LTE network planning involves coverage and capacity planning. Key aspects of LTE network planning include link budget and capacity estimation. Radio network planning solutions help with interference avoidance, co-antenna analysis, and other performance enhancement features. LTE has a flat network architecture with OFDM technology and MIMO. Network elements include eNodeBs and elements in the EPC such as MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
Implementation of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring ReceiverIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monitoring Receivers form an important constituent of the Electronic support. In Monitoring
Receiver we can monitor, demodulate or scan the multiple channels.
In this project, the Implementation of algorithm for multi channel digital monitoring receiver. The
implementation will carry out the channelization by the way of Digital down Converters (DDCs) and Digital
Base band Demodulation. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) at 10.7 MHz will be digitalized using Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC) with sampling frequency 52.5 MHz and further converted to Base band using DDCs.
Virtually all the digital receivers perform channel access using a DDC. The Base band data will be streamed to
the appropriate demodulators. Matlab Simulink will be used to simulate the logic modules before the
implementation. This system will be prototyped on an FPGA based COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf)
development board. Xilinx System Generator will be used for the implementation of the algorithms.
Keywords: DDC, ADC, Digital Base band demodulation, IF, Monitoring Receiver.
1.LTE Network Architecture
2.LTE Radio Interface Overview
3.E-UTRA Features and Interfaces
4.Radio Interface Techniques
5.FDD and TDD
6.Spectrum Usage in LTE
7.Radio and Network Identities
OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Basic Principles
1. OFDMA Principle
2.Signal generation and processing
3.Inter Symbol Interference
4.OFDM Problems
5.SC-FDMA
6.Frequency Hopping
7.Proposed use in LTE
8.Pros and Cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA
Implementation of Pipelined Architecture for Physical Downlink Channels of 3G...josephjonse
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology designed to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices in 3G and 4G networks. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and decrease the maximum delay of the downlink channels using the pipelined buffer controlled technique. This paper proposes Pipelined buffer controlled Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Physical Downlink channels of 3GPP-LTE. The transmitter architecture comprises Bit Scrambling, Modulation mapping, Layer mapping, Precoding and Resource element mapping modules. The receiver architecture comprises Demapping from resource elements, Decoding, Comparing and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling modules as described in LTE specifications. In addition to these, buffers are included in both transmitter and receiver architectures. Modelsim is used for simulation, synthesis and implementation are achieved using PlanAhead13.2 tool on Virtex-5, xc5vlx50tff1136-1 device board is used. Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, Power estimation and Resource estimation.
Implementation of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring ReceiverIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monitoring Receivers form an important constituent of the Electronic support. In Monitoring
Receiver we can monitor, demodulate or scan the multiple channels.
In this project, the Implementation of algorithm for multi channel digital monitoring receiver. The
implementation will carry out the channelization by the way of Digital down Converters (DDCs) and Digital
Base band Demodulation. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) at 10.7 MHz will be digitalized using Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC) with sampling frequency 52.5 MHz and further converted to Base band using DDCs.
Virtually all the digital receivers perform channel access using a DDC. The Base band data will be streamed to
the appropriate demodulators. Matlab Simulink will be used to simulate the logic modules before the
implementation. This system will be prototyped on an FPGA based COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf)
development board. Xilinx System Generator will be used for the implementation of the algorithms.
Keywords: DDC, ADC, Digital Base band demodulation, IF, Monitoring Receiver.
1.LTE Network Architecture
2.LTE Radio Interface Overview
3.E-UTRA Features and Interfaces
4.Radio Interface Techniques
5.FDD and TDD
6.Spectrum Usage in LTE
7.Radio and Network Identities
OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Basic Principles
1. OFDMA Principle
2.Signal generation and processing
3.Inter Symbol Interference
4.OFDM Problems
5.SC-FDMA
6.Frequency Hopping
7.Proposed use in LTE
8.Pros and Cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA
Implementation of Pipelined Architecture for Physical Downlink Channels of 3G...josephjonse
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology designed to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices in 3G and 4G networks. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and decrease the maximum delay of the downlink channels using the pipelined buffer controlled technique. This paper proposes Pipelined buffer controlled Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Physical Downlink channels of 3GPP-LTE. The transmitter architecture comprises Bit Scrambling, Modulation mapping, Layer mapping, Precoding and Resource element mapping modules. The receiver architecture comprises Demapping from resource elements, Decoding, Comparing and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling modules as described in LTE specifications. In addition to these, buffers are included in both transmitter and receiver architectures. Modelsim is used for simulation, synthesis and implementation are achieved using PlanAhead13.2 tool on Virtex-5, xc5vlx50tff1136-1 device board is used. Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, Power estimation and Resource estimation.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 1
Contents
Name LTE Network Planning
Purpose To Introduce the LTE basic principle, network planning method and RNP solution
Key Message LTE has the flat network architecture and physical layer applies OFDM
technology, as well as the MIMO, ICIC, etc.
LTE network planning includes coverage, capacity planning. Link budget and
capacity estimation are introduced in these slides.
In RNP solution, you can find the introduction of RNP tools, performance
enhancement features and other solution that customer will concern, such as
the interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis
Audience Global C&Wi RNP engineers, product manager and account managers with wireless background
knowledge
Version Information
Versions Creator/Staff ID Approver/Staff ID Release dept.
V1.0_10/01/18 Cui Dongfeng/53824
2. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
3. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3
LTE Network Architecture
Main Network Element of LTE
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing
the user plane and control plane.
The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.
eNB
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
eNB
eNB
S1
S1
S
1
S
1
X2
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN
internet
eNB
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
PDCP
PHY
MME
S-GW
S1
MAC
Inter Cell RRM
Radio Admission Control
RLC
E-UTRAN EPC
RRC
Mobility
Anchoring
EPS Bearer Control
Idle State Mobility
Handling
NAS Security
P-GW
UE IP address
allocation
Packet Filtering
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Medium Access Control
PHY: Physical layer
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN Gateway
Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE
architecture becomes much more simple
and flat, which can lead to lower
networking cost, higher networking
flexibility and shorter time delay of user
data and control signaling.
Network Interface of LTE
The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling
direct transmission of data and signaling.
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME
and to the S-GW via the S1-U
4. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4
internet
eNB
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
PDCP
PHY
MME
S-GW
S1
MAC
Inter Cell RRM
Radio Admission Control
RLC
E-UTRAN EPC
RRC
Mobility
Anchoring
EPS Bearer Control
Idle State Mobility
Handling
NAS Security
P-GW
UE IP address
allocation
Packet Filtering
e-Node hosts the following functions:
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio
Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection
Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs
in both uplink and downlink (scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data
stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast
messages (originated from the MME);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration
for mobility and scheduling;
MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the
following functions:
NAS signaling and security;
AS Security control;
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following
functions:
Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point
for handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per
UE, PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity
for inter-operator charging.
P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions:
Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement;
LTE Network Element Function
5. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5
Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol
Stack
Two Planes in LTE Radio
Protocol:
User-plane: For user data transfer
Control-plane: For system
signaling transfer
Main Functions of User-plane:
Header Compression
Ciphering
Scheduling
ARQ/HARQ
eNB
PHY
UE
PHY
MAC
RLC
MAC
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
eNB
PHY
UE
PHY
MAC
RLC
MAC
MME
RLC
NAS NAS
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP
Main Functions of Control-plane:
RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions
as for the user plane
PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
protection
RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
measurement reporting and control
NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
authentication, security control
User-plane protocol stack
Control-plane protocol stack
6. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6
Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
Type 1, applicable to FDD
Type 2, applicable to TDD
FDD Radio Frame Structure:
LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-
order IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are
0.5ms. One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP
configuration
#0 #1 #2 #3 #19
#18
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block:
LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration
Radio Frame Structure (1)
7. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7
TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and
time unit with FDD.
Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is
10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots
which are 0.5ms.
The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms
frame are shown in the right table.
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts
GP UpPTS
DwPTS
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
30720Ts
One subframe,
30720Ts
GP UpPTS
DwPTS
Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
Subframe #0 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
Uplink-downlink Configurations
Uplink-
downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point
periodicity
Subframe number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
GP: Guard Period
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
Radio Frame Structure (2)
8. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8
Radio Frame Structure (3)
CP Length Configuration:
Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of
OFDM.
CP length is related with coverage
radius. Normal CP can fulfill the
requirement of common scenarios.
Extended CP is for wide coverage
scenario.
Longer CP, higher overheading.
Configuration
DL OFDM CP
Length
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length
Sub-carrier
of each RB
Symbol of
each slot
Normal
CP
f=15kHz
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6 12
7
Extended
CP
f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 24 (DL only) 3 (DL only)
CP Configuration
Slot structure under
Normal CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)
Slot structure under
Extended CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)
Slot structure under
Extended CP configuration
(△f=7.5kHz)
9. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9
Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
Downlink Channels:
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information
for cell search, such as cell ID.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the
resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ
information.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the
downlink user data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid
ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast
information.
Uplink Channels:
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random
access preamble.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user
data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI), etc.
BCH PCH DL-SCH
MCH
Downlink
Physical channels
Downlink
Transport channels
PBCH PDSCH
PMCH PDCCH
Uplink
Physical channels
Uplink
Transport channels
UL-SCH
PUSCH
RACH
PUCCH
PRACH
Mapping between downlink transport
channels and downlink physical channels
Mapping between uplink transport
channels and downlink physical
channels
Physical Layer
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
MAC Layer
10. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10
Downlink Physical Channel
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Precoding
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
layers antenna ports
code words
Downlink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna
ports
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
Modulation Scheme of
Downlink Channel
Shown at the right table
Phy Ch
Modulation
Scheme
Phy Ch
Modulation
Scheme
PBCH QPSK PCFICH QPSK
PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
11. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11
Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel
Shown at the right table Phy Ch Modulation Scheme
PUCCH BPSK, QPSK
PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PRACH Zadoff-Chu
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Transform
precoder
Resource
element mapper
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
12. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12
0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l 0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l
One
antenna
port
Two
antenna
ports
Resource element (k,l)
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
Reference symbols on this antenna port
0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l 0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l 0
l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6
l 0
l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6
l
0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l 0
l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6
l 0
l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6
l 0
l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6
l
Four
antenna
ports
0
l 6
l 0
l
2
R
6
l 0
l 6
l 0
l 6
l
2
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
3
R
3
R
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
Downlink Physical Signals (1)
Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)
Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential
and the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are
optional.
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in Time-
Frequency
Domain
One
Antenna
Port
Two
Antenna
Ports
Four
Antenna
Ports
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
Characteristics:
Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-
specific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is
the pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-
frequency domain.
The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
demodulation.
Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,
also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over
a Single Frequency Network
RE
Not used for RS
transmission on
this antenna port
RS symbols on
this antenna port
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port
R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port
13. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13
Synchronization Signal:
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell
search.
synchronization signal comprise two parts:
Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the
cell ID detection.
Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group
ID.
Synchronization Signals Structure
Characteristics:
The bandwidth of the synchronization
signal is 62 subcarrier, locating in the
central part of system bandwidth,
regardless of system bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted
only in the 1st and 11rd slots of every
10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is
located in the last symbol of the
transmit slot. The secondary
synchronization signal is located in the
2nd last symbol of the transmit slot.
Downlink Physical Signals (2)
14. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14
Uplink RS (Reference Signal):
The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization
between E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink
channel estimation.
Two types of UL reference signals:
DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal),
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
Characteristics:
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since
SC-FDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in
the bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
The slot location of DM RS differs with associated
PUSCH and PUCCH format.
Sounding RS’s bandwidth is larger than that allocated to
UE, in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for
channel estimation in the whole bandwidth.
Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame.
The transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured.
SRS transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve
time/frequency/code diversity.
DM RS associated with PUSCH is
mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
Time
Freq
Time
Freq
Time
Freq
DM RS associated with PUCCH
(transmits UL ACK signaling) is mapped
to the central 3 symbols each slot
DM RS associated with PUCCH
(transmits UL CQI signaling) is mapped
to the 2 symbols each slot
PUCCH is mapped to up &
down ends of the system
bandwidth, hopping between
two slots.
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
System bandwidth
Uplink Physical Signals
15. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15
Basic Principle of Cell Search:
Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-
UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell
ID.
Two steps in cell search:
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of
ID within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary
Synchronization Signal;
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the
Secondary Synchronization Signal.
About Cell ID:
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises
two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The
latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs,
3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs
exist.
represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to
2.
(2)
ID
(1)
ID
cell
ID 3 N
N
N
(1)
ID
N
(2)
ID
N
Initial Cell Search:
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
UE doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the
first time switch on.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure
takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-
freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH
and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx
antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE
state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for
monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be
demodulated to receive paging message.
Physical Layer Procedure — Cell
Search
16. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16
Basic Principle of Random Access :
Random access is the procedure of uplink
synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN.
Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive
the following information from the higher layers:
Random access channel parameters: PRACH
configuration, frequency position and preamble format,
etc.
Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences
and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in
order to demodulate the random access preamble.
Two steps in physical layer random access:
UE transmission of random access preamble
Random access response from E-UTRAN
Detail Procedure of Random Access:
Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a
preamble transmission by higher layers.
The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a
target preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI
and a PRACH resource .
UE determines the preamble transmission power is
preamble target received power + Path Loss. The
transmission shall not higher than the maximum
transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
loss estimate calculated in the UE.
A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble
sequence set using the preamble index.
A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble
sequence with calculated transmission power on the
indicated PRACH resource.
UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is
passed to higher layers. The higher layers parse the
transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier
Physical Layer Procedure — Radom
Access
17. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17
Basic Principle of Power Control:
Downlink power control determines the EPRE
(Energy per Resource Element);
Uplink power control determines the energy per
DFT-SOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol.
Uplink Power Control:
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop
power control.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled
respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example:
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path
loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control
principle is shown in above equation. The following factors impact
PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power
PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH,
estimated path loss PL, modulation coding factor △TF and system
adjustment factor f (not working during opened loop PC)
UE report CQI
DL Tx Power
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element
DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
f(i)}
(i)
Δ
PL
α(j)
(j)
P
(i))
(M
,
{P
(i)
P TF
O_PUSCH
PUSCH
MAX
PUSCH
10
log
10
min
Downlink Power Control:
The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant.
The transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
transmission power.
Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the
comparison of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power
control.
X2
UL Tx Power
System adjust
parameters
Physical Layer Procedure — Power
Control
18. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18
Layer 2 is split into the following layers:
MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer
RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol )
Layer
Main Functions of Layer 2:
Header compression, Ciphering
Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
Scheduling, priority handling, multiplexing
and demultiplexing, HARQ
Segm.
ARQ etc
Multiplexing UE1
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
HARQ
Multiplexing UEn
HARQ
BCCH PCCH
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
MAC
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
PDCP
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security Security Security
...
Multiplexing
...
HARQ
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Transport Channels
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security
Layer 2 Structure for DL Layer 2 Structure for UL
Overview of LTE Layer 2
19. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 19
Main functions of MAC Layer:
Mapping between logical channels and transport
channels
Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol
Data Unit) belonging to one or different radio
bearers into/from TB (transport blocks ) delivered
to/from the physical layer on transport channels
Traffic volume measurement reporting
Error correction through HARQ
Priority handling between logical channels of one
UE
Priority handling between UEs (dynamic scheduling)
Transport format selection
Padding
Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
Control Channel: For the transfer of control
plane information
Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane
information
Multiplexing
...
HARQ
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Transport Channels
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security
MAC Layer
Structure
BCCH
PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
BCH
PCH DL-SCH MCH
Downlink
Logical channels
Downlink
Transport channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
UL-SCH
RACH
Uplink
Logical channels
Uplink
Transport channels
UL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
DL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
Introduction of MAC Layer
20. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 20
Main functions of RLC Layer:
Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM or
UM
TM data transfer
Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC
CRC check, CRC provided by the physical)
Segmentation according to the size of the TB:
only if an RLC SDU does not fit entirely into
the TB then the RLC SDU is segmented into
variable sized RLC PDUs, no need padding
Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be
retransmitted: if a retransmitted PDU does not
fit entirely into the new TB used for
retransmission then the RLC PDU is re-
segmented
Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio
bearer
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
except at HO
Protocol error detection and recovery
Duplicate Detection
SDU discard
Reset
RLC PDU Structure:
The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC
header is independent of the SDU sequence
number
The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the
scheduling scheme. SDUs are segmented
/concatenated based on PDU size. The data of
one PDU may source from multi SDUs
Multiplexing
...
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security
RLC Layer
Structure
AM: Acknowledge Mode
UM: Un-acknowledge
Mode
TM: Transparent Mode
TB: Transport Block
SDU: Service Data Unit
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
RLC PDU Structure
RLC header
RLC PDU
...
...
n n+1 n+2 n+3
RLC SDU
RLC header
Segmentation Concatenation
Introduction of RLC Layer
21. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 21
Main functions of PDCP Layer:
Functions for User Plane:
Header compression and decompression:
ROHC
Transfer of user data: PDCP receives PDCP
SDU from the NAS and forwards it to the RLC
layer and vice versa
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at
handover for RLC AM
Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs at
handover for RLC AM
Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at handover for
RLC AM
Ciphering
Timer-based SDU discard in uplink
Functions for Control Plane:
Ciphering and Integrity Protection
Transfer of control plane data: PDCP receives
PDCP SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the
RLC layer and vice versa
PDCP PDU Structure:
PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octet-
aligned
PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes long
Multiplexing
...
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
ROHC ROHC
Radio Bearers
Security Security
PDCP Layer
Structure
ROHC: Robust Header Compression
PDCP SDU
PDCP header
PDCP PDU
PDCP PDU Structure
Introduction of PDCP Layer
22. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22
Data Transfer in Layer 1 and Layer 2
Data from the upper layer are headed and packaged, sent to the lower layer, vice
versa.
Scheduler effect in the RLC, MAC and Physical Layers. User data packages are
multiplexed in the MAC Layer.
CRC in Physical Layer.
Summary of Data Flow in Layer 1 & 2
23. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23
OFDM & OFDMA
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI.
OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR.
DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform
Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
assigned part of the system bandwidth.
SC-FDMA(Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessing)is the multi-access
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.
LTE Key Technology — OFDMA & SC-FDMA
User 1
User 2
User 3
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
System Bandwidth
Sub-band:12Sub-carriers
Time
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 1
User 2
User 3
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
System Bandwidth
Sub-band:12Sub-carriers
Time
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Time
System Bandwidth
Sub-band:12Sub-carriers
User 1
User 2
User 3
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Time
System Bandwidth
Sub-band:12Sub-carriers
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 1
User 2
User 3
24. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 24
Downlink MIMO
MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO
and multi user mode MU-MIMO.
In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to
control/reduce the interference among spatial
multiplexing data flows.
The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU-
MIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users and
the resources are shared within users. Multi user gain
can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial
domain.
Uplink MIMO
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs
are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
MIMO is still under study.
Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.
Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
scheme.
MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the
same time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-
MIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
gain.
Pre-coding vectors
User k data
User 2 data
User 1 data
Channel Information
User1
User2
User k
Scheduler Pre-coder
S1
S2
Pre-coding vectors
User k data
User 2 data
User 1 data
Channel Information
User1
User2
User k
Scheduler Pre-coder
S1
S2
User 1 data
Channel Information
User1
User2
User k
Scheduler
MIMO
Decoder
User k data
User 1 data
User 1 data
Channel Information
User1
User2
User k
Scheduler
MIMO
Decoder
User k data
User 1 data
MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO
MIMO
25. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 25
User Multiplexing and Scheduling
Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will
facing the problem of frequency selected fading. The
fading characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be
regarded as same, but different in further subcarriers.
Select better subcarriers for specific user according to
the fading characteristic. User diversity can be
achieved to increase spectrum efficiency.
The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI.
The channel propagation information is feed back to e-
NodeB through the uplink. Channel quality identity is
the overheading of system. The less, the better.
Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
Link Auto-adaptation
LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain
and frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is
selected based on the channel quality in
time/frequency-domain.
In CDMA system, power control is one important link
auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid
interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user
multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is
used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent
cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow
link auto-adaptation scheme.
Channel Propagation Fading User Multiplexing and Scheduling
26. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 26
Frequency
Cell 3,5,7
Power
Frequency
Cell 3,5,7
Power
Frequency
Cell 2,4,6
Power
Frequency
Cell 2,4,6
Power
ICIC(Inter-Cell Interference Coordination)
ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the
interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
SFR Solution
SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary
band and secondary band with different transmit power.
1
2
3
6
5
7
4
1
2
3
6
5
7
4
The primary band is assigned to the
users in cell edge. The eNB transmit
power of the primary band can be high.
Secondary
Band
Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
Frequency
Cell 1
Power
Frequency
Cell 1
Power
Cell 1 Primary Band
Secondary Band
Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
Total System
BW
The total system bandwidth can be assigned
to the users in cell center. The eNB transmit
power of the secondary band should be
reduced in order to avoid the interference to
the primary band of neighbor cells.
Secondary
Band
Secondary
Band
Cell Interference Control
27. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 27
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
28. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 28
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
29. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 29
Frequency reuse mode 1*3*1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
Advantages of 1*3*1
Disadvantages of 1*3*1
• High frequency efficiency, High sector
throughput
• Do not need complex scheduling algorithm,
system
• Co-frequency interference is hard
• Low Cell edge data rate, difficulty for continuous
coverage.
Used in limit frequency band and discontinuous coverage scenario
S111 BTS
30. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 30
SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse)1*3*1
SFR 1*3*1 with ICIC
SFR 1*3*1 networking merit
• DL ICIC:cell center use 2/3 band,cell edge
use 1/3 band;so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3,
different cell edge use different frequency. Tx
power in cell center lower than cell edge Tx
power to control interference.
• UL ICIC: cell center use 2/3 band,cell edge use
1/3 band, so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3,
different cell edge use different frequency. Cell users
in same BTS transmit in the odd / even frame
scheduling , respectively
• Lower down interference with ICIC
• High Frequency efficiency
Huawei suggest SFR 1×3×1 networking
DL SFR 1*3*1
UL SFR 1*3*1
Note: S111 BTS
Note: S111 BTS
31. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 31
SFR 1*3*1 Vs FFR 1*3*1
FFR 1*3*1 DL&UL
SFR1*3*1 DL SFR1*3*1 UL
Similarities
difference
• Separate by the frequency domain /
time domain for interference cancellation
• Cell centers use more bandwidth
resources, cell edge use of about 1 / 3
frequency bands,
• FFR use all the sub-carrier in cell
center, SFR use 2/3 sub-carriers
• In DL/UL, FFR same reuse mode,,
SFR use different mode
•DL Tx Power: SFR: cell center is
lower than cell edge; FFR: cell center
is same with cell edge
• UL frequency resource: FFR mode,
in cell edge, fixed use 1/3 of the
frequency band; In SFR mode, cell
edge use partial band, normally near
1/3 of the frequency.
User in Cell center and cell edge within the cell separate by time domain
,different site cell edge separate by frequency domain;
DL cell center decrease Tx powe;UL in cell edge,different cell
separate in frequency domain, User in Cell center and cell edge within
the cell separate by time domain
32. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 32
Frequency reuse mode 1*3*3
Advantage of 1*3*3
Disadvantage of 1*3*3
•Low co-frequency interference, good coverage
• High sector throughput
• Low frequency efficiency
• More frequency resource required
Used in rich frequency resource and discontinuous frequency band coverage
S111 BTS
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
33. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 33
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
34. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 34
Link Budget Procedure
Start
End
Input Data
Calculate UL/DL MAPL
Calculate UL cell radius Calculate DL cell radius
Balance cell radius
Calculate site number
Calculate site coverage area
35. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 35
UE Transmit Power
UE Antenna Gain
eNodeB
Antenna Gain
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
eNodeB
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
Path Loss
eNodeB receive
sensitivity
Cable Loss
Antenna Gain
eNodeB receive sensitivity
Penetration Loss
Link Budget Model: Uplink
UE transmit power
Uplink Budget
Gain
Margin
Loss
36. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 36
eNodeB Transmit
Power
NodeB Antenna Gain
UE Antenna Gain
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
Penetration Loss
Path Loss
UE receive sensitivity
Link Budget Model: Downlink
Cable Loss
Antenna Gain
eNodeB transmit power
Penetration Loss
UE receive sensitivity
Downlink Budget
Gain
Margin
Loss
37. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 37
Link Budget Principle
• Link budget is aim to calculate the cell radius.
Cell radius can be calculated by MAPL with using propagation model
• Two keys factors:
MAPL
Propagation Model
MAPL: Maximum Allowed Path Loss
EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
MSSR: Minimum Signal Strength Required
Cm
H
a
Lu
Total UE
)
(
)
lg(
))
lg(
55
.
6
9
.
44
(
)
lg(
82
.
13
)
lg(
9
.
33
3
.
46 d
H
H
f
Lu BS
BS
)
8
.
0
)
lg(
56
.
1
(
)
7
.
0
)
lg(
1
.
1
(
)
(
f
H
f
H
a UE
UE
Cost231-Hata Model
MAPL = EIRP - Minimum Signal Strength Required+ ∑Gain
- ∑Loss - ∑Margin
EIRP = Max Tx Power - Cable Loss - Body Loss + Antenna Gain
MSSR = Rx Sensitivity - Antenna Gain + Cable Loss + Body Loss +
Interference Margin
38. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 38
MAPL Calculation Process
System parameter
System Frequency Band, Band width, duplex mode
EIRP
BS Tx Power, Antenna Gain, Feeder loss
Minimum Receiver Signal Level
Receiver sensitivity, Noise Figure, Demodulation Threshold, Antenna gain,
feeder loss, body loss.
System gain, Margin, Loss
MIMO Gain, other gain
Shadow Fading Margin, Interference margin
Penetration losss
39. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 39
Coverage Planning Comparison LTE/CDMA
/ WiMAX
LTE Protocal defined working band is from 700MHz~2.6GHz,including CDMA working band,
but lower than WiMAX 3.5GHz。Because the working band vary largely, so the radio
propagation capability is different in LTE/CDMA/Wimax.
LTE and WiMAX adopt OFDMA as their access technology, for a single user, through system
scheduling, using different No. of sub-carrier to meet the different coverage requirement.
Compare with CDMA, CDMA users adjust Tx power in 1.2288M to meet the coverage
requirement
MIMO technology is used in LTE & WiMAX, different MIMO mode bring corresponding MIMO
gains, like CDMA BS receiving diversity gain, which lower down the demodulation threshold.
Modulation mode QPSK、16QAM and 64QAM employed by LTE and Wimax, CDMA use
QPSK / 8-PSK / 16-QAM ,different modulation mode related to different data rate and
different channel conditions
In coverage planning process, LTE is same with CDMA and Wimax. For the technology
difference, LTE is similar with Wimax, cause they all based on OFDMA and MIMO, the
difference with CDMA is showed on the key system parameters.
40. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 40
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
41. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 41
Capacity Analysis Concept
• Traffic model analysis/requirement analysis:
Specify customer requirements, e.g. Target users
number, user BH active ratio, service bearing rate,
overbooking, cell edge access rate, average data
rate…
• Single-user throughput * No of BH Users =
Network throughput
• Configuration Analysis: Frequency reused mode,
Bandwidth, carrier configurations, MIMO
configurations etc.
• Single-site Capacity: single site capacity calculated
from system simulation after configuration analysis
• Number of sites: Network throughput requirement /
Single site Capacity
Traffic model analysis
/ requirement analysis
Single-user
throughput
Single-site
capacity
Number of sites
Configuration
analysis
Network Throughput
42. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 42
Capacity Estimation Realization Process
• Obtain the cell radius in different scenarios according to the link budget.
• According to the radius, search the simulation data table and then obtain the
cell CINR probability distribution. Currently, calculate the CINR distributing ratio
with different cell radiuses in different scenarios according to the Matlable
program provided by the RTT link budget.
• Calculate the cell mean throughput.
N
i
i
i Throughput
P
oughput
CellAvgThr
1
Formula of calculating the cell mean throughput
• Pi is the probability corresponding to CINR
• Throughputi is the throughput calculated on a basis of CINR. According to different
CINRs, search the table to obtain different modulation schemes and then obtain the
Throughputi in different modulation schemes.
。
Cell Radius
C/I Probability distribution
Simulation result
Cell mean throughput ratio
43. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 43
Key performance baseline
Scenario
Cell Radius (km) @ UL edge 64~512kbps Avg. Cell Throughput DL/UL (Mbps) @10MHz BW
2.6GHz 2.1GHz AWS 700MHz 2.6GHz 2.1GHz AWS 700MHz
Dense Urban 0.21~0.33 0.26~0.4 0.3~0.46 0.66~1.01 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17
Urban 0.39~0.58 0.47~0.71 0.55~0.82 1.20~1.79 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17
SubUrban 1.47~2.25 1.8~2.76 2.09~3.2 4.61~7.06 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67
Rural 3.16~4.83 4.42~5.93 4.78~7.3 9.48~14.51 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67
About SFR 1x3x1 Application Scenarios Remark
SFR 1×3×1introduces ICIC scheme
based on traditional 1×3×1. Improves
the cell edge user throughput with the
cost of cell throughput.
Lack of spectrum
resource;
High requirement of cell
edge user experiences.
UL: enhance cell edge rate about 10%, but cell
throughput degrade about 5%
DL : enhance cell edge rate about 20%, but cell
throughput degrade about 10%
Max. Active User
(RRC_Connected User) per cell
1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10/15/20MHz
eRAN 1.0 - - 200 400
eRAN 2.0 168 360 600 1200
44. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 44
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
45. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 45
RND: LTE Dimensioning Tool
RND tool is Supporting:
Network dimensioning in different design types for different application scenarios
Independent calculation or inheriting of calculation results among modules
Network dimensioning in multiple cities and networking scenarios simultaneously
Importing/exporting parameters and calculation results, and importing the parameters and
calculation results into the RNP output template.
RND is the LTE dimensioning tool developed by Huawei
46. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 46
U-Net: Professional LTE RNP Tool
What is U-Net?
U-Net is the professional LTE simulation tool developed by Huawei.
U-Net is based on the abundant global RNP experiences.
47. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 47
U-Net: Powerful and Saving
What can U-Net do?
Function:
• Network modeling:
GIS
Antenna model
Network element management
Service model management
Propagation model tuning & mngt.
• Coverage Prediction:
Path loss calculation
Polygon operation
Coverage plot generation
Point analysis
Monte Carlo simulation
• LTE Specific Planning:
PCI planning
Neighbor list planning
Frequency planning
Benefit:
Accurate prediction
Easy operation and friendly interface
Saving HR cost due to higher planning efficiency.
Lower technical level requirement by Professional functions
48. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 48
Huawei LTE Enhancement Features
Performance
Enhancement Feature
UL /
DL
Expected
Improveme
nt
Comments
Interference cancellation
IRC
UL 1~5dB
The more serious interference condition, the
more obvious the IRC gain will be.
Receive diversity
4 receiving antennas UL 2.5dB
3 dB in theory. Considered the co-relate
between real antenna, 2.5dB is the practical
gain.
Advanced scheduling
Frequency domain packet
schedule
UL &
DL
1~3dB
2~3dB gain when cell edge user throughput =
500Kbps, 1~2dB gain when cell edge user
throughput = 1Mbps
Power Convergence
4 TTIs Bundling
UL 1.5~3dB
Bundle several TTIs together for a single VoIP
packet transmission. Power convergence.
DBS flexibility
RRU installed near the
antenna
UL &
DL
2.5dB
Rooftop site, typical cable loss for BTS is 3dB,
for RRU is 0.5dB (jumper loss).
Assume there is no TMA.
3dB
improvement
20% cell radius
increase
30% sites quantity
reduction
49. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 49
Guard band Requirement for Co-existing Systems (MHz)
Co-existing Systems
System Standards LTE Bandwidth
LTE Other system 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
LTE + GSM
protocol protocol 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Huawei Product protocol 0 0 0 0
LTE + UMTS
protocol protocol 0.33 0.08 0.17 0.42
Latest MSR protocol 0 0 0 0
LTE + CDMA
protocol Huawei Product 0.24 0.49 0.74 0.99
Huawei Product Huawei Product 0 0 0 0
LTE Band X + LTE Band Y protocol protocol 0 0 0 0
LTE FDD + LTE TDD protocol protocol 10 10 10 10
LTE TDD 2.3G + TD-SCDMA 2.3G protocol protocol 0 0 0 0
Avoid Interference
Guard band can be eliminated by deploying Huawei RAN products
Co-site Scenario:
• Avoid far-near effect, less
interference
Non Co-site Scenario:
• Adjacent frequency interference
will be much higher
Co-site solution is recommended by Huawei
50. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 50
Co-Antenna/Feeder Analysis
Co-antenna/feeder with 2G/3G system
Co-antenna Analysis
Benefit:
No more antenna installation space
Risk:
Additional diplexers cause insertion loss
Can not adjust azimuth independently
Suggestion:
Wide band or multi band depends on the
frequency spectrums
4-port antenna is recommended for
supporting independent downtilt
Same electrical specification with original.
Co-feeder Analysis
Benefit:
Saving feeder cost
Risk:
High feeder loss in 2.6GHz. (Table below)
0.6~1.0dB loss caused by additional
diplexers/TMAs (0.3dB/diplexer), which
bring negative impact on 2G/3G coverage
Suggestion:
RRU installed near to antenna
Co-feeder is not recommended in general
scenarios.
Feeder loss is 3dB
higher in 2.6GHz
51. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 51
Separate Antenna/Feeder Analysis
Separate antenna/feeder for LTE
LTE
2G/3G
Disadvantage:
Require more tower
installation space;
Require higher tower load.
Advantage:
Individual network planning
for LTE:
No additional feeder and
connector loss for LTE;
No negative impact to
2G/3G network.
Convenience and accuracy
network optimization for LTE:
Individual antenna
adjustment
52. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 52
Conclusion:
Select the Co-antenna/feeder solution
based on the real situation
Need to evaluate and balance the
benefits and risks of the solution
Typical Co-antenna/feeder Solutions
LTE LTE LTE
4 ports antenna
Co-feeder
Risks:
Additional loss by co-feeder will:
Reduce 11~14% cell radius
Increase 26~35% site quantity
(2.6GHz, 30m 7/8’’ feeder)
2 ports antenna
Co-feeder
4 ports antenna
RRU inst. near antenna
53. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 53
Reuse and Upgrade Legacy DAS
• High frequency (2.6GHz) caused
additional feeder and insertion loss.
• Legacy DAS structure is difficult to
implement MIMO technology.
• Upgrade legacy DAS is costly.
Challenges Solution
• Higher transmit power compensate
feeder and insertion loss.
• First Stage: DL and UL SISO.
• Next Stage: DL and UL MIMO when
multi antenna DAS is ready.