highlighted. The presentation stresses the importance of using quality lubricants for engine protection and performance.
The document discusses lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting against wear, cooling, and removing impurities. It then explains different lubrication systems used in engines like mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. It also discusses properties of lubricating oils like viscosity and viscosity index that impact engine performance. The document outlines various types of lubricants including animal, vegetable, mineral, and synthetic oils.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
This document provides an overview of lubrication. It defines lubrication as reducing wear between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant between them. There are three regimes of lubrication depending on the load: fluid film lubrication, hydrostatic lubrication, and hydrodynamic lubrication. The main types of lubrication are hydrodynamic lubrication, hydrostatic lubrication, boundary lubrication, and extreme pressure lubrication. Lubricants are typically composed of a base oil plus additives and perform functions like keeping parts apart and transferring heat. Common lubricants include oils, greases, and solid lubricants like graphite and molybdenum disulfide. The document discusses lubricant formulation, properties, types, and
Pelumas dan pelumasan pada konversi dan bahan bakar di mesin dieselbocah666
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahan bakar alternatif untuk generator diesel seperti dual fuel, MFO, dan biofuel serta pertimbangan-pertimbangan terkait pelumasan dan konversi bahan bakarnya."
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang klasifikasi pelumasan berdasarkan kekentalan dan kualitas. 2. Ada dua klasifikasi utama yaitu berdasarkan SAE untuk menunjukkan kekentalan dan API untuk menunjukkan kualitas. 3. Klasifikasi SAE menunjukkan kekentalan pelumas pada suhu tertentu sedangkan API menunjukkan kandungan aditif pelumas untuk mesin bensin atau diesel.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai jenis bahan bakar dan pelumas yang digunakan pada kendaraan seperti bensin, solar, oli mesin, grease, dan jenis-jenisnya beserta fungsi masing-masing. Dokumen juga menjelaskan syarat-syarat penting untuk bahan bakar dan pelumas agar dapat digunakan dengan baik dan tidak merusak komponen kendaraan.
Angka oktana suatu bensin menunjukkan ketahanannya terhadap ketukan mesin, dan bensin harus memiliki angka oktana yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mesin agar beroperasi dengan baik. Nilai oktana ditentukan dengan menggunakan senyawa acuan dan semakin tinggi nilai oktannya berarti mutu bensin semakin baik. Bensin harus memiliki angka oktana yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mesin agar mencegah terjadiny
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang jenis-jenis bensin yang tersedia di Indonesia beserta perbedaan mutunya. Jenis bensin tersebut adalah Premium, Pertamax, dan Pertamax Plus dengan nilai oktan masing-masing 88, 92, dan 95. Nilai oktan menunjukkan ketahanan bensin terhadap ketukan mesin dan semakin tinggi nilai oktannya, mutu bensinnya semakin baik. Dokumen juga menjelaskan tentang aditif dan zat tambahan
Ringkasan artikel ilmiah ini adalah:
1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah perengkahan termal campuran oli bekas dan minyak jelantah dapat menghasilkan bahan bakar minyak.
2. Perengkahan dilakukan pada tiga rasio campuran (0,5:1, 1:1, 1,5:1) dan tiga suhu (4000C, 4500C, 5000C) menggunakan reaktor semibatch.
3. Hasil analisis menunjuk
Ringkasan artikel ilmiah ini adalah:
1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah perengkahan termal campuran oli bekas dan minyak jelantah dapat menghasilkan bahan bakar minyak.
2. Perengkahan dilakukan pada tiga rasio campuran (0,5:1, 1:1, 1,5:1) dan tiga suhu (4000C, 4500C, 5000C) menggunakan reaktor semibatch.
3. Hasil analisis menunjuk
Tips merawat skuter mencakup (1) memanaskan motor setiap hari, (2) mengganti oli mesin dan gardan secara berkala, dan (3) menggunakan bahan bakar sesuai spesifikasi motor. Dokumen ini juga memberikan panduan tentang (4) pengecekan kondisi ban, serta (5) pengecekan v-belt dan roller.
Bahan bakar cair merupakan campuran hidrokarbon yang berasal dari minyak bumi dan sumber lain. Dokumen ini menjelaskan karakteristik dan jenis bahan bakar cair seperti bensin, solar, dan biodiesel beserta pemanfaatannya dalam berbagai bidang teknik.
5. KOMPOSISI DASAR OLI
Base oil terdiri dari suatu campuran senyawa-senyawa hydrocarbon dengan
bermacam-macam komposisi. Senyawa hydrocarbon diklasifikasikan
kedalam paraffinic , naphtenic, dan aromatic hydrocarbon. Karena paraffinic
hydrocarbon mempunyai karakteristik kekentalan (viscosity) yang terbaik,
base oil yang mengandung kaya paraffinic secara umum digunakan untuk oil
pelumasan.
Mineral
Hydrocr
acked
Syntheti
c
6.
7. KOMPOSISI ADDITIVE
Minyak-minyak pelumas untuk engine, gear, dan hydraulic diproduksi
dengan menambahkan beberapa packet additive yang berlainan kedalam
“base oil”. Tipe additive ditunjukan seperti dalam table berikut. Para supplier
(pabrik) oil mengembangkan oli-oli aslinya dengan perpaduan tipe-tipe
additive yang berlainan atau dengan melakukan bermacam-macam metode
penyulingan base oil. Sehingga ada beberapa perbedaan untuk setiap oli
yang diproduksi (merek oli).
8. STANDARD DAN KATEGORI OIL ENGINE
Viscosity dan kualitas oil diklasifikasikan dengan standard SAE (The Society
of Automotive Engineers)
Note: 1 cP = 100 cSt 1 cSt = 1 mm2/s
9. KATEGORI OIL MENURUT KUALITAS
Oil diklasifikasikan kedalam C Series (kelas CA sampai CE), untuk engine
diesel, dan S Series, untuk engine gasoline.
12. FLASHING POINT (FUEL DILUTION)
Titik nyala (flash point) dari minyak diesel kira-
kira70oC, dan untuk oil engine adalah 180o –
270oCJadi, jika fuel masuk kedalam oil engine, titik
nyalaakan turun.
Dengan demikian, kita dapat mendeteksi
fueldilution dengan pengukuran flash point.
Jikajumlah fuel didalam engine 4%, flash point
turunkira-kira 15%, dan viscosity juga turun kira-
kira20%.
Fuel bias masuk bercampur dengan oil
enginekemungkinan disebabkan injection timing
kurangtepat, kebocoran fuel dari fuel line, atau
kegagalanyang berulang-ulang ketika
menghidupkan engine.Jika kandungan fuel
diadalam oil engine menjadinaik, akan
mengakibatkan piston scuffing, dankeausan
bearing dan kerusakanjuga akan terjadi.
13. VISCOSITY
Viscosity dinyatakan dalam Absolute Viscosity (P: Poise;cP: Centipoise), dan
Kinematic Viscosity (cSt:Centistoke).
Hubungan antara Absolute Viscosity dan KinematicViscosity adalah: 1 cP =
0.001 P; 1 cST = 1/100 cP.
Penaikan viscosity disebabkan karena oxidasi dari oil,atau karena
kontaminasi jelaga (soot), pasir, ataukarena percampuran dengan viscosity
oil yang lain.
Oil mempunyai suatu effek yang berlawanan padaengine keduanya bila
viscosity terlalu tinggi dan bilaterlalu rendah
14. TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN)
Total Acid Number menunjukan kondisi oxidasi dari oil.Jika nilai TAN
meningkat, menunjukan deterioration(kerusakan) dan penurunan
performance dari oil.
NilaTotal Acid Number mengindikasikan berat dalammg Potassium hydroxide
(KOH) yang diperlukan untukmenetralisir asam yang terkandung dalam 1
gram oilpengujian, dan dinyatakan sebagai mgKOH/g.
Berikut adalah penyebab khusus dari oxidasi.
1. Oxidasi melalui kontak dengan air atau udara.
2. Peningkatan oxidasi karena masuknya partikel-partikel metal kedalam oil.
3. Peningkatan oxidasi akibat kenaikan temperaturkerja oil.
Jika nilai TAN diatas 8, akan mengakibatkan lapisanlead (timah) pada bearing
metal mengelupas,kemudian rusak (seizure) atau menyebabkan
keausanabnormal pada metal engine, perhatikan batasan nilaiTAN
selamanya.
15. TOTAL BASE NUMBER (TBN)
Nilai TBN menunjukan sifat alkali dari additive didalam oil. Angka TBN
menyatakan jumlah basa yang dimasukan kedalam 1 gram oil, yang
diperlukan untuk menetralisir acid, dan mengkonversikan bilangan ini ke mg
potassium hydroxida (KOH). Nilai TBN dinyatakna dalam mgKOH/g . Nilai
untuk oil yang baru pada umumnya adalah 6.0 – 13.0 mgKOH/g. Bila TBN
turun dibawah 2.0 kinerja dari penetral asam dari oil engine hilang dan
dengan cepat meningkatkan korosif pada metal dan terjadi keausan. Metode
pengukuran TBN ada dua metode pengukuran: Hydrochloric Acid Method
(ASTM D664), dan Perchloric Acid Method (ASTM D2896). Karena
“Perchloric Acid Method” memperhitungkan basa yang lemah, nilai yang
diperoleh menjadi lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk menetapkan
metode perhitungan yang mana yang digunakan. Jika nilai TAN melebihi
batas maximumnya, oil engine jangan digunakan meskipun nilai TBN masih
tinggi.
16. N-PENTANE INSOLUBLE
Nilai n-pentane insoluble terutama berkaitan dengan banyaknya jelaga (soot)
didalam oil engine. Jika dengan meningkatnya soot didalam oil engine,
kondisi oil memburuk (deteriorate), dan nilai TAN naik. Jika n-pentane
insoluble melebihi limit, bearing-bearing ausatau filter akan menjadi buntu.
Jumlah besar jelagaditimbulkan karena menggunakan fuel yang
berkwalitasrendah atau pembakaran tidak sempurna karena kerusakan fuel
pump, atau injector, atau air system buntu.
17. MOISTURE
Kontaminasi moisture (embun). Ada beberapa jalan airbisa bercampur
dengan oil engine: Bila temperatur udaradidalam crankcase turun, udara
menjadi embun(moisture); air masuk lewat kebocoran seal liner; atau air bisa
masuk kedalam crankcase dari cooling system. Jikaair yang
mengkontaminasi oil cukup banyak, maka terjadi berbagai problem. Sebagai
contoh, moisture (air) yangterbawa ke sistem pelumasan bearing connecting
rodakan menguap, menyebabkan pitting, pealing, atau bearing macet.
Limit dari kandungan air harus dibawah 0.2%.