4. THE ANION GAP
other
anions
Cl
HCO3
other
cations
Na
Anions Cations=
other anions – other cations Na – (Cl + HCO3)=
Occurs with metabolic
acidosis
Addition of exogenous or
endogenous acids
G glycols
O oxoproline
L l-lactic acid
D d-lactic acid
M methanol
A aspirin
R renal failure
K ketones
Increased “other anions”
Could theoretically occur with
decreased “other cations”
THE ANION GAP
increased anion gap
5. THE ANION GAP
other
anions
Cl
HCO3
other
cations
Na
Anions Cations=
other anions – other cations Na – (Cl + HCO3)=
Occurs due to
decreased anions
Albumin
Proteins
Phosphorus
Sulfates
IgA
THE
ANION
GAP
Due to increased
cations
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Lithium
IgG
Bromide
decreased anion gap