“Local Anaesthetics”
These are agents which upon topical application or local injection cause reversible loss of pain sensation in a restricted area of the body. They act by blocking both sensory and motor nerve conduction to produce temporary loss of sensation without loss of consciousness.
Mechanism of action
These drugs reversibly prevent the generation and propagation of impulses in all excitable membranes including nerve fiber by stabilizing the membrane.
Local anesthetics block the nerve conduction by decreasing the entry of Na+ during action potential. They interact with a receptor situated within the voltage sensitive Na+ channel and raise the threshold of Na+ channel opening.
Therefore, Na+ can’t enter into the cell in response to an impulse which prevents depolarisation. Thus, action potential is not generated.
This action affecting the depolarization which leads to failure of conduction of impulse without affecting the resting membrane potential (RMP) is known as membrane stabilizing effect.
History- Cocaine is a naturally occurring compound indigenous to the Andes Mountains, West Indies, and Java.
It was the first anesthetic to be discovered and is the only naturally occurring local anesthetic; all others are synthetically derived.
Cocaine was introduced into Europe in the 1800s following its isolation from coca beans. Sigmund Freud, the noted Austrian psychoanalyst, used cocaine on his patients and became addicted through self-experimentation.
In the latter half of the 1800s, interest in the drug became widespread, and many of cocaine's pharmacologic actions and adverse effects were elucidated during this time. In the 1880s, Koller introduced cocaine to the field of ophthalmology, and Hall introduced it to dentistry
Classification
Mechanism of action
Duration of action
Absorption and distribution
Mode of action
Theories of action of L.A
Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics
Routes of administration
Metabolism or biotransformation
Individual agents
Vasoconstrictors
Systemic effects
Toxicity
Advantages
Disadvantages
Maximum allowable dose
Local anaesthetics in community trust services
“Local Anaesthetics”
These are agents which upon topical application or local injection cause reversible loss of pain sensation in a restricted area of the body. They act by blocking both sensory and motor nerve conduction to produce temporary loss of sensation without loss of consciousness.
Mechanism of action
These drugs reversibly prevent the generation and propagation of impulses in all excitable membranes including nerve fiber by stabilizing the membrane.
Local anesthetics block the nerve conduction by decreasing the entry of Na+ during action potential. They interact with a receptor situated within the voltage sensitive Na+ channel and raise the threshold of Na+ channel opening.
Therefore, Na+ can’t enter into the cell in response to an impulse which prevents depolarisation. Thus, action potential is not generated.
This action affecting the depolarization which leads to failure of conduction of impulse without affecting the resting membrane potential (RMP) is known as membrane stabilizing effect.
History- Cocaine is a naturally occurring compound indigenous to the Andes Mountains, West Indies, and Java.
It was the first anesthetic to be discovered and is the only naturally occurring local anesthetic; all others are synthetically derived.
Cocaine was introduced into Europe in the 1800s following its isolation from coca beans. Sigmund Freud, the noted Austrian psychoanalyst, used cocaine on his patients and became addicted through self-experimentation.
In the latter half of the 1800s, interest in the drug became widespread, and many of cocaine's pharmacologic actions and adverse effects were elucidated during this time. In the 1880s, Koller introduced cocaine to the field of ophthalmology, and Hall introduced it to dentistry
Classification
Mechanism of action
Duration of action
Absorption and distribution
Mode of action
Theories of action of L.A
Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics
Routes of administration
Metabolism or biotransformation
Individual agents
Vasoconstrictors
Systemic effects
Toxicity
Advantages
Disadvantages
Maximum allowable dose
Local anaesthetics in community trust services
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
7. M.O.A OF LOCALANESTHETICS
Result of action of a local anesthetic
1-The threshold for excitation increases
2-Impulse conduction slows
3-Action potential amplitude ↓
4-Ability to generate an action potential is completely abolished
