The document details the political journey of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, particularly his transition from the Indian National Congress to the All India Muslim League and his eventual advocacy for a separate Muslim state, culminating in the creation of Pakistan. It highlights Jinnah's early education, his efforts for Hindu-Muslim unity through the Lucknow Pact, and his growing disillusionment with the Congress Party, which led him to demand a separate nation for Muslims. The document concludes with Jinnah assuming the role of Pakistan's first Governor-General and his efforts to establish the new state before his death in 1948.

1. Long Question Answer based on
BS.Pakistan Studies (9374)
(Unit#4)BRITISH RULE AND SEPARATE
MUSLIM IDENTITY-I
4.6 QUAID-I-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S JOINING
OF INDIAN POLITICS
Mr. Jinnah achieved his Law education from London; he
became barrister and returned to homeland in 1898. He started
his career as a presidency magistrate in Bombay. Before this,
during his stay at U.K. the London Office of Graham’s
Shipping and Trading Company offered him an apprenticeship
in 1892. During his study period in United Kingdom; he met the
British leaders like John Morley and William Gladstone. He
was also able to know the political views of the Indian leaders
like Sir Feroz Shah Mehta and Dada Bhoy Naoroji. Mr. Jinnah

2. was impressed and appreciated their moderate visions. In the
early 1900s, Jinnah spend much of his time in his practice of
law, however, he was also involvement in the Indian politics.
He joined Indian National Congress (INC) in 1906 and
surprised every prominent leader of that time through his
wisdom. Later on, he was honoured with the membership of the
Imperial Legislative Council. In 1913, he joined the All Indian
Muslim League (AIML)
but also continued working with congress. Mr. Jinnah wished to
work together for the Hindus and Muslims and this was only
possible due to attachment with INC and AIML.Mr. Jinnah
joined the Indian National Congress with the hope of its leaders
but soon he was able to understand the reality of the Congress
and the Hindus both. He concluded that INC was completely a

3. Hindus-dominant party. He knew that it will never work for the
safeguard of the other minorities including Muslims. That was
why he left the Congress in 1920. He decided to work with All
India Muslim League and accompanied with League till his
death. However, his efforts for the unity of Indians were
realistic and un-tired.
Jinnah was much impressed by ideas of Dada Bhoy Noroji and
Gopal Krishan Gokhlay. He was quite in favour of Indian
Nationalism when he returned from England. He wished to be
‘Muslim Gokhlay’. After joining AIML in 1913 he desired that
Muslims and Hindus should work jointly to get maximum
concessions from the British. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was a
result of his efforts. Luckow pact was a good gesture of Hindu-

4. Muslim unity. In the pact Congress conceded the biggest
demand of the Muslims that was of separate electorate. The
Pact brought the two nations closer. Jinnah was the
architect of the Pact and was hailed as Ambassador of Unity.
But unfortunately INC could not adhere to the agreement. In
the face of Congress negative behavior he continued striving
for cooperation and consensus. His Delhi Muslim Proposals of
1927,were an out of way effort for the unity. Despite of
withdrawing from major demand of separate electorate,
Congress did not respond to the formula. Yet in 1927 he once
again stood with INC in boycotting the Simon Commission
because he was convinced that Hindus and Muslims could
perform better if they were united. At this juncture of the history
Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal Sir Muhammad Shafi and

5. Hakim Ajmal Khan opposed him and as a result Muslim league
was split into two factions under Jinnah and Iqbal. In 1928,
Nehru Committee presented its final report containing
constitutional suggestions. Though Sir Shoaib Qureshi and Sir
Hussain Imam of AIML had been
participating in the Nehru Committee yet in the final draft all
major demands of Muslims were set aside by INC.Jinnah
objected the Report and suggested some amendments in to
make it acceptable to Muslims but INC showed no flexibility.
Behavoiur of INC was quite disappointing for Mr. Jinnah. He
named the report a Hindu Report and comprehensively rejected
it. In the All Parties Conference, 1928, he declared that ‘it’s
parting of ways’. Nehru Report worked as an eye opener to the
Muslims. The Report caused rejoining of two factions of

6. Muslim League that’s why some historians named Nehru report
as a blessing in disguised for the Muslims. Jinnah put forward
his famous Fourteen Points in 1929 and piloted it through
various channels very successfully. The Fourteen points of Mr.
Jinnah have been named as ‘Magna Carta of Indian Muslims’.
He also participated in Round Table Conferences (RTC) (1930-
32) held in London. After RTCs he decided to stay in England
for some time but he returned India in 1934 and was made life
time president of AIML. He initiated reorganization process of
AIML throughout India especially in Muslim majority areas. As
a result of discussions at RTCs, Government of India Act 1935
was promulgated. Elections to the Provincial assemblies were
to be held in 1937. AIML performed in weakly in the elections.
Congress was able to set up government in eight provinces.

7. Congress rule (1937-39) was a tyrannical period for Muslims
of India. Pir Pur and Sharif Reports were published to show
atrocities on Muslims. Jinnah was now fully convinced that
Hindus and Muslims could not live together. When Congress
Ministries resigned, Muslims celebrated ‘Day of Deliverance’
on direction of Jinnah on December 22, 1939. He thought that
there was no room for Muslims in a Hindu India, so AIML
demanded a separate country for the Muslims of India on 23rd
March 1940. The session was presided over by Quaid-i-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After passing of Lahore Resolution,
Muslim League became a mass movement within no time.
Jinnah was not ready to accept any constitutional settlement
without announcement of a sovereign state for the Muslims. In
the same context he rejected the Cripps Mission suggestions as

8. it did not clearly declare a separate country for Muslims.
Jinnah also objected the idea, projected by Mr. Gandhi during
Gandhi Jinnah talks (1944), of ousting British first and then to
decide the partition. He thought that Muslims could not get
anything from Hindus once the British had left. Similarly, on
Simla Conference (1945) he refused to accept Gandhi’s claim
to nominate one Muslim member to the proposed Executive
Council. He argued that Muslim League had won every by
election on Muslim seats during last few years, so AIML had
every right to nominate all members to the Executive Council.
As a result Conference failed to achieve anything. In the
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), British presented a three tier
government in India. Group A: Hindu majority provinces,

9. Group B: Muslim majority provinces, Group C: Bengal and
Assam.
Though the idea was not,exactly, as per demand of AIML yet
Jinnah accepted the idea because Group B of the Plan provided
for a sovereign state for Muslims. Whereas, INC rejected the
plan for the reason that they could now see a separate state for
Muslims, which was not acceptable to Hindus in any case. The
British government had announced that who so ever would
accept the Cabinet Mission Plan as a whole would be invited in
the interim government. On the contrary to the announcement
INC was asked to form Interim Government. Jinnah initially
refused to be part of the Interim Government but later on after
some settlements five Muslim League ministers, including
Liaquat Ali Khan, Abdul Rab Nishtar, I.I.Chandrigar, Raja

10. Ghazanfar Ali Khan and Jugander Nath Mandel, were
nominated.In 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as new
Viceroy with a partition plan. The plan is known as ‘June 3rd
Plan’. According to the plan India was to be divided into two
independent sovereign states on religious lines. AIML approved
the plan on June 6, 1947.
INC also accepted the partition plan on June 9, 1947. The Plan
duly passed by the British parliament on July 18, 1947 and was
named ‘Indian Independence Act 1947’. According to the Act
partition commenced between the night of 14th and 15th of
August 1947. Jinnah had been nominated as the first Governor
General of Pakistan and he took oath on August 14, 1947. After
independence, despite his ill health, Jinnah worked tirelessly to
establish and strengthen the state institutions. He set up

11. Refugee Fund to help in rehabilitation of people migrating to
Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of
Pakistan, was appointed as chairman of the fund. He was
successful in setting up a viable government in the country.
Pakistan got membership of United Nations Organization, on
September 30, 1947. Ambassadors to various countries were
also appointed by Mr. Jinnah. He also inaugurated the State
Bank of Pakistan on July 31, 1948 which proved his last official
activity. The Father of the Nation departed on September 11,
1948, just after one year of creation of Pakistan. But by his
death Pakistan had been established as a viable future state.