The Aviation Administration policy prohibits the use of mobile phones in Aircraft during
transition for the reason it may harm their communication system due to Electromagnetic
interference. In case the user wants to access cellular network at higher altitudes, base station
access is a problem. Large number of channels are allocated to a single user moving at high
speed by various Base Stations in the vicinity to service the request requiring more resources.
Low Altitude Platforms (LAPs) are provided in the form of Base stations in the Airships with
antennas projected upwards which has direct link with the Ground Station. LAPs using Long-
Endurance Multi-Intelligence Vehicle (LEMVs) equipped with an engine for mobility and stable
positioning against rough winds are utilized. This paper proposes a system that allows the
passengers to use their mobiles in Aircraft using LAPs as an intermediate system between
Aircraft and Ground station. As the Aircraft is dynamic, it has to change its link frequently with
the Airships, MANETs using AODV protocol is established in the prototype using NS2 to
provide the service and the results are encouraging.
The document discusses providing wireless connectivity services like UMTS, WLAN, and Bluetooth to passengers on aircrafts. It proposes using a satellite connection to allow passengers to access these services during flights by connecting the aircraft cabin to terrestrial networks via satellite. Key aspects covered are the different wireless standards that would be used within the cabin, integrating these services, and using satellites to enable global connectivity for aircrafts in flight.
This document discusses aeronautical communication and wireless cabin architectures for aircraft. It introduces concepts like using satellite connections to provide coverage over oceanic regions. It also provides technical overviews of communication standards like UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE802.11b that could be used. It describes the role of a service integrator to provide interfaces for wireless and wired services. It also covers topics like service dimensioning, interference types in a collectively mobile heterogeneous network, and concludes that this technology will revolutionize aircraft communication.
Aeronautical communication seminar presentationArun Kc
This document discusses aeronautical communication architecture. It describes how wireless cabin architecture uses technologies like UMTS, Bluetooth, and wireless LAN to provide connectivity to passengers. A satellite segment connects the cabin to terrestrial networks for global coverage. Technical details are provided on bandwidth and modulation for each technology. Benefits include passengers using their own devices and maintaining connectivity, while challenges include not replacing wired infrastructure.
Comparison between gsm & cdma najmul hoque munshiNajmulHoqueMunshi
This document compares and contrasts GSM and CDMA cellular communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to cellular concepts and architectures. It then describes GSM, including that it uses TDMA and operates at 900/1800 MHz bands. The GSM architecture includes components like the BTS, BSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC. It then describes CDMA, including that it uses spread spectrum technology and references GPS for timing. The CDMA architecture spreads each user's signal over the entire bandwidth using unique codes. Finally, it lists the main differences between GSM and CDMA, such as their use of different multiple access technologies and CDMA providing better security through encryption.
This document discusses aeronautical communication and provides an overview of key topics in the field. It introduces aeronautical communication and its increasing importance for passenger experience and airline operations. George Cayley is identified as the father of aeronautical communication for his pioneering work in the principles of flight in the late 18th/early 19th century. The document also outlines some of the technical standards and architectures used for wireless communication in aircraft cabins, including UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.11b. It discusses the role of satellites for aircraft connectivity, particularly over oceanic regions, and considerations for integrating different wireless services on aircraft.
Gsm technology. final seminar reportdocxchandan verma
This document is a student project submission on GSM technology. It provides an overview of GSM system architecture including mobile stations, base station subsystems, and network switching subsystems. It also describes radio link aspects, multiple access techniques, traffic channels, mobility management functions, and services provided by GSM networks. The project was submitted by Gourav Kaushal to Bahra University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electronics and communication engineering.
The document discusses providing wireless connectivity services like UMTS, WLAN, and Bluetooth to passengers on aircrafts. It proposes using a satellite connection to allow passengers to access these services during flights by connecting the aircraft cabin to terrestrial networks via satellite. Key aspects covered are the different wireless standards that would be used within the cabin, integrating these services, and using satellites to enable global connectivity for aircrafts in flight.
This document discusses aeronautical communication and wireless cabin architectures for aircraft. It introduces concepts like using satellite connections to provide coverage over oceanic regions. It also provides technical overviews of communication standards like UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE802.11b that could be used. It describes the role of a service integrator to provide interfaces for wireless and wired services. It also covers topics like service dimensioning, interference types in a collectively mobile heterogeneous network, and concludes that this technology will revolutionize aircraft communication.
Aeronautical communication seminar presentationArun Kc
This document discusses aeronautical communication architecture. It describes how wireless cabin architecture uses technologies like UMTS, Bluetooth, and wireless LAN to provide connectivity to passengers. A satellite segment connects the cabin to terrestrial networks for global coverage. Technical details are provided on bandwidth and modulation for each technology. Benefits include passengers using their own devices and maintaining connectivity, while challenges include not replacing wired infrastructure.
Comparison between gsm & cdma najmul hoque munshiNajmulHoqueMunshi
This document compares and contrasts GSM and CDMA cellular communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to cellular concepts and architectures. It then describes GSM, including that it uses TDMA and operates at 900/1800 MHz bands. The GSM architecture includes components like the BTS, BSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC. It then describes CDMA, including that it uses spread spectrum technology and references GPS for timing. The CDMA architecture spreads each user's signal over the entire bandwidth using unique codes. Finally, it lists the main differences between GSM and CDMA, such as their use of different multiple access technologies and CDMA providing better security through encryption.
This document discusses aeronautical communication and provides an overview of key topics in the field. It introduces aeronautical communication and its increasing importance for passenger experience and airline operations. George Cayley is identified as the father of aeronautical communication for his pioneering work in the principles of flight in the late 18th/early 19th century. The document also outlines some of the technical standards and architectures used for wireless communication in aircraft cabins, including UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.11b. It discusses the role of satellites for aircraft connectivity, particularly over oceanic regions, and considerations for integrating different wireless services on aircraft.
Gsm technology. final seminar reportdocxchandan verma
This document is a student project submission on GSM technology. It provides an overview of GSM system architecture including mobile stations, base station subsystems, and network switching subsystems. It also describes radio link aspects, multiple access techniques, traffic channels, mobility management functions, and services provided by GSM networks. The project was submitted by Gourav Kaushal to Bahra University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electronics and communication engineering.
The document summarizes different multiple access technologies used in telecommunications including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, and CSMA. FDMA divides the available bandwidth into frequency bands. TDMA divides each channel into time slots. CDMA allows all transmissions to occur simultaneously through coding. SDMA serves users using spatial separation techniques like antenna beams. CSMA involves checking if the channel is free before transmitting.
SIS Group Int. offers a reliable integrated railway transport management system. The system increases railway safety, controllability, carrying capacity.
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
Nav Topic 1 basic radio wave propertiesIzah Asmadi
Radio waves are used in aircraft for communication and navigation. The document discusses the different frequency bands used for aviation purposes and the types of systems that operate in each band. Very low frequencies and low frequencies are used for long range navigation systems. Medium and high frequencies can travel long distances through ionospheric reflection and are used for over-ocean communication. Very high and ultra-high frequencies are line-of-sight and used for air traffic control communication and short range communication between aircraft.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes the history and development of GSM as a standardized digital cellular system to overcome issues with earlier analog systems. The key components of GSM include mobile stations containing a terminal and SIM card, a base station subsystem, a network and switching subsystem containing various registers and switches, and an operation and support subsystem. The document outlines the cellular structure using different cell types, and describes aspects of the GSM radio interface such as frequency allocation, multiple access, and processing from source information to radio waves.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Presentation "Mobile Communication in the Aircraft Cabin" held at the Seminar "Aircraft Cabin and Cabin Systems" 22-Sep-2004 Dresden Germany at DGLR Annual Congress
(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt / German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics)
for more information see www.rudolf-appel.de/wirelesscabin/
RAILWAY PRESENTATION BY SANDEEP KUMAR(5EC32)kumar raman
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems used in Indian Railways, the largest rail network in the world. It discusses satellite communication systems that allow for long-distance communication. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information through glass or plastic fibers and have bandwidth advantages over other methods. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides transmission of voice, text, images and video over a single pair of wires at standardized data rates. Power supplies and control panel signaling systems are also important components that ensure reliable railway telecommunications.
Examples of wireless communication systems, paging systems, cordless telephone systems, cellular telephone systems,evolution of mobile phone, MSC, MTSO, PSTN, Mobile communication, wireless link, subscriber,
The document provides an overview of High Altitude Aeronautical Platform Station (HAAPS) technology. It discusses how HAAPS uses airships or aircraft operating between 3-22km in altitude to provide wireless telecommunication services. A HAAPS can cover an area of up to 1000km in diameter. It then describes different platform options being proposed or used, including airships, high altitude long endurance aircraft, and tethered aerostats. The document outlines the system architecture, including the airborne and ground station equipment. It discusses power systems for solar-powered long endurance aircraft and how mission requirements impact aircraft sizing. Finally, it compares the performance and advantages of HAAPS to terrestrial wireless and satellite systems.
Cellular Networks Presentation in distributed systems, Mobile NetworksAhmad Yar
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. ..... of the Asia Pacific region · List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa · List of mobile network operators (summary).
Comparison between gsm & cdma najmul hoque munshiNajmulHoqueMunshi
This presentation provides an overview of cellular network concepts and technologies. It introduces cellular networks and their advantages over traditional networks. It then describes key cellular network architectures including GSM and CDMA, outlining their components, functions, and differences. In summarizing the key differences, it notes that neither standard is technically superior, but that GSM allows unlocked phones between carriers while CDMA phones are carrier-locked. It also notes that LTE is being adopted as a global standard.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
This document provides an overview of aeronautical communication, including its architecture and technical details. It discusses how wireless services allow in-flight connectivity for passengers via satellite links between the aircraft cabin and terrestrial networks. The architecture uses technologies like UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.11b to provide services to passengers similar to what they experience on the ground. While offering advantages like connectivity using personal devices, aeronautical communication also faces challenges like not replacing a wired infrastructure onboard aircraft.
The document defines cellular radio systems as radio communication networks divided into small geographic areas called cells. Each cell contains a low-power transmitter/receiver base station that can communicate with mobile units within its cell. As a mobile unit moves between cells, it automatically switches to the nearest base station. The mobile telephone switching office coordinates calls between cells and landline networks. Key components include mobile units, base stations, and the switching office. Channels include control channels for signaling and voice channels for calls.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications. It discusses the history of satellite communication, the main components which include the satellite and ground stations, and various utilities such as telecommunications, cellular networks, television signals, marine communications, spaceborne land mobile, and global positioning services. It also covers technological perspectives regarding the data characteristics of latency, poor bandwidth, and noise that satellite systems must address. Error correction techniques like forward-error-correction are used to mitigate the effects of noise on satellite links.
The document discusses cell planning in cellular networks. It covers key steps in the cell planning process including defining system requirements, radio planning guidelines, performing initial cell planning and surveys, and designing individual sites. It also discusses factors that influence cell planning such as different cell types (macro, micro, pico), interference between cells, frequency reuse patterns, and calculating coverage and capacity. The optimal cell plan balances coverage, capacity, cost, and quality of service according to the operator's needs.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of cellular networks from traditional networks to broadband networks. It discusses early cellular networks including 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA networks. It then covers 3G and 3.5G broadband cellular networks including UMTS, HSPA, HSDPA and HSUPA which enabled higher data speeds. The document reviews the history and development of cellular standards over time from 1G to 4G networks and the increasing data capabilities they provided.
Small unmanned airships for remote perceptionAdrian Peña
As long as developing nations in Latin America make efforts to mitigate climate changes
in their regions, the economic factor plays a major role in the implementation of
affordable solutions. In the next years, mitigating climate change programs in Latin
America will employ in larger scale aerial vehicles to collect, analyze and making
modeling for biomass and soil carbon in community-level agricultural, agro forestry, or
forestation/reforestation projects. In this case, unmanned remote sensing platforms
could substantially change the costs and reliability of monitoring mitigation projects and
enable greater participation even from small-scale agriculture in local communities
across the region, where the use of satellite mapping or manned aircrafts could
represent a prohibitive use because of the costs implied. The primary tool to map and
estimate land cover or land use at the regional and local level could be a low-cost,
unmanned helium airship under development by institutes and company partners in
Mexico, Spain, Ecuador, Canada and USA which represents a better cost effective
platform not needing specialized airfields, including energy efficient electric power plant
with a photovoltaic envelope generator for auxiliary power storage devices, dependable
new soil-analytical techniques that use visible-near-infrared reflectance (VNIR)
spectroscopy and the most important: better training and operation qualities for farm and
agro forestry operators.
Strong Authentication in Web Application / ConFoo.ca 2011Sylvain Maret
Strong Authentication in Web Application: State of the Art 2011
* Risk Based Authentication
* Biometry - Match on Card
* OTP for Smartphones
* PKI
* Mobile-OTP
* OATH-HOTP
* TOTP
* Open Source approach
How to integrate Strong Authentication in Web Application
* OpenID, SAML, Liberty Alliance / Kantara
* API, Agents, Web Services, Modules
* PAM, Radius, JAAS
* Reverse Proxy (WAF) and WebSSO
* PKI / SSL client authentication
* PHP example with Multi-OTP PHP class
The document summarizes different multiple access technologies used in telecommunications including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, and CSMA. FDMA divides the available bandwidth into frequency bands. TDMA divides each channel into time slots. CDMA allows all transmissions to occur simultaneously through coding. SDMA serves users using spatial separation techniques like antenna beams. CSMA involves checking if the channel is free before transmitting.
SIS Group Int. offers a reliable integrated railway transport management system. The system increases railway safety, controllability, carrying capacity.
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
Nav Topic 1 basic radio wave propertiesIzah Asmadi
Radio waves are used in aircraft for communication and navigation. The document discusses the different frequency bands used for aviation purposes and the types of systems that operate in each band. Very low frequencies and low frequencies are used for long range navigation systems. Medium and high frequencies can travel long distances through ionospheric reflection and are used for over-ocean communication. Very high and ultra-high frequencies are line-of-sight and used for air traffic control communication and short range communication between aircraft.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes the history and development of GSM as a standardized digital cellular system to overcome issues with earlier analog systems. The key components of GSM include mobile stations containing a terminal and SIM card, a base station subsystem, a network and switching subsystem containing various registers and switches, and an operation and support subsystem. The document outlines the cellular structure using different cell types, and describes aspects of the GSM radio interface such as frequency allocation, multiple access, and processing from source information to radio waves.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Presentation "Mobile Communication in the Aircraft Cabin" held at the Seminar "Aircraft Cabin and Cabin Systems" 22-Sep-2004 Dresden Germany at DGLR Annual Congress
(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt / German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics)
for more information see www.rudolf-appel.de/wirelesscabin/
RAILWAY PRESENTATION BY SANDEEP KUMAR(5EC32)kumar raman
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems used in Indian Railways, the largest rail network in the world. It discusses satellite communication systems that allow for long-distance communication. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information through glass or plastic fibers and have bandwidth advantages over other methods. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides transmission of voice, text, images and video over a single pair of wires at standardized data rates. Power supplies and control panel signaling systems are also important components that ensure reliable railway telecommunications.
Examples of wireless communication systems, paging systems, cordless telephone systems, cellular telephone systems,evolution of mobile phone, MSC, MTSO, PSTN, Mobile communication, wireless link, subscriber,
The document provides an overview of High Altitude Aeronautical Platform Station (HAAPS) technology. It discusses how HAAPS uses airships or aircraft operating between 3-22km in altitude to provide wireless telecommunication services. A HAAPS can cover an area of up to 1000km in diameter. It then describes different platform options being proposed or used, including airships, high altitude long endurance aircraft, and tethered aerostats. The document outlines the system architecture, including the airborne and ground station equipment. It discusses power systems for solar-powered long endurance aircraft and how mission requirements impact aircraft sizing. Finally, it compares the performance and advantages of HAAPS to terrestrial wireless and satellite systems.
Cellular Networks Presentation in distributed systems, Mobile NetworksAhmad Yar
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. ..... of the Asia Pacific region · List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa · List of mobile network operators (summary).
Comparison between gsm & cdma najmul hoque munshiNajmulHoqueMunshi
This presentation provides an overview of cellular network concepts and technologies. It introduces cellular networks and their advantages over traditional networks. It then describes key cellular network architectures including GSM and CDMA, outlining their components, functions, and differences. In summarizing the key differences, it notes that neither standard is technically superior, but that GSM allows unlocked phones between carriers while CDMA phones are carrier-locked. It also notes that LTE is being adopted as a global standard.
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
This document provides an overview of aeronautical communication, including its architecture and technical details. It discusses how wireless services allow in-flight connectivity for passengers via satellite links between the aircraft cabin and terrestrial networks. The architecture uses technologies like UMTS, Bluetooth, and IEEE 802.11b to provide services to passengers similar to what they experience on the ground. While offering advantages like connectivity using personal devices, aeronautical communication also faces challenges like not replacing a wired infrastructure onboard aircraft.
The document defines cellular radio systems as radio communication networks divided into small geographic areas called cells. Each cell contains a low-power transmitter/receiver base station that can communicate with mobile units within its cell. As a mobile unit moves between cells, it automatically switches to the nearest base station. The mobile telephone switching office coordinates calls between cells and landline networks. Key components include mobile units, base stations, and the switching office. Channels include control channels for signaling and voice channels for calls.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications. It discusses the history of satellite communication, the main components which include the satellite and ground stations, and various utilities such as telecommunications, cellular networks, television signals, marine communications, spaceborne land mobile, and global positioning services. It also covers technological perspectives regarding the data characteristics of latency, poor bandwidth, and noise that satellite systems must address. Error correction techniques like forward-error-correction are used to mitigate the effects of noise on satellite links.
The document discusses cell planning in cellular networks. It covers key steps in the cell planning process including defining system requirements, radio planning guidelines, performing initial cell planning and surveys, and designing individual sites. It also discusses factors that influence cell planning such as different cell types (macro, micro, pico), interference between cells, frequency reuse patterns, and calculating coverage and capacity. The optimal cell plan balances coverage, capacity, cost, and quality of service according to the operator's needs.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of cellular networks from traditional networks to broadband networks. It discusses early cellular networks including 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA networks. It then covers 3G and 3.5G broadband cellular networks including UMTS, HSPA, HSDPA and HSUPA which enabled higher data speeds. The document reviews the history and development of cellular standards over time from 1G to 4G networks and the increasing data capabilities they provided.
Small unmanned airships for remote perceptionAdrian Peña
As long as developing nations in Latin America make efforts to mitigate climate changes
in their regions, the economic factor plays a major role in the implementation of
affordable solutions. In the next years, mitigating climate change programs in Latin
America will employ in larger scale aerial vehicles to collect, analyze and making
modeling for biomass and soil carbon in community-level agricultural, agro forestry, or
forestation/reforestation projects. In this case, unmanned remote sensing platforms
could substantially change the costs and reliability of monitoring mitigation projects and
enable greater participation even from small-scale agriculture in local communities
across the region, where the use of satellite mapping or manned aircrafts could
represent a prohibitive use because of the costs implied. The primary tool to map and
estimate land cover or land use at the regional and local level could be a low-cost,
unmanned helium airship under development by institutes and company partners in
Mexico, Spain, Ecuador, Canada and USA which represents a better cost effective
platform not needing specialized airfields, including energy efficient electric power plant
with a photovoltaic envelope generator for auxiliary power storage devices, dependable
new soil-analytical techniques that use visible-near-infrared reflectance (VNIR)
spectroscopy and the most important: better training and operation qualities for farm and
agro forestry operators.
Strong Authentication in Web Application / ConFoo.ca 2011Sylvain Maret
Strong Authentication in Web Application: State of the Art 2011
* Risk Based Authentication
* Biometry - Match on Card
* OTP for Smartphones
* PKI
* Mobile-OTP
* OATH-HOTP
* TOTP
* Open Source approach
How to integrate Strong Authentication in Web Application
* OpenID, SAML, Liberty Alliance / Kantara
* API, Agents, Web Services, Modules
* PAM, Radius, JAAS
* Reverse Proxy (WAF) and WebSSO
* PKI / SSL client authentication
* PHP example with Multi-OTP PHP class
Overview of Agri-business for Small Unmanned AirshipsAdrian Peña
Many concepts have been proposed in recent years among UAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems) Latin American researchers in the area of small unmanned airship for use in
agri-business and forestry industry, but very few projects have reached production status
yet. One reason is the inherent complexity of most UAS concepts, which in turn drives costs and development time. Other reason is the lack for legal framework to integrate
these vehicles to national airspace. The paper authors have conducted small unmanned
airship R&D programs in Mexico and Ecuador and reached a substantial experience facing these and other interesting facts and have also through its operation reached a substantial knowledge of agri-business and forestry requirements along Latin-America.
This paper offers a study of the Agri-business and forestry Latin-American market for small unmanned airships operations as well provides airship manufacturers with an
overview of potential and promising applications in the region.
This presentation showcases the research work carried out by me under the able guidance of Dr. Rajkumar S. Pant at the Lighter-than-Air laboratory at IIT Bombay
Strong Authentication in Web Application #SCS IIISylvain Maret
Swiss Cyber Storm 3 Security Conference / OWASP Track
Strong Authentication: State of the Art 2011
Risk Based Authentication
Biometry - Match on Card
OTP for Smartphones
OTP SMS
PKI
SuisseID
Mobile-OTP
OATH (HOTP, TOTP, OCRA)
Open Source approach
How to integrate Strong Authentication in Web Application?
OpenID, SAML, Identity Federation for Strong Authentication
API, SDK, Agents, Web Services, Modules
PAM, Radius, JAAS
Reverse Proxy (WAF) and WebSSO
PKI / SSL client authentication
PHP example with Multi-OTP PHP class
AppSec (Threat Modeling - OWASP)
The document discusses the challenges of managing an e-voting project successfully. It notes that e-voting projects have many stakeholders both inside and outside the project, complex legal and technical requirements, and risks of intervention from external groups. It recommends establishing clear rules, proactively communicating with all stakeholders, and assembling an experienced project team including a project manager to coordinate the multiple technology providers and other entities involved.
Protection Profile for E-Voting SystemsSeungjoo Kim
Protection Profile for E-Voting Systems @ ICCC 2008 (International Common Criteria Conference), which is a major conference for the community of experts involved in security evaluation
In the absence of air or sea ports, a 50 to 500-ton payload land/sea/ice vehicle called LEMV CIRS&T can directly deliver forces to the continental United States or areas of operation. This vehicle provides flexibility and a sea base contribution to strategic and tactical options, including mechanized attack, air defense, anti-submarine warfare, and search and rescue capabilities in a scenario where no ports are available.
Long endurance multi intelligence vehicle (lemv), united states of americahindujudaic
The Long Endurance Multi-Intelligence Vehicle (LEMV) is a long-range hybrid airship system developed by Northrop Grumman for the US Army to provide intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance support. Its design is based on the HAV304 hybrid vehicle. It completed critical design reviews in 2010-2011 and will undergo flight testing before deployment to Afghanistan in 2012 for military assessment. The LEMV can carry various payloads and is powered by four 350hp diesel engines for thrust vectoring and control.
Small unmanned airships_for AFOLU in Latin AmericaAdrian Peña
In the next years, agricultural, forestry and
forestation/reforestation programs in Latin America will employ in larger scale aerial vehicles to collect, analyze and making modeling for biomass and soil characterization. In this case, unmanned remote sensing platforms could substantially change the costs and reliability of monitoring and mitigation projects, enabling greater participation even from small-scale agriculture in local communities across the region. The primary tool to map and estimate land cover or land use at the regional and local level could be a low-cost, small unmanned airship, which represents a better
cost-effective platform not needing specialized airfields, including energy efficient electric power plant and dependable new soilanalytical techniques that use visible-near-infrared reflectance (VNIR) and Hyper-spectral camera systems. According to the previous assessment, it is the purpose of this paper to propose the embrace of unmanned airship technology as an affordable remote perception and mapping platform in accordance with Latin American boundary conditions given by the economic and
ecological circumstances.
This document compares the SkyCat HULA 500 and the C-5 aircraft for transporting troops and equipment from Fort Lewis, Washington to a drop zone in South Korea (4556 nautical miles). The HULA 500 could transport the required load of 15,000 tons of equipment and 3556 troops in 102.6 hours over 188 flights, while the C-5 would take longer at 110 hours over 63 flights. The HULA 500 also has lower fuel costs per ton-mile and fewer total flight hours required for the fleet. A second scenario compares delivery times and costs for transporting a light or heavy Armed Cavalry Regiment from Fort Campbell to Northern Iraq, finding the HULA 500 takes less time in both
This document discusses different types of rocket propulsion systems. It describes solid, liquid, gas, and hybrid rocket propellants. Solid propellant rockets have the fuel and oxidizer pre-mixed and stored in the rocket casing. Liquid propellant rockets store the fuel and oxidizer separately and pump them into the combustion chamber. Hybrid rockets combine aspects of solid and liquid rockets. The document also discusses factors to consider when selecting rocket fuels such as physical properties, performance, economic factors, and health and safety issues.
we try to give a biometric secure e voting system and with back end compilations supported by DNA archieves which hav d feature of parallel processing as their inherent nature ...
This document contains 7 photos of CargoLifter, which appears to be some type of cargo airship or blimp. The photos show the large airship from different angles both on the ground and in flight, but without any additional context or captions it is difficult to determine more specific details about CargoLifter or the purpose of the photos.
The document proposes a Joint Hybrid Aircraft Multi-Mission (J-HAMM) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration. It discusses several problems that a hybrid aircraft could help address, such as forcible entry in the face of anti-access measures and re-supply of naval forces at sea. The concept involves demonstrating a 30-ton hybrid aircraft capable of lifting 300-500 tons with characteristics like damage tolerance, weather tolerance, and a low radar signature. The demonstration would verify the military utility of hybrid aircraft and provide a basis for commercial investment. It outlines technical approaches, concepts of operation, potential demonstrations, risks, players, funding, and transition plans.
The U.S. Navy is exploring using lighter-than-air airships to provide fleet defense capabilities. Airships could offer persistent surveillance with radar and electro-optical/infrared sensors to detect threats from the air and sea at long ranges. They may provide an affordable option compared to manned aircraft for this mission.
The document discusses the growth of mobile technology and its impact. It notes that there are now over 4 billion mobile phones in use worldwide, and that mobile is disrupting social media and how companies engage with customers. It also introduces Urban Airship, a company that provides messaging and content delivery services to mobile publishers and applications on various platforms like iPhone, BlackBerry, Android and more.
This document provides an overview of communication, navigation, and surveillance equipment used at airports in India. It discusses various facilities including VHF communication, digital voice recorders, dedicated satellite networks, VOR and DME navigation systems, and surveillance technologies. The aim is to familiarize the reader with the key CNS systems and how they enable safe and efficient airport operations.
Review Paper on Airborne Internet Access through Submarine Optical Fiber CablesEECJOURNAL
Today is the era of high technology and information exchange world. Everyone is in need of sending or downloading a huge amount of data. Further being connected on the go and all the time is what people want today. Broadband and wireless connectivity in homes and offices is what being used by users that keep them wire free and make the accessibility easy and fast. Further to this providing a robust, fast and reliable connectivity network to the people on the go in vehicles and even aircraft is a challenge. In this paper we explore such a technology that talks about connectivity in aviation and aircrafts i.e. Airborne Internet. The idea is to take all the facilities and implementation of the ground networks and provide a high speed network connecting aircraft and ground.
Military forces require situational awareness no matter
where they are located. From warfighters in the field,
sailors on Navy ships, troops in flight and decision
makers at central command, everyone must share a
common operating picture to accomplish the mission.
Yet, that can be significantly challenging when troops
are constantly in motion, traveling across land,
sea and air.
S1-153199 Use Case and Requirements for DA2GCYi-Hsueh Tsai
According to ITU-R M.2282-0, a broadband Direct-Air-to-Ground Communications (DA2GC) system constitutes an application for various types of telecommunication services, such as Internet access and mobile multimedia services, during flights. The connection with the flight passengers’ user terminals on board aircraft is realized by already available mobile communication systems on board aircraft. The main application field would be Air Passenger Communications (APC). In addition, a broadband DA2GC system could also support Airline Administrative Communications services (AAC) and thus improve aircraft operation, resulting, in particular, in reduced Operational Expenditure (OPEX) for the airlines. Safety-relevant communications such as Air Traffic Control (ATC) and related services are not intended to be covered. The 5G technology should bring the same broadband wireless access capability for on-board network access to the airlines, and provide almost the same experience in the air that you have at home.
he ST Engineering iDirect Velocity™ product line is a shared,
two-way Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system built to
dynamically allocate bandwidth from a shared pool based on realtime
usage requirements. For commercial airlines, this means the
ability to deliver high throughput, bandwidth-efficient in-flight
connectivity by sharing a pool of bandwidth across a fleet or air-craft,
taking advantage of different flight patterns and time zones.
Design and implementation of heterogeneous surface gateway for underwater aco...IJECEIAES
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are used for diverse purposes such as pollution monitoring, disaster prevention and industrial sensing in the oceans. Especially, UASNs are mainly focusing on monitoring various underwater environmental data and delivering the data to a monitoring center where nearby or far from the deployed area. To reliably deliver the data, a surface gateway should convert acoustic signal to RF (Radio Frequency) signal. In this paper, we devise a multiple interfaces-based surface gateway that can connect both a cellular network and a Zigbee network. Depends on the service requirement, the surface gateway can easily adopt each wireless interface and relay the data to a low power ZigBee network or a long range CDMA network.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
The document describes an improved collision-free MAC protocol called I-MAC for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It summarizes an existing collision-free MAC protocol called CF-MAC and then describes improvements made in the proposed I-MAC protocol. The key improvements in I-MAC are the addition of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance before transmitting scheduling information and the use of distributed interframe spacing to provide fairness when accessing the channel. Simulation results show that I-MAC improves overall channel performance and reduces collision and packet loss ratios compared to CF-MAC and another protocol called DTMAC.
The Iridium satellite system allows for global mobile communications through a constellation of 66 low Earth orbit satellites. It uses a digitally switched network architecture to provide telephone service anywhere on Earth. Each satellite is crosslinked to four other satellites to relay digital information and determine the best routing path for calls through inter-satellite links and ground-based gateways. The unique feature of the Iridium system is its crosslinks that allow two-way global communications even when the destination location is unknown.
Mobile communication - GSM/CDMA/WIMAX TechnologiesAman Abhishek
Mobile communication allows communication without a physical connection and flexibility to move anywhere during communication. It uses technologies like GSM and CDMA. Mobile communication has become one of the fastest growing industries. A mobile handset allows making and receiving calls over radio links while moving. It contains components like a battery, SIM card and antenna. A SIM card identifies the subscriber to the network. In mobile communication, a cell is the smallest area, subscribers pay for use, and base stations connect mobile units to switching centers. As users move, handoffs transfer calls between base stations to maintain connectivity.
Vehicle Tracking and Remote Data Acquisition System using Very High Frequency...IJERD Editor
This document discusses a vehicle tracking and data acquisition system that uses amateur ("ham") radio operating on Very High Frequency (VHF) bands. The system tracks vehicle location using GPS and transmits the data via VHF radio to a workstation since GSM networks have poor or no coverage in remote areas. The workstation receives the VHF signals, stores the location data, and displays the vehicle's position on a map. Using amateur radio on VHF bands allows the system to provide tracking and communication capabilities where conventional GSM-based systems cannot function.
The document provides an overview of communication, navigation, and surveillance facilities managed by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). It discusses key AAI functions and describes various CNS systems and components. Some key points:
- AAI is responsible for creating and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India, including 125 airports and airspace.
- CNS refers to communication, navigation, and surveillance systems that support air traffic management.
- Communication systems allow pilots and air traffic controllers to communicate via VHF radio and satellite networks. Navigation systems like VOR, DME, and ILS help pilots determine the aircraft's position. Surveillance systems including primary and secondary radar enable air traffic control.
- Fac
Outage probability based on telecommunication range for multi-hop HALE UAVsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cooperative relaying increases telecommunication range, improves the connectivity, and increases the reliability of data transmission; however, the transmitted power does not change. This paper analyzes the extended telecommunication range of a multi-hop cascaded network comprising N–cooperative relaying high-altitude long endurance (HALE) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under ambient conditions. A notable ambient condition is rain, which causes signals to scatter in different directions; hence, one should model the communication channel for HALE UAV as a Rayleigh channel. This paper proposes a statistical model that is based on the effect of the telecommunication range on the outage probability in an N-Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that as the telecommunication range increases, the outage probability (Poutage) also increases, whereas when both the telecommunication range and the number of relays increase, Poutage decreases. An issue that has been highlighted in this paper is that, by increasing number of relays from N=1 to N=5 the telecommunication range increases and Poutage about 40% decreases. Moreover, in rainy conditions and with a fixed number of relays, when both the intensity of rainfall and telecommunication range increases, Poutage increases. For example by increasing rate of rain (Rr) from 1mm/h to 100 mm/h, Poutage increases around 30% in 100 Km with two relays.
1) The document describes a study measuring wireless channel diversity between a ground transmitter and receivers on a small low-altitude UAV using an 802.11 mesh network.
2) Measurement results show the correlation between receiver nodes on the UAV is poor at small time scales, indicating receiver diversity can be exploited to boost packet delivery rates.
3) Using multiple receiver nodes simultaneously was found to substantially improve packet delivery rates compared to a single receiver. Similar results were found for transmitter selection diversity.
This document provides a summary of the industrial training project report for communication systems at Jaipur Airport. It includes sections on:
1. An acknowledgement of those who supported the training.
2. An introduction and brief description of the Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) department at Jaipur Airport, including their roles in providing uninterrupted services and maintaining various systems.
3. A classification and listing of the CNS facilities at the airport, including details of communication, navigation, automation, and security equipment.
AAI manages 125 airports in India and provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of airspace. It is responsible for communication, navigation, and surveillance facilities at airports. The key CNS facilities include VHF systems for air-to-ground communication, satellite networks, voice switching systems, navigation aids like VOR and ILS to determine aircraft position, and surveillance systems like radar. AAI aims to ensure safe and efficient air navigation through these CNS facilities.
- The document discusses air traffic control systems and collision avoidance systems. It provides details on primary radar systems, secondary surveillance radar, ATC transponder modes, airborne equipment, automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast, and airborne collision avoidance systems like TCAS. It describes how these systems work to monitor air traffic and help prevent collisions.
IRJET- Mobile Handoff using Wireless CAN Protocol: An Approach to Reduce ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes using a CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol to reduce call drops during mobile handoffs between base stations.
The current system uses a primitive handoff method that can result in calls being dropped when a mobile transitions from one base station to another as the base stations are not directly connected. The proposed system embeds CAN hardware in both the base stations and mobile phones. This would allow the base stations to be connected via a serial bus topology using CAN protocol. During a handoff, the mobile would simply need to send a message to switch base stations, rather than changing frequencies, which reduces breaks in signal continuity and call drops. Implementing CAN protocol is expected to provide faster handoff speeds compared to the current method
The documents describe a proposed airborne internet network called HALOT. A specially designed aircraft called the HALOT Aircraft would fly circles 5-8 miles in diameter at an altitude of 15,000-21,000 meters, carrying a communications payload pod. This pod would use narrow beam antennas and frequencies to create multiple small cells on the ground, providing internet access. Each cell could support the bandwidth of an OC-1 fiber optic line. By creating 100 cells, the single aircraft could provide the bandwidth of two OC-48 fiber rings. The network aims to use new technologies to provide broadband access to areas not reached by cables.
Similar to Low altitude airships for seamless (20)
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
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Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
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This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
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In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
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Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
2. 198 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
2. EXISTING METHOD
GSMOB (GSM On Board) [2], [3] , [4] mobile services will allow airline passengers to use their
own mobile terminals during certain stages of flight. Passengers are able to make and receive
calls, send and receive SMS text messages and use GPRS functionality. The frequencies used for
onboard communication are in the GSM1800 band. The main reasons for the selection of these
bands is due to the small transmission power for an individual terminal when compared to the
900MHz band and emissions at higher frequencies produce higher path loss. A functional
overview of a GSMOB system, Fig. 1.
Figure 1. An overview of GSMOB system.
The challenges faced by the GSMOB system is to control the radio emissions of the mobile
phones used by passengers, called Aircraft Mobile Stations (AcMS) and the on-board
transmitters. AcMS try to connect to the cellular station even when the Aircraft is at cruising
altitudes. Hence the AcMS transmit at higher power levels increasing the risk of interference. The
log-on procedure used by all mobile phones on the market today is depicted in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Mobile phones log-on procedure.
A technical approach for controlling the radio emissions aboard the aircraft is by making use of
Network Control Unit (NCU) which prevents AcMS from attaching to the cellular network by
injecting wideband noise of low power density into the relevant frequency bands, by which
signals from cellular networks are effectively screened. Hence the cellular networks become
invisible to the AcMS and they can transmit in a controlled manner by connecting to the Aircraft
Base Transceiver Station (AcBTS) with the end to end architecture of the GSMOB, Fig 3.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology
Figure 3. End to end architecture of GSMOB system.
Ground Segment- The ground segme
Ground Gateway (GGW) and network components such as Mobile Switching Centre (MSC),
Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) etc. The routing of
the Aircraft traffic towards terrestrial backbone network of the Public Domain, Billing functions,
mobility management are taken care of by the Service Provider Domain. The Public Network
Domain of the Ground Segment provides the interconnection of the call, data or signalling
communication to the relevant public network end points.
Airborne Segment- The Airborne Segment consists of the Local Access Domain and the Cabin
Network Domain. The Local Access Domain contains the AcBTS providing GSM access for
passengers AcMS and the NCU. The Cabin Network Domain contains the control panel and an
Aircraft GSM Server (AGS). The control panel enables the crew to control the states of the
GSMOB system. The AGS combines the GSM software on
phone system with the satellite modem.
3. PROPOSED MODEL
As the Aircraft enters the cruising altitude it spends much of its time during the flight in the range
of 25,000 to 40,000 feet. In order to provide communication between the Aircraft and Ground
station an Airship is used which is located at a height of about 20,000 feet. A scenario in w
communication services are rendered to multiple Aircrafts which are separated by different
Horizontal (minimum of 300m) and Vertical (minimum of 9.26km) distances
interest is depicted, Fig. 4.
Figure 4. Airship assisted
(CS & IT)
segment consists of Service Provider Domain which includes
errestrial ation on-board and interconnects the mobile
ing [5]
communication system for Aircraft.
199
nt which
in region of
4. 200 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
3.1. Aircraft Communication System
This system consists of dedicated transceivers for users in Aircraft to communicate with the
Ground station. The Passengers can use their own terminals to make and receive calls, send and
receive SMS and GPRS functionalities.
3.2. Communication Channel
Airships are located at lower altitudes (around 20,000 feet) compared to satellite, the effects such
as signal delay, noise and interference are less. LEMV [6], [7] are large helium-filled balloon like
Airships with an aerodynamic "cigar" shape, about 91m in length, 34m in width, 26m in Height,
38,000 cubic metres of envelope and has 4 x 350HP, 4 litre supercharged V8 diesel engines
which can carry payloads of up to 2,750lbs. The altitude of 20,000 feet is high enough to give
local coverage of about 30km in diameter and also offers the advantage of minimum wind speeds.
LEMV can be optionally manned, remotely piloted or autonomously operated that consumes
about 3,500 gallons of fuel to remain aloft continuously for a period of 21 days. The vehicle can
fly at a loiter speed of 30kt and a dash speed of 80kt. There will be two types of antenna in
airship: Master antenna and Slave antenna. The Airships along the path of the Aircraft are
synchronised with one another with the help of the Master antenna to provide a regional
coverage. The Master antennas of the Airships is also used to establish a continuous
communication link with the ground station antenna. Slave antenna is used to capture the signal
from the aircraft, the captured signal is then forwarded to the Master antenna and vice versa.
Figure 5. Proposed communication system.
3.3. Ground Station
It is the earth based communication station providing the communication link to the users in
Aircraft. The earth station itself is usually an antenna that includes low noise amplifier, a down
converter as well as an electronic receiver. The ground station is connected to Mobile Switching
Centre for further switching operations.
4. PROCESS
In case a user in the Aircraft initiates a call, MANET routes the call to the Airship. The
transceiver antenna in the Airship receives the call request and transmits it to the ground station
which passes it to the MSC and connects the call to the desired user. Similarly in case a user on
ground initiates the call is established and completed in the reverse direction. In case an Aircraft
comes into the coverage region of particular Airship, slave antennae captures the call request
signal and forwards it to the Master antenna which is in continuous communication with the
ground station. In case the Aircraft comes out of the communication range of particular Airship,
Handoff takes place. The process flow of the complete scenario is depicted, Fig. 6.
5. ROUTING
The Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a reactive routing Protocol, the routes are
determined during requirement. AODV is capable of both unicast and multicast routing. It
maintains the routes as long as they are needed by the sources. Each active node periodically
broadcasts a Hello message that all its neighbours receive, in case a node fails to receive several
Hello messages from a neighbour, a link break is detected. Data transmitted by source to an
unknown destination broadcasts a Route Request (RREQ) for that destination. At each
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 201
intermediate node a RREQ is received and a route to the source is created. In case the request
receiving node is not the destination and does not have current route to the destination, it
rebroadcasts the RREQ. In case the receiving node is the destination or has a current route to the
destination, it generates a Route Reply (RREP). The RREP is unicast in a hop-by-hop fashion to
the source. As the RREP propagates, each intermediate node creates and records a route to the
destination. In case multiple RREPs are received by the source, the route with the shortest hop
count is chosen and when a link break is detected during data flow, a Route Error (RERR) is sent
to the source of the data in a hop-by-hop fashion, invalidates the route and reinitiates route
discovery, Fig. 7.
Figure 6. Process flow.
6. 202 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Figure 7. AODV Protocol Messaging.
6. IMPLEMENTATION
In order to provide communication, the Aircraft needs to consist of the subsystems, Fig. 8.
Figure 8. Aircraft system.
The users in the Aircraft requiring communication service can use their mobile devices which can
be achieved by using a TDMA module aboard the Aircraft. The TDMA module allocates
different time slots to different users to provide the service. The Up/Down converter in the
Aircraft up converts the signal to be transmitted to antennas frequency and down converts the
received signal to the mobiles operating frequency. The control unit present in the Aircraft
receives the bandwidth information signals from the Airship and decides on the bandwidth to be
allocated to the users in the Aircraft with the help of the TDMA module implementing AODV
protocol to determine the shortest path and provide the point to point communication service to
the users.
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 203
Figure 9. Ground station.
The Airship is the intermediate router between Aircraft and Ground station, also Guidance and
Navigation system is used to control the position of the Airship. The Airships in a specified
region have their own dedicated Ground station for transmitting and receiving the signal. The
Ground stations antenna should be in line of sight with the closest Airships antenna and they
should communicate continuously with each other to render the requested service. The ground
station is synchronized with the MSC, Fig. 9 and the Up/Down converter in it has the same
functionality as that of Aircraft's.
7. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Basic Model Configuration: The nodes are positioned for Airships, Ground Station and
Aircraft. Red colour nodes serve as Airships, Green nodes as Ground stations and Blue nodes as
Aircrafts. Since an Airship provides circular coverage of 30km diameter, they are placed
consecutively along the path of Aircraft and all of these Airships are in sync with a dedicated
Ground station depicted, Fig. 10.
Figure 10. Basic Model of Simulation.
Experimental Analysis and Results: A TCL program is written to simulate the required
topology of wireless network in NS2. The wireless simulation related parameters are defined as
follows:
• Channel Type : Wireless
• Radio-propagation model : Two Ray Ground
• Network interface type : Wireless Phy
• MAC type : Mac/802.11
• Interface queue type : Queue/ Drop Tail/ Pri Queue
• Link layer type : LL
• Antenna model : Antenna/Omni
• Max packet in ifq : 50
• Routing protocol : AODV
8. 204 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Figure 11. Aircraft linking with Airship.
In case an Aircraft comes within the communication range of an Airship, it sends request message
to Ground station and in turn receives an authentication using Airships as an intermediate router.
The exchange of information between Aircraft, Airship and the Ground station is depicted, Fig.
11. Gradually when the Aircraft comes out of the communication range of currently linked
Airship, the Handoff to the next Airship takes place as depicted, Fig. 12.
Figure 12. Aircraft changing its link to other Airship.
In case two aircrafts simultaneously arrive in a regional coverage area provided by dedicated
Airships and Ground station, both the Aircrafts are provided with the communication services
simultaneously, Fig. 13. The continuous communication services provided to passengers in
multiple Aircrafts in different regions of interest is depicted, Fig. 14.
Figure 13. Two Aircrafts in a regional coverage of dedicated Airships and Ground station.
9. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 205
Figure 14. Continuous communication service in different regions of interest.
8. CONCLUSION
The paper aims to provide seamless communication services to the mobile users in the Aircraft,
they are enabled to operate their own devices by using the communication system installed in the
Aircraft. The Airship is used as an intermediate router to forward the information between
Aircraft and ground station and vice-versa. In the proposed model the delay incurred by the signal
along its path will be reduced. As communication services can be readily established in regions of
interest, the proposed model can be utilized in relief measures for natural disasters like Floods,
Earth quakes etc. Since there exists a line of sight between the Airships and the Ground station,
the use of Airships to provide communication services to the users on ground is another
possibility.
REFERENCES
[1] See Website-”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_on_aircraft”.
[2] César Gutiérrez Miguélez, "GSM operation onboard aircraft", ETSI White Paper No. 4, January 2007.
[3] Carlos Gonzaga Lopez, "GSM ON BOARD AIRCRAFT", December 15, 2008.
[4] John Mettrop,”GSM On-Board Aircraft”, Directorate of Airspace Policy Surveillance & Spectrum
Management.
[5] Aircraft Separation- ”http://www.nokaviation.com/PPL_trg/rules.htm”.
[6] See Website- ”http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/rise-of-the-blimpsthe-us-armys-lemv-06438/#”.
[7] See Website- ”http://www.army-technology.com/projects/long-endurancemulti-intelligence-vehicle/”.
[8] See Website- ”http://www.slideshare.net/rishikeshims/aircraftcommunicationsystems”
[9] ETSI ETS 300 326-1, ”Radio Equipment and Systems (RES)”, ”Terrestrial Flight Telephone System
(TFTS)”.
[10] ETSI ETS 300 326-2, ”Radio Equipment and Systems (RES)”, ”Terrestrial Flight Telephone System
(TFTS)”.
[11] Network Simulator Tutorial- ”http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial”.
[12] NS2 Range Calculation- ”http://mailman.isi.edu/pipermail/nsusers/2012-August/072160.html”.
[13] Data Transfer in NS2- ”http://csis.bitspilani.ac.in/faculty/murali/resources/tutorials/ns2.htm”.
10. 206 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
AUTHORS
Dr. Narendra Kumar G, born in Bangalore on 5th February, 1959. Obtained Masters
Degree in Electrical Communication Engineering, (Computer Science &
Communication) from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India in 1987.
Was awarded PhD in Electrical Engineering(Computer Network) from Bangalore
University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India in 2006.Currently Professor in the Department
of Electronics & Communication Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of
Engg., Bangalore University, Bangalore, held the positions of Associate Professor,
Lecturer and Director of Students Welfare. Research interests include Mobile
Communication, Wireless Communication, E-Commerce, Robotics and Computer Networks.
Dr. Swarnalatha Srinivas, born in Bangalore on 22nd October, 1964. Obtained
Bachelors Degree in Electrical Engineering from University Visvesvaraya College of
Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka, India in 1988. Obtained Masters degree in Power
Systems, University Visvesvaraya College of Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka, India in
1992 and was awarded PhD under the guidance of Dr Narendra Kumar G in 2014.
Currently Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Bangalore
Institute of Technology, VTU, Bangalore.
Madhu D and Santhoshkumar M K are research students under the guidance of Prof. Narendra Kumar G.