The document summarizes the naval operations supporting the Allied landings in Salerno, Italy in September 1943 during World War 2. It discusses the planning and execution of the landings, including challenges faced like delays in capturing airfields and ports. It describes how the initial landings went as planned but German forces counterattacked strongly. Naval gunfire support from battleships helped stabilize the situation when it deteriorated on days 4-6 after the landings. The operation highlights the importance of naval gunfire support and air superiority for amphibious operations.
Objective Able Summary Of The Battle For Hill 673Vicente Jurado
Paper that I composed from my research on behalf of the family. I turned this paper in to the proper officials for them to assist Mr. Serrano's case. This paper is a summary on Hill 673 and contains 4 pictures that I was able to find of the battle. I have already shared this paper with the family and with professors. To anyone who sees this paper please do not try to copy my work. It was a lot of work I put into this. I might decide to upload upcoming article concerning this project. All rights belong to me no exceptions when it comes to my work.
If any Korean War Veteran reads my paper, thank you. This paper is also meant to honor our veterans from the Korean War. This is a small piece of the research and writing I conducted in this project. I will provide more info or link when News story on my research is featured in the fall of this year.
Warfighting First ethos - battle stories of United States Sailors in Leyte GulfGlenn Mallo
Warfighting First!
Against overwhelming odds, our Navy prevailed in this battle that happened this week, 67 years ago.
http://tinyurl.com/6bla9z4
Excerpt from CTF77 After-Action Report: "At about 0730, in response to orders to cover a retirement of the northern carrier Task Unit, two destroyers - Hoel and Johnston - and the Roberts (DE) reversed and delivered a daylight half salvo torpedo attack against the enemy battleships at a range under 10,000 yards, then turned and delivered the other half salvo against enemy heavy cruisers at a range of about 7,000 yards. After one of the most gallant and heroic acts of the war, all three ships were sunk, although the Hoel continued to withstand concentrated enemy fire for about one hour before finally sinking. As a result of continuing air action by our CVEs and the destroyer attack, the enemy momentarily turned away, and several of his ships were seen to be hit and in trouble.
This presentation illustrates the US Naval Academy textbook chapter titled "The Dual Advance to the Philippines." It follows MacArthur's drive west along the New Guinea coast, and Nimitz' Central Pacific drive from the Marshalls to the Marianas.
Objective Able Summary Of The Battle For Hill 673Vicente Jurado
Paper that I composed from my research on behalf of the family. I turned this paper in to the proper officials for them to assist Mr. Serrano's case. This paper is a summary on Hill 673 and contains 4 pictures that I was able to find of the battle. I have already shared this paper with the family and with professors. To anyone who sees this paper please do not try to copy my work. It was a lot of work I put into this. I might decide to upload upcoming article concerning this project. All rights belong to me no exceptions when it comes to my work.
If any Korean War Veteran reads my paper, thank you. This paper is also meant to honor our veterans from the Korean War. This is a small piece of the research and writing I conducted in this project. I will provide more info or link when News story on my research is featured in the fall of this year.
Warfighting First ethos - battle stories of United States Sailors in Leyte GulfGlenn Mallo
Warfighting First!
Against overwhelming odds, our Navy prevailed in this battle that happened this week, 67 years ago.
http://tinyurl.com/6bla9z4
Excerpt from CTF77 After-Action Report: "At about 0730, in response to orders to cover a retirement of the northern carrier Task Unit, two destroyers - Hoel and Johnston - and the Roberts (DE) reversed and delivered a daylight half salvo torpedo attack against the enemy battleships at a range under 10,000 yards, then turned and delivered the other half salvo against enemy heavy cruisers at a range of about 7,000 yards. After one of the most gallant and heroic acts of the war, all three ships were sunk, although the Hoel continued to withstand concentrated enemy fire for about one hour before finally sinking. As a result of continuing air action by our CVEs and the destroyer attack, the enemy momentarily turned away, and several of his ships were seen to be hit and in trouble.
This presentation illustrates the US Naval Academy textbook chapter titled "The Dual Advance to the Philippines." It follows MacArthur's drive west along the New Guinea coast, and Nimitz' Central Pacific drive from the Marshalls to the Marianas.
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace BalzanIvan Consiglio
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace Balzan, Captain George Pace Balzan, recalls his memories of his army service in the 3rd LAA Regiment Royal Malta Artillery from 1941 to 1946.
One of the greatest navel battles of the American Civil War. Read the history here and from an historical book at that. You won't find this in the bookstore. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for amazing content.
A seguito della ricerca, ad alto contenuto scientifico, realizzata dal Prof. Gentile e dalle sue collaboratrici sulla vegetazione del promontorio del Monte di Portofino, è stato richiesto al Professore di coordinare parallelamente un lavoro ad alto contenuto comunicativo e divulgativo che favorisse l'avvicinamento delle giovani generazioni alle problematiche della conservazione ambientale, a partire dalla conoscenza delle risorse botaniche dei luoghi dove esse vivono. Intendiamo quindi dedicare questo lavoro ai bambini e ai ragazzi che abitano nei comuni di Rapallo, Santa Margherita Ligure, Camogli e Portofino e anche ai loro insegnanti, sperando che gli uni gli riconoscano nel tempo il valore di strumento utile all'accrescimento della loro personalità e che gli altri, contemporaneamente, lo utilizzino come supporto alle attività proprie della formazione.
Mentre mi accingo a scrivere queste brevi note di presentazione, mi affiorano alla memoria ricordi d'infanzia, quando mia nonna materna, un'insegnante elementare, mi accompagnava in primavera nella vigna e mi esortava a cogliere due campioni di tutte le specie erbacee che colpivano in qualche modo il mio interesse visivo. Le stesse venivano poi riposte in un quaderno ad essiccare: un campione veniva fissato con la coccoina alle pagine del quaderno e sotto, in bella calligrafia, veniva riportato il nome scientifico e quello in italiano. Il secondo campione essiccato tra le due pagine successive, subiva un trattamento così brevemente descritto: veniva immerso uno spazzolino da denti in un calamaio e una matita veniva strofinata sulle setole, in maniera tale che sia il fiore che la pagina sulla quale era posato, venissero ricoperti da una infinità di perline nere di inchiostro, fintanto che il tutto essiccasse all'ombra. Alla fine il fiore veniva rimosso così che rimanesse impressa sulle pagine la sagoma della pianta, aiutandomi così a poter riconoscere la stessa anche tramite la percezione visiva della forma degli elementi che caratterizzavano la specie erbacea prescelta.
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace BalzanIvan Consiglio
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace Balzan, Captain George Pace Balzan, recalls his memories of his army service in the 3rd LAA Regiment Royal Malta Artillery from 1941 to 1946.
One of the greatest navel battles of the American Civil War. Read the history here and from an historical book at that. You won't find this in the bookstore. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for amazing content.
A seguito della ricerca, ad alto contenuto scientifico, realizzata dal Prof. Gentile e dalle sue collaboratrici sulla vegetazione del promontorio del Monte di Portofino, è stato richiesto al Professore di coordinare parallelamente un lavoro ad alto contenuto comunicativo e divulgativo che favorisse l'avvicinamento delle giovani generazioni alle problematiche della conservazione ambientale, a partire dalla conoscenza delle risorse botaniche dei luoghi dove esse vivono. Intendiamo quindi dedicare questo lavoro ai bambini e ai ragazzi che abitano nei comuni di Rapallo, Santa Margherita Ligure, Camogli e Portofino e anche ai loro insegnanti, sperando che gli uni gli riconoscano nel tempo il valore di strumento utile all'accrescimento della loro personalità e che gli altri, contemporaneamente, lo utilizzino come supporto alle attività proprie della formazione.
Mentre mi accingo a scrivere queste brevi note di presentazione, mi affiorano alla memoria ricordi d'infanzia, quando mia nonna materna, un'insegnante elementare, mi accompagnava in primavera nella vigna e mi esortava a cogliere due campioni di tutte le specie erbacee che colpivano in qualche modo il mio interesse visivo. Le stesse venivano poi riposte in un quaderno ad essiccare: un campione veniva fissato con la coccoina alle pagine del quaderno e sotto, in bella calligrafia, veniva riportato il nome scientifico e quello in italiano. Il secondo campione essiccato tra le due pagine successive, subiva un trattamento così brevemente descritto: veniva immerso uno spazzolino da denti in un calamaio e una matita veniva strofinata sulle setole, in maniera tale che sia il fiore che la pagina sulla quale era posato, venissero ricoperti da una infinità di perline nere di inchiostro, fintanto che il tutto essiccasse all'ombra. Alla fine il fiore veniva rimosso così che rimanesse impressa sulle pagine la sagoma della pianta, aiutandomi così a poter riconoscere la stessa anche tramite la percezione visiva della forma degli elementi che caratterizzavano la specie erbacea prescelta.
Portus Delphini - Fitocenosi e Carta della Vegetazione del Promontorio di Por...Fergus-On
Che cosa hanno fatto alla terra?
Che cosa hanno fatto alla nostra buona sorella?
L’hanno devastata e saccheggiata
e lacerata e malmenata.
Nel fianco dell’aurora,
con coltelli l’hanno ferita,
con steccati reclusa
e in basso trascinata.
Jim Morrison
Pinpoint, Prepare, and Perform with Social Media AnalyticsKatie Vojtko
November 14, 2012, Social Media Pittsburgh Seminar with Katie Vojtko:
Understand how to prepare, act, and measure in social media. Overview of appropriate metrics to both understand your network and report on your activity. Know what data to look for and when to tweak your posts for maximum effectiveness.
Pinpoint, Prepare, and Perform with Web AnalyticsKatie Vojtko
Dec 5 presentation at the Bayer Center for Nonprofit Management. The 3-hour course included website, social, and email metric lessons. Nonprofit professionals from the Pittsburgh region were in attendance.
Anglo-American Naval DifferencesDuring World War Iby Dean .docxjustine1simpson78276
Anglo-American Naval Differences
During World War I
by Dean C. Allard
U.S. Naval Historical Center
USS Pennsylvania, leading the Presidential convoy at sea, about 40
miles from Brest, 1919. U.S. Navy piyotograph.
APRIL 1980
A NGLO-American mihtary cooperation in World War Ihas been the subject of a number of historical works. Scho-
lars such as David Trask have demonstrated, for example, that
the United States accepted the grand strategy of the Allies in
which the focus of the land campaign was on the Western Front
while the all-important naval mission was the Royal Navy's
blockade of the continent. Other writers have described the high
level of tactical cooperation achieved in the war zone between
American and Allied forces, including the notably harmonious
joint United States-British destroyer patrol operating from
Queenstown, Ireiand.'
But while cooperation was evident, there also were significant
differences between the Allies and the United States that influ-
enced the shape of America's miiitary contributions and re-
flected the nation's outlook toward the conflict as a whole. This
article wiil discuss several areas of tension that particularly
involved American and British naval efforts.= In developing this
theme, the contrasting views of Washington officiais and Admi-
ral William S. Sims also will be explored. This is necessary since
Sims, the well-known, popular, and effective American naval
commander in Europe,* substantially shared the perspective of
Great Britain.* In fact, the admiral based his entire approach to
the war on his long-held belief that American and British security
interests were identical. Sims also recognized the unequaled
Royal Navy as the dominant naval factor in the conflict and the
leader of all other Allied maritime forces. As a consequence, it
was his opinion that the task of the United States fleet should be to
augment British operations and most particularly to aid in de-
feating the German submarine counter-blockade of the British
Isles.'
Although Sims' outlook has sometimes been seen as typifying
the American Navy's approach to the war, his concepts were not
shared by officials in Washington who framed the nation's naval
policy. These leaders included Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger,
chairman of the influential advisory hody known as the General
Board; Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels; and President
Woodrow Wilson himself. The central figure, however, was Ad-
miral William S. Benson, the Chief of Naval Operations, who
under the direction of Secretary Daniels was responsible for the
"operations of the fleet" and the preparation of "plans for its use
in war."'
Benson has sometimes been viewed as an Anglophobe, but he
might more accurately he described as a nationalist who trusted
no state's benevolent intentions. This austere and relatively
little-known naval officer was noted for integrity, loyalty to
political superiors, and his sympathy for Wilsonian idealism.'
Although lacking the popular re.
The Voyage of The First Hessian Army - American RevolutionChuck Thompson
American Revolution history. Part of our Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. GVLN. Visit us for incredible history and other great content.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. 2171
38899
SUPPLEMENT TO
The FRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 1950
OF
London Gazette
$ttt)Ugi)tt 6?
Registered as a newspaper
TUESDAY, 2 MAY, 1950
OPERATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THE LANDINGS IN THE
GULF OF SALERNO ON 9iH SEPTEMBER, 1943.
Admiralty foreword: — on the Operations in connection with the land-
The Naval forces taking part in Operation ings in the Gulf of Salerno on 9th September,
" Avalanche " were under the general control 1943*.
of the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean.
2. Owing to the unavoidable delay in for-
The Naval Task Force for the operation was warding the report of the Naval Commander
under the immediate command of Vice- Western Task Force due to more urgent de-
Admiral H. K. Hewitt, U.S.N., who was known mands on the time and facilities of his staff,
as the Commander Western Naval Task Force. it is not my intention to do more than com-
This Force was charged with the escort to and ment on the salient features of this operation,
the landing of the Fifth Army at Salerno and the more so since many of the lessons learnt
with the subsequent support of this Army until have been incorporated in other operations
it was firmly established on shore. which have been carried out subsequently in
The Western Naval Task Force included the this and other theatres. Except insofar as is
Northern Attack Force (Force " N ") composed stated in the succeeding paragraphs, I fully
of British and American Ships and Craft and concur with the suggestions and recommenda-
under the command of Commodore G. N. tions of the Force Commander, whose report
Oliver, R.N., and the Southern Attack Force is very full and covers every aspect of the
(Force " S ") composed of U.S. Ships and Craft operation.
and under the command of Rear-Admiral John
L. Hall, Jr., U.S.N. Planning.
The Naval Covering Force (Force " H ") was 3. My detailed remarks on the planning of
under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Operation "Avalanche" are contained in
Algernon Willis, while the Naval Air Support Appendix I.
Force (Force " V ") was under the command of
Rear-Admiral Sir Philip Vian. 4. Having decided that the mainland of Italy
The report of the Commander Western was to be invaded on the West coast, it was
Naval Task Force on this operation will be clear that the seizure and development of the
published by the U.S. Navy Department in port of Naples was of paramount importance,
due course. since no other port in Western Italy could
The following Despatch was submitted to the maintain the Military forces which it was in-
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on tended to deploy.
the %th March, 1945, by Admiral of the Fleet 5. The choice for the actual point of attack
Sir ANDREW B. CUNNINGHAM, K.T., lay between the Gulf of Gaeta and the Gulf of
G.C.B., D.S.O. Salerno. The former had the advantage of
Office of the Commander-in Chief, having an open plain as its immediate hinter-
Mediterranean Station, land and it was clear that a successful landing
Allied Force Headquarters. in this area might lead to the early capture
m March, 1945. of Naples. On the other hand, its beaches
I have the honour to forward the report of Admiralty footnote:
the Naval Commander Western Task Force * See Admiralty foreword.
2. 2172 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 2 MAY, 1950
were, at the best, indifferent and were beyond loading without proper authority of some
the reach of adequate single seater fighter cover smoke containers into an L.C-T. already con-
based on Sicily. The first of these disadvan- taining ammunition. Spontaneous combustion
tages might have been overcome, the second of the smoke led to the explosion of the
was insurmountable. Therefore, despite the ammunition which put out of action four
fact that on 27th July information was received L.C.T.S which could ill be spared. This
that H.M.S. UNICORN, acting in the capacity incident serves to stress the necessity for
of a light Fleet Carrier, and four Escort Car- careful supervision of the loading of assault
riers could be .made available from outside my convoys.
Command, it was decided that the landings
must take place in the Gulf of Salerno. Here Italian Armistice.
the beaches were superior to those of the Gulf
of Gaeta but the area immediately inland 10. The fact that an Armistice had been
could be covered by artillery fire from the signed between the Allies and the Italians was
adjacent hillSj. Further, the roads to Naples broadcast by the B.B.C. on the evening of
led through narrow defiles, which could be D -1. It had been fully realised that this
easily defended. These disadvantages had, announcement might well engender an
however, to be accepted. unjustified sense of security in the minds of
those taking part in the assault. Accordingly,
6. Once again, as in Operation "Husky"* the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean and
the choice of D-Day was largely governed by the Task Force Commanders sent signals
the period of moon required for the employ- warning all ships taking part in the operation
ment of paratroops. The date finally selected that strong opposition from German forces
for this operation was thus not entirely favour- must still be expected. There can, nevertheless,
able from the Naval point of view, and the be no doubt that many took no heed of these
assault forces had to accept a disadvantageous warnings and viewed the proceedings with a
light for the approach. In the event, airborne sense of complacency which was not sub-
troops were not employed for the assault. stantiated in the event.
Preparation, Training and Mounting.
Intelligence.
7. Due to the short time available between
the final conquest of Sicily and mounting of 11. In general, the intelligence proved
Operation " Avalanche ", there was little time reliable and it is satisfactory to note that both
available for rehearsal. In fact, as is stressed beach intelligence and intelligence on fixed
by the Naval Commander Western Task Force, Coastal Defence installations were found to be
it was necessary to overhaul the landing craft accurate; the only additional defences
at first priority. Every possible repair facility encountered over and above those estimated
in North Africa was pressed into service and being of the mobile type. That the security of
the fact that more craft than had at first the operation was not all to be desired was
seemed likely were overhauled in tune to take due to a variety of reasons, the chief of which
part in the operation enabled a faster build-up were: —
to be achieved than had been expected, and (a) The logical selection of the beaches
reflects great credit on the repair staffs con- (from the enemy's point of view) for the
cerned. reasons given in paragraph 5.
8. In this connection, however, I cannot (b) The Armistice.
concur entirely with the remarks of the Naval
Commander Western Task Force in Part IV, It is interesting to note, however, that
Section I, paragraph 18 of his report, in which although the assaulting forces were sighted by
he states that " Naval Planning for Operation air reconnaissance on the 7th September, it was
* Avalanche' was affected by the late receipt not until 0230 on 9th September that Alarm
of orders from higher authority and changes in Number 3 ("Landing imminent or in pro-
the composition of the Naval Task Forces gress ") was instituted by the Germans.
brought about by unforeseen releases of Land-
ing Craft from Operations 'Husky' and Assault.
' Bay town 'f." The increases in the numbers
of Landing Craft assigned were largely due to 12. The assaults, with a few minor excep-
the great efforts of the maintenance personnel. tions, went according to plan. The forces
Further changes in the numbers and types of arrived at the correct lowering points at the
Landing Craft available were caused by the times laid down in the orders. The distances of
omission of the Naval Commander Western. these lowering points for the deep draught
Task Force to provide six L.S.T.s, as required L.S.I.(L)s—9 and 10 miles from the shore—
by my Operation Orders, to lift Air Force was forced upon the Task Force Commanders
stores from Milazzo in Northern Sicily to the by an expected minefield along the 100 fathom
assault area. To take the place of these line. This expectation was fulfilled.
L.S.T.s a number of L.C.T.s were diverted 13. One Brigade of 56 Infantry Division was
from the Messina/Reggio ferry service at con- landed to the South of its allotted beach and
siderable expense to the Eighth Army build-up. became mixed with the other Brigade which
This is referred to more fully in paragraph 21 had spread North of its sector, thereby causing
of this report. considerable confusion for some hours.
9. During the loading stages an unfortunate The Scout Boat marking UNCLE GREEN
incident took place at Tripoli, due to the beach was too far to the South, thus causing a
' Admiralty footnotes:
gap in the 46th Division landing, which left an
* Operation " Husky "—the landing in Sicily. enemy strongpoint unneutralised. This strong-
t Operation " Baytown " — the assault across the point subsequently caused considerable trouble
Straits of Messina, 3rd September, 1943. to the Division.
3. SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 2 MAY, 1950 2173
14. The landing of the Rangers* at Maiori it was under constant artillery fire from the
was without opposition, but the Commando neighbouring hills. It was, therefore, neces-
landing on Vietri was opposed by the gunfire sary to construct an air strip near Paestum
of the shore batteries. Both these landings, nearer to the coast, and for Force " V " to
however, were able to make considerable pro- operate at sea for 3^ days after which it was
gress and to secure the left flank with the X withdrawn to Palermo. Before doing so 26
Corps landing. aircraft were flown ashore to operate at
Paestum.
15. The organisation for clearing Landing
Craft and Boats of Military stores on arrival 21. Had the Military progress proceeded
at the beaches left much to be desired. In a according to plan considerable embarrassment
large number of cases boats' crews had to clear would have been caused by the late arrival
their boats themselves, with consequent delay of Air Force material for the preparation of
in returning for further loads. Further, in the Monte Corvino airfield. This was caused by
stress of events in the early stages after the the non-arrival at Milazzo of six L.S.T.s
assault, arrangements for the transfer of destined to ferry these stores to the assault
stores from the beaches to disposal areas further area.
inland were inadequate. Consequently there
was much congestion on the foreshore: but, Enemy Air Activity.
by D+2 and onwards, 3,000 tons per day were 22. Enemy air activity was not on a heavy
being discharged over the British beaches. scale and on the average only ten red alerts
per day were experienced. Indeed, so light
Naval Forces other than Assault Forces. was the scale of attack that the fighters of
16. The existence of the main cover force, Force. " V " had few combat opportunities.
Force "H", was rendered unnecessary by the This operation was notable, however, as being
Italian Armistice, and two Divisions of the the first occasion on which several new types
Battle Squadron were employed to cover the of missiles were used by the German Air Force.
passage to Malta of such units of the Italian These new bombs caused considerable losses
Fleet as succeeded in making good their escape and damage.
(Operation " Gibbon"). In addition, four
Cruisers were diverted to Bizerta on D-2 to Events Subsequent to the Assault.
load elements of the First British Airborne 23. On the whole, the Fifth Army was un-
Division for discharge at Taranto (Operation able to establish itself ashore as quickly as
" Slapstick "), a course of action rendered pos- had been planned. This was due in part to
sible by the Italian Armistice. the fact that it had been anticipated that the
17. The chief object of Force " H ", there- coast defences would be manned by Italians,
fore, became to provide fighter cover over the whereas in fact the Germans had taken over
Escort Carrier force (Force " V "). these defences a few days prior to the assault.
24. The port of Salerno was opened early on
Air Activities. D+2 but by 1900 the following day the port
18. Fighter cover over the beaches was pro- was again under enemy gunfire and at 1500
vided by Naval fighters from Force " V ", and on D+4 it was necessary to withdraw the
by land based fighter aircraft of the 12th Air port party for the time being.
Support Command. Fighter cover over Force
"V" was provided by the Fleet Carriers of 25. Thus, despite the initial successes which
Force " H ". attended the landings, by D+4 the Military
situation had become unfavourable. The
19. The high accident rate suffered by the German Command had rallied quickly from
Escort Carriers, which was at the time the disorganisation caused by the liquidation
attributed almost entirely to the lack of of their erstwhile brothers-in-arms and had
natural wind, must, in the light of more recent concentrated sufficient armoured forces with
experience in Operation " Dragoon "f, be con- supporting infantry to drive a wedge into the
sidered largely due to insufficient deck landing Fifth Army defences and at one point had
practice immediately prior to the operation. almost penetrated to the beaches,
Wind speeds experienced during Operation 26. By the following day, the situation had
" Dragoon " were very similar to those prevail- further deteriorated, all unloading ceased, and
ing throughout Operation "Avalanche", but the Naval Commander Western Task Force
in spite of the fact that during the former requested me to provide heavier Naval support
operation the Carrier forces operated for six fire. Accordingly, H.M.S. VALIANT and
days and the fatigue of the pilots thereby in- H.M.S. WARSPITE were ordered to proceed
creased considerably in the later stages, the
number of deck accidents was relatively to the "Avalanche" area, so as to arrive as
smaller. soon as possible after first light on D+6.
In addition, three cruisers from Force "V",
20. The plan assumed that Monte Corvino EURYALUS, SCYLLA and CHARYBDIS,
airfield would be captured on D-Day and put were ordered to proceed at their utmost speed
into operation for shore based fighters on to Tripoli to embark further Military reinforce-
D + l. The Escort Carriers were, therefore, ments. Throughout D+7 Naval gunfire of
only intended to operate for two days. There all calibres shelled enemy formations and
was, however, considerable delay in capturing strongpoints and by 1400 on D +8 the situation
Monte Corvino airfield and even after capture was restored. It was while returning from
Admiralty footnotes:
these gun support duties that H.M.S.
* Rangers—the American counterpart of British Com- WARSPITE received two direct hits and one
mandos. near miss from radio-controlled glider bombs.
f Operation "Dragoon"—the landing on the South H.M.S. WARSPITE subsequently reached
coast of France in August, 1944. Malta in tow without further damage.
A 2
4. 2174 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 2 MAY, 1950
27. There can be little doubt that the APPENDIX I,
psychological effect upon our troops of seeing
these heavy ships bombarding close inshore PLANNING.
played a large part in relieving a situation
which at one time showed every indication of On completion of the Sicilian Campaign
becoming extremely grave. there were many and changing factors involved
in the decision as to the location of the main
The End of the Operation. assault on the Italian coast. Not until August
28. The Military situation, stabilised on 19th was it decided that the planning and
D + 6, 15th September, gradually improved; mounting of Operation "Avalanche" should
indications of a general German withdrawal be given first priority. Plans involving landings
were seen on D+7. On 19th September, in the Gulf of Gioija* (Operation " Buttress "),
Eboli and, on 20th, Campagna and several in the Gulf of Taranto and on the Italian coast
other towns in the vicinity were captured. North of Brindisi (Operations " Musket" and
Five days later the port of Salerno was re- "Goblet"), were all examined and progressed
opened, followed quickly by the capture of to a certain extent. Operation " Buttress " was
Castellammare on 28th and of Torre in fact fully planned and- detailed orders were
Annunziata the next day. Naples was issued to the ships concerned. This uncertainty'
entered on 1st October and with its capture, led to an immense amount of work for my
Operation " Avalanche " drew to a close. The planning staff and for the British Naval Com-
port of Naples had been carefully and manders involved, all of whom had two or
methodically wrecked by the withdrawing more problems to examine.
enemy, but even so, two days later five
Liberty ship berths, six coaster berths and 2. It was the intention that the " Buttress "
eight holding berths were cleared. By the 6th Force would become the Northern Assault
October discharge over the Salerno beaches Force for " Avalanche " and that an American
was almost completed, the port of Naples was force would provide the " Avalanche " Southern
functioning slowly, and on that day Operation Assault Force. By this means it was hoped
"Avalanche" was officially deemed to have that it would be practicable to switch
been completed. from Operation " Buttress" to Operation
"Avalanche" without upsetting the detailed
Lessons Learnt. planning to any marked extent. For a variety
29. Owing to the considerable period which of reasons this combination proved not to be
has elapsed since Operation " Avalanche " was so simple as had been imagined, the chief
carried out and the fact that the experience difficulty being that " Buttress" involved the
gained therein has been embodied in other use of only one port, namely Vibo Valencia,
operations, it is redundant to remark at length whereas in "Avalanche" the plan had to
upon the lessons learnt. Owing to the short allow for the eventual capture and development
period which had elapsed between Operations of Salerno, Castellammare, Torre Annunziata
"Husky" and "Avalanche", but few of the and Naples.
difficulties brought to light in the first operation
were remedied in time for the second. My 3. As a result of the several plans under
remarks on Operation "Husky" still hold consideration, planning for Operation
good, but to some extent these mistakes have " Avalanche" was conducted almost simul-
now been rectified and it is not intended taneously on the levels of the Commander-in-
to elaborate upon them further. Chief, Mediterranean, the Western Task Force
Commander, who had no other operation to
Conclusions. plan, and the subordinate Task Force Com-
30. Operation " Avalanche" was the most manders, one of whom, Commodore G. N.
ambitious amphibious operation so far Oliver, R.N. (the Northern Assault Force Com-
launched. That it succeeded after many mander), was planning in detail for both
vicissitudes reflects great credit on Vice- " Buttress " and " Avalanche " concurrently.
Admiral Hewitt, U.S.N., his subordinate
Commanders, and all those who served 4. Naval planning memoranda were issued
under them. That there were extremely as for previous operations in this theatre to
anxious moments cannot be denied. The enemy disseminate the building of the plan to the
employed new types of weapons and defended subordinate Commanders. It is no exaggera-
his positions with a ferocity which we have tion -to say that without this system these
now come to regard as normal, but at the time subordinate Commanders could never have pro-
it provided a severe test to our Military Com- duced their own orders in time for the opera-
manders. I am proud to say that throughout tion, as planning was taking place on all levels
the operation, the Navies never faltered and simultaneously, as stated in the preceding
carried out their tasks in accordance with the paragraph.
highest traditions of their Services. Whilst full
acknowledgment must be made of the devastat- 5. Further difficulty was experienced through
ing though necessarily intermittent bombing the frequent changes of plan introduced by the
by the Allied Air Forces, it was Naval gun- Fifth Army, many of which took place at a
fire, incessant in effect, that held the ring when very late date. The Commander Western Naval
there was danger of the enemy breaking through Task Force comments strongly on this point
to the beaches and when the overall position in his report.
looked so gloomy. More cannot be said.
6. The sailing and routeing of the assault
(Signed) ANDREW CUNNINGHAM, convoys called for careful timing and accurate
Admiral of the Fleet,
Admiralty footnote:
Late Commander-in-Chief, * Gulf of Gioija—on the North-West coast of
Mediterranean. Calabria.
5. SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 2 MAY, 1950 2175
navigation, as many of the convoy tracks had 7. The decision by Commanding General
perforce to cross each other, due to the fact Fifth Army to advance H-Hour by 30 minutes
that the troops embarked in convoys sailing was not taken until 24th August and was one
from Oran were required for the Southern which involved a considerable number of altera-
Sector of the assault beaches. A special channel tions to the convoy sailing and routeing pro-
was swept through the minefields between grammes, all of which had to be signalled, as
Sicily and Tunisia to allow the assault forces by that time the Operation Orders were in
to pass West of Sicily. course of distribution.
LONDON
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