The document covers various programming concepts and examples in Lisp and Prolog, including basic operations, control structures, and functions. It provides specific code snippets for tasks such as printing 'hello world', calculating areas, and implementing loops and conditionals. It also introduces the use of predicates and rules in Prolog, demonstrating logical relationships between data.

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
LISP and PROLOG
Submitted to : Submitted by:
Dr.arpana chaturvedi Arti kumari

2. S No. CONTENT REMARK
LISP
1 To print “hello world” in LISP
2 program To find the area of circle
3 to print odd number form 1-20
4 to print the average of number 10,20,30,40
5 defining macro
OPERATORS
6 Arithmetic operator
7 Comparision operator
8 Logical operator
DECISIONS CONSTRUCT
9 Cond
10 If
11 When
12 case
LOOPS
13 Loop
14 Loop for
15 Do
16 dotimes
17 dolist
18 Predicate
29 Factorial of a number
20 Array
21 String
22 Sequence
23 list
24 Exiting from block
25 Let function
26 Prog function
27 Formatted output

3. PROLOG
28 Print hello world using prolog. In console
29 prolog program to print hello world..
30 Priya, Tiyasha, and Jaya are three girls, among
them, Priya can cook
31 some rules. Rules contain some information that
are conditionally true about the domain of
interest.
32 Priya, Tiyasha, and Jaya are three girls, among
them, Priya can cook.
;use of variable in our query
33 Prolog program, that can find the minimum of
two numbers and the maximum of two numbers.
34 write a prolog program that will help us find the
equivalent resistance
35 program to show working of Arithmetic operator
in prolog
36 prolog program to print values from 1 to10 using
loop
37 Example of decision making in Prolog.
38 prolog program to find the length of the list
39 prolog program to concatenate two list
40 Backtracking.
41 prolog program to find the cube of a number

4. LISP
Q1)To print “hello world” in LISP
CODE:
(write-line "Hello World")
(write-line "I am at 'Online class' !-
Learning LISP" )

5. Q2) LISP program To find the area of circle ..
CODE:
(defconstantp13.141592)
(defunarea-circle(rad)
(terpri)
(formatt " Radius:~5f"rad)
(formatt "~%area:~10f" (* p1 rad rad)))
(area-circle 10)

6. Q3)LISP program to print odd number form 1-20 ?
CODE:
(loopfor x from 1 to 20
if(oddpx)
do (printx)
)

7. Q4)LISP program to print the average of number 10,20,30,40
CODE:
;write a LISP program to find the average of numbers
(defunaveragenum(n1 n2 n3 n4)
( / ( + n1 n2 n3 n4) 4)
)
(write(averagenum10 20 30 40))

8. Q5.defining macro
CODE:
(defmacro setTo10(num)
(setq num 10)(print num))
(setq x 25)
(print x)
(setTo10 x)

9. Q6)Arithmetic operators
(setq a 10)
(setq b 20)
(format t "~% A + B = ~d" (+ a b))
(format t "~% A - B = ~d" (- a b))
(format t "~% A x B = ~d" (* a b))
(format t "~% B / A = ~d" (/ b a))
(format t "~% Increment A by 3 = ~d" (incf a 3))
(format t "~% Decrement A by 4 = ~d" (decf a 4))

10. Q7) Comparison operator
(setq a 10)
(setq b 20)
(format t "~% A = B is ~a" (= a b))
(format t "~% A /= B is ~a" (/= a b))
(format t "~% A > B is ~a" (> a b))
(format t "~% A < B is ~a" (< a b))
(format t "~% A >= B is ~a" (>= a b))
(format t "~% A <= B is ~a" (<= a b))
(format t "~% Max of A and B is ~d" (max a b))
(format t "~% Min of A and B is ~d" (min a b))

11. Q8) logical operator
(setq a 10)
(setq b 20)
(format t "~% A and B is ~a" (and a b))
(format t "~% A or B is ~a" (or a b))
(format t "~% not A is ~a" (not a))
(terpri)
(setq a nil)
(setq b 5)
(format t "~% A and B is ~a" (and a b))
(format t "~% A or B is ~a" (or a b))
(format t "~% not A is ~a" (not a))
(terpri)
(setq a nil)
(setq b 0)
(format t "~% A and B is ~a" (and a b))
(format t "~% A or B is ~a" (or a b))
(format t "~% not A is ~a" (not a))
(terpri)
(setq a 10)
(setq b 0)
(setq c 30)
(setq d 40)
(format t "~% Result of and operation on 10, 0, 30, 40 is ~a"
(and a b c d))
(format t "~% Result of and operation on 10, 0, 30, 40 is ~a"
(or a b c d))
(terpri)
(setq a 10)
(setq b 20)
(setq c nil)
(setq d 40)
(format t "~% Result of and operation on 10, 20, nil, 40 is ~a"
(and a b c d))
(format t "~% Result of and operation on 10, 20, nil, 40 is ~a"
(or a b c d))

13. Q9) cond construct
(setq a 10)
(cond ((> a 20)
(format t "~% a is greater than 20"))
(t (format t "~% value of a is ~d " a)))
Q10) If construct
(setq a 10)
(if (> a 20)
(format t "~% a is less than 20"))
(format t "~% value of a is ~d " a)

14. Q11)When construct
(setq a 100)
(when (> a 20)
(format t "~% a is greater than 20"))
(format t "~% value of a is ~d " a)

15. Q12)Case construct
(setq day 4)
(case day
(1 (format t "~% Monday"))
(2 (format t "~% Tuesday"))
(3 (format t "~% Wednesday"))
(4 (format t "~% Thursday"))
(5 (format t "~% Friday"))
(6 (format t "~% Saturday"))
(7 (format t "~% Sunday")))

16. Q13)Loop construct
(setq a 10)
(loop
(setq a (+ a 1))
(write a)
(terpri)
(when (> a 17) (return a))
)

17. Q14)Loop for
(loop for x from 1 to 20
if(evenp x)
do (print x)
)

18. Q15)Do construct
(do ((x 0 (+ 2 x))
(y 20 ( - y 2)))
((= x y)(- x y))
(format t "~% x = ~d y = ~d" x y)
)

19. Q16)dotimes
(dotimes (n 11)
(print n) (prin1 (* n n))
)

20. Q17)dolist
(dolist (n '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9))
(format t "~% Number: ~d Square: ~d" n (* n n))
)

21. Q18)predicate
(write (atom 'abcd))
(terpri)
(write (equal 'a 'b))
(terpri)
(write (evenp 10))
(terpri)
(write (evenp 7 ))
(terpri)
(write (oddp 7 ))
(terpri)
(write (zerop 0.0000000001))
(terpri)
(write (eq 3 3.0 ))
(terpri)
(write (equal 3 3.0 ))
(terpri)
(write (null nil ))

22. Q19)To find the factorial of a number
(defun factorial (num)
(cond ((zerop num) 1)
(t ( * num (factorial (- num 1))))
)
)
(setq n 6)
(format t "~% Factorial ~d is: ~d" n (factorial n))

23. Q20)Array
(write (setf my-array (make-array '(10))))
(terpri)
(setf (aref my-array 0) 25)
(setf (aref my-array 1) 23)
(setf (aref my-array 2) 45)
(setf (aref my-array 3) 10)
(setf (aref my-array 4) 20)
(setf (aref my-array 5) 17)
(setf (aref my-array 6) 25)
(setf (aref my-array 7) 19)
(setf (aref my-array 8) 67)
(setf (aref my-array 9) 30)
(write my-array)

24. Q21)String
(write-line "Hello World")
(write-line "Welcome to JAGANNATH INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES")
;escaping the double quote character
(write-line "Welcome SIXTH SEMESTER")

25. Q22) sequence
(write (count 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (remove 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (delete 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (substitute 10 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (find 7 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))
(terpri)
(write (position 5 '(1 5 6 7 8 9 2 7 3 4 5)))

26. Q23)lists
(write (cons 1 2))
(terpri)
(write (cons 'a 'b))
(terpri)
(write (cons 1 nil))
(terpri)
(write (cons 1 (cons 2 nil)))
(terpri)
(write (cons 1 (cons 2 (cons 3 nil))))
(terpri)
(write (cons 'a (cons 'b (cons 'c nil))))
(terpri)
(write ( car (cons 'a (cons 'b (cons 'c nil)))))
(terpri)
(write ( cdr (cons 'a (cons 'b (cons 'c nil)))))

27. Q24)exiting from the block

28. Q25) let function
(let((x 'a)(y'b) (z'c))
(formatt "x= ~a y= ~a z= ~a" x y z))

29. Q26)prog function
(prog((x'(abc))(y'(12 3))(z'(pq10)))
(formatt"x=~a y=~a z=~a" x y z))

30. Q27)Formatted output
(setqx 10)
(setqy20)
(formatt"x=~2d y=~2d ~%" x y)
(setqx 100)
(setqy200)
(formatt"x=~2d y=~2d" x y)

31. PROLOG
Q28) Print hello world using prolog..
CODE:
write('Hello World').
Q29)prolog program to print hello world..
CODE:
main :- write('This is sample Prolog program'),
write(' This program is written into hello_world.pl file').

32. Q30) Priya, Tiyasha,and Jaya are three girls, among them,Priya can cook.
CODE:
girl(priya).
girl(tiyasha).
girl(jaya).
can_cook(priya).
Q31) some rules. Rules contain some informationthat are conditionally true about the
domain of interest.
CODE:
sing_a_song(ananya).

33. listens_to_music(rohit).
listens_to_music(ananya):- sing_a_song(ananya).
happy(ananya):- sing_a_song(ananya).
happy(rohit) :- listens_to_music(rohit).
playes_guitar(rohit):- listens_to_music(rohit).
Q32) Priya, Tiyasha,and Jaya are three girls, among them,Priya can cook.
;use of variable in our query
CODE:
can_cook(priya).

34. can_cook(jaya).
can_cook(tiyasha).
likes(priya,jaya) :- can_cook(jaya).
likes(priya,tiyasha) :- can_cook(tiyasha).
Q33) Prolog program,that can find the minimum of two numbers and the maximum
of two numbers.
CODE:
find_max(X,Y,X) :- X >= Y, !.
find_max(X,Y,Y) :- X < Y.
find_min(X,Y, X) :- X =< Y, !.
find_min(X,Y, Y) :- X > Y.

35. Q34) write a prolog program that will help us find the equivalent resistance.
 If R1 and R2 are in Series, then equivalent resistor Re = R1 + R2.
 If R1 and R2 are in Parallel, then equivalent resistor Re = (R1 * R2)/(R1 +
R2).

37. Q35)programto show working of Arithmetic operatorin prolog
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
** Power
// Integer Division
mod Modulus

38. Q36)prolog program to print values from 1 to10 using loop
CODE:
count_to_10(10):- write(10),nl.
count_to_10(X) :-
write(X),nl,
Y is X + 1,
count_to_10(Y).
Q37) Example of decision making in Prolog.
CODE:
% If-Then-Else statement

39. gt(X,Y) :- X >= Y,write('X is greateror equal').
gt(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
% If-Elif-Else statement
gte(X,Y) :- X > Y,write('X is greater').
gte(X,Y) :- X =:= Y,write('X and Y are same').
gte(X,Y) :- X < Y,write('X is smaller').
Q38)prolog program to find the length of the list ;?
CODE:
list_length([],0).
list_length([_|TAIL],N) :- list_length(TAIL,N1),N is N1 + 1.

40. Q39)prolog program to concatenatetwo list
CODE:
list_concat([],L,L).
list_concat([X1|L1],L2,[X1|L3]) :- list_concat(L1,L2,L3).

41. Q40)Backtracking.
CODE:
boy(tom).
boy(bob).
girl(alice).
girl(lili).
pay(X,Y) :- boy(X), girl(Y).

42. Q41)prolog program to find the cube of a number
CODE:
cube :-
write('Write a number:'),
read(Number),
process(Number).

43. process(stop) :- !.
process(Number) :-
C is Number* Number* Number,
write('Cube of '),write(Number),write(': '),write(C),nl,cube.