2. Terms
Acid
Any substance that can yield a hydrogen ion (H+) or
hydronium ion when dissolved in water
Release of proton or H+
Base
Substance that can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)
Accept protons or H+
3. Terms
pK/ pKa
Negative log of the ionization constant of an acid
Strong acids would have a pK <3
Strong base would have a pK >9
pH
Negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration
pH= pK + log([base]/[acid])
Represents the hydrogen concentration
4. Terms
Buffer
Combination of a weak acid and /or a weak base and its
salt
What does it do?
Resists changes in pH
Effectiveness depends on
pK of buffering system
pH of environment in which it is placed
5. Terms
Acidosis
pH less than 7.35
Alkalosis
pH greater than 7.45
Note: Normal pH is 7.35-7.45
7. Regulation of pH
Direct relation of the production and retention of acids and bases
Systems
Respiratory Center and Lungs
Kidneys
Buffers
Found in all body fluids
Weak acids good buffers since they can tilt a reaction in the other
direction
Strong acids are poor buffers because they make the system more
acid
9. Blood Buffer Systems
Why do we need them?
If the acids produced in the body from the catabolism of
food and other cellular processes are not removed or
buffered, the body’s pH would drop
Significant drops in pH interferes with cell enzyme
systems.
10. Blood Buffer Systems
Four Major Buffer Systems
Protein Buffer systems
Amino acids
Hemoglobin Buffer system
Phosphate Buffer system
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid Buffer system
11. Blood Buffer Systems
Protein Buffer System
Originates from amino acids
ALBUMIN- primary protein due to high concentration in
plasma
Buffer both hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide
12. Blood Buffering Systems
Hemoglobin Buffer System
Roles
Binds CO2
Binds and transports hydrogen and oxygen
Participates in the chloride shift
Maintains blood pH as hemoglobin changes
from oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin
13. Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Curve B: Normal
curve
Curve A: Increased
affinity for hgb, so
oxygen keep close
Curve C: Decreased
affinity for hgb, so
oxygen released to
tissues
15. Blood Buffer Systems
• Phosphate Buffer System
• Has a major role in the elimination of H+ via the kidney
• Assists in the exchange of sodium for
hydrogen
• It participates in the following reaction
• HPO-2
4 + H+ H2PO –
4
• Essential within the erythrocytes
16. Blood Buffer Systems
Bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system
Function almost instantaneously
Cells that are utilizing O2, produce CO2, which builds
up. Thus, more CO2 is found in the tissue cells than in
nearby blood cells. This results in a pressure (pCO2).
Diffusion occurs, the CO2 leaves the tissue through the
interstitial fluid into the capillary blood
18. Bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system
How is CO2 transported?
5-8% transported in dissolved form
A small amount of the CO2 combines directly with
the hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
92-95% of CO2 will enter the RBC, and under the
following reaction
CO2 + H20 H+ + HCO3
-
Once bicarbonate formed, exchanged for chloride
21. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
1. pH= pK+ log H
HA
2. The pCO2 and the HCO3 are read or derived from the blood gas analyzer
pCO2= 40 mmHg
HCO3
-= 24 mEq/L
3. Convert the pCO2 to make the units the same
pCO2= 40 mmHg * 0.03= 1.2 mEq/L
3. Lets determine the pH:
4. Plug in pK of 6.1
5. Put the data in the formula
pH = pK + log 24 mEq/L
1.2 mEq/L
pH = pK + log 20
pH= pK+ 1.30
pH= 6.1+1.30
pH= 7.40
22. The Ratio….
Normal is : 20 = Kidney = metabolic
1 Lungs respiratory
The ratio of HCO3
- (salt) to H2CO3 ( acid) is normally 20:1
Allows blood pH of 7.40
The pH falls (acidosis) as bicarbonate decreases in
relation to carbonic acid
The pH rises (alkalosis) as bicarbonate increases in
relation to carbonic acid
23. Physiologic Buffer Systems
Lungs/respiratory
Quickest way to respond, takes minutes to hours to
correct pH
Eliminate volatile respiratory acids such as CO2
Doesn’t affect fixed acids like lactic acid
Body pH can be adjusted by changing rate and depth of
breathing “blowing off”
Provide O2 to cells and remove CO2
24. Physiologic Buffer Systems
Kidney/Metabolic
Can eliminate large amounts of acid
Can excrete base as well
Can take several hours to days to correct pH
Most effective regulator of pH
If kidney fails, pH balance fails
26. Respiratory Compensation
Used to compensate for metabolic imbalances only
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in H+
concentrations alters respiratory rate and depth
Remember CO2 is an acid
27. Respiratory Compensation
Respiratory Rate will…
Increase when blood H+ is increased (acidic pH)
CO2 is “blown off”
Amount of acid in blood is decreased
Decrease when H+ is decreased (alkaline pH)
CO2 is retained
Amount of acid in blood is increased
28. Respiratory Compensation
This means
Metabolic acidosis causes an increase in rate and depth
of ventilation as the body attempts to get rid of acid
(CO2)
Metabolic alkalosis causes a decrease in rate and depth
of ventilation as the body attempts to retain acid (CO2)
29. Renal Compensation
Used to compensate for respiratory imbalances
Remember: HCO3
- is a base
Kidneys respond to changes in blood pH
Excrete H+ and retain HCO3
- when acidemia is present
(1:1 ratio)
Retain H+ and excrete HCO3
- when alkalemia is present
(1:1 ratio)
30. Renal Compensation
This means
A respiratory acidosis will make the kidneys excrete acid
(H+) and retain base (HCO3
-)
A respiratory alkalosis will make the kidneys excrete
base (HCO3
-) and retain acid (H+)
31. Renal Compensation
This is the slowest compensation
May take hours to days
Most powerful method of compensation
Ineffective in patients with renal failure
32. Degrees of Compensation
An acid-base imbalance will be compensated for in
one of three ways
Uncompensated
Partially compensated
Fully compensated
33. Degrees of Compensation
Uncompensated
Body has made no attempt to correct the acid-base
imbalance
Partially compensated
Body is attempting to correct the imbalance
Blood pH remains abnormal in spite of the attempt
34. Degrees of Compensation
Fully compensated
The body is correcting the imbalance
Blood pH is normal
Other blood gas values remain abnormal until the root
cause is treated and corrected
35.
36. Uncompensated Imbalance
pH abnormal
Either PaCO2 OR HCO3
- abnormal
All other values normal
If PaCO2 is abnormal
Problem is respiratory
If HCO3
- is abnormal
Problem is metabolic
37. Uncompensated
Imbalance
Uncompensated
respiratory acidosis
pH < 7.35
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3
- WNL
Uncompensated
respiratory alkalosis
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 < 35
HCO3
- WNL
Remember that CO2 is an acid and that the more of it there is the worse is
the acidemia. Notice that with uncompensated respiratory, the HCO3 is
normal – this is because the body has not began to compensate for the
alterations in CO2
38. Uncompensated
Imbalance
Uncompensated
metabolic acidosis
pH < 7.35
PaCO2 WNL
HCO3
- < 22
Uncompensated
metabolic alkalosis
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 WNL
HCO3
- > 26
Remember that HCO3 is a base and that the more of it there is the more
alkalotic you will be. Notice that in the case of uncompensated metabolic
the PaCO2 is normal indicating that the body has not began to compensate.
39. Partially Compensated
Imbalances
Occur when compensation mechanisms are activated,
but have not had sufficient time to normalize the
blood pH
NOTE: Some people say that there is no such thing as
“partially” compensated – it is kind of like being “a
little pregnant” – but it is indicative of a part of the
process called compensation
40. Partially Compensated
Imbalances
pH is abnormal
Both PaCO2 and HCO3
- are abnormal in the same
direction (increased or decreased from normal)
If PaCO2 is high (↑ acid), HCO3
- will also be high (↑
alkaline) to neutralize the environment
If PaCO2 is low (↓ acid), HCO3
- will also be low (↓
alkaline) to neutralize the environment
41. Partially Compensated
Imbalances
Partially Compensated
Respiratory Acidosis
pH < 7.35
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3
- > 26
Partially Compensated
Respiratory Alkalosis
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 < 35
HCO3
- < 22
In the case of Partially Compensated Resp Acidosis, the pH is low, indicating an
acid environment…when you look at the PaCO2, it too is acidic, which is how you
know that you have a respiratory acidosis. With the HCO3 being high, you can
deduce that the body is raising its base to counteract the acid represented by the pH;
therefore, partially compensated respiratory acidosis.
42. Partially Compensated
Imbalances
Partially Compensated
Metabolic Acidosis
pH < 7.35
PaCO2 < 35
HCO3
- < 22
Partially Compensated
Metabolic Alkalosis
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3
- > 26
With partially compensated metabolic acidosis, you notice first that the pH is low (acidos
Ask yourself, which number is representative of an acid condition. In this case it is the low
base (HCO3), so you know you have a metabolic acidosis. You know it is partially compen
because the PaCO2 is low indicating that CO2 (an acid) is being lost from the body to cor
for the low pH.
44. Compensatory Mechanisms
Both PaCO2 and HCO3
- are abnormal, but in the same
direction
If PaCO2 is high (↑ acid), HCO3
- will also be high (↑
alkaline)
If PaCO2 is low (↓ acid), HCO3
- will also be low
(↓alkaline)
45. Compensated Imbalances
Compensated
Respiratory Acidosis
pH WNL but
closer to
7.35
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3- > 26
Compensated
Respiratory Alkalosis
pH WNL but
closer to
7.45
PaCO2 < 35
HCO3- < 22
In compensated respiratory acidosis, the pH tends to range between 7.35 and 7.39 – still a
But in the normal pH range. When you look at the PaCO2, you notice that it is high (acid
The HCO3 is also high, indicating that the body has compensated and normalized the low
47. Mixed Imbalances
Occur when patient has both metabolic and
respiratory disorders that cause an acid-base
imbalance
Examples:
Diabetic KetoAcidosis (metabolic acidosis) with
decreased respiratory drive (respiratory acidosis)
Severe vomiting (metabolic alkalosis) with high fever
(respiratory alkalosis)
48. Mixed Imbalances
pH will be normal
PaCO2 and HCO3
- will be abnormal
PaCO2 will be high with low HCO3
- (both tend
toward acid side)
PaCO2 will be low with high HCO3
- (both tend
toward base side)
49. Mixed Imbalances
Mixed acidosis
pH < 7.35
PaCO2 > 45
HCO3
- < 22
Mixed alkalosis
pH > 7.45
PaCO2 < 35
HCO3
- > 26
Notice with the mixed acidosis that you have an acidic pH (less than 7.35, with other
Parameters indicating an acid environment. High PaCO2 (too much acid). Low HCO3
(too little base – an acidic environment). This is classic mixed acidosis.
50.
51. Analysis of simple acid base disorders and how they are compensated for by the body.