There are nine major tenets of the Linux philosophy outlined in the document: small modular programs, storing data in text files, combining programs together through inputs and outputs, avoiding captive user interfaces, and making every program a filter. The Unix philosophy at the core of Linux emphasizes small, single-purpose programs and flexibility for users to chain programs together to perform complex tasks. It treats all hardware and software as regular files that can be accessed and manipulated in the same way for consistency.

1. Fatma Al Falasi
10BG

2.  Everything is a file. ( Including hardware )
 Small, single-purpose programs.
 Ability to chain programs together to perform
complex tasks.
 Avoid captive user interfaces.
 Configuration data stored in text.

3.  UNIX systems have many powerful utilities
designed to create and manipulate files. The
UNIX security model is based around the
security of files. By treating everything as a file,
a consistency emerges. You can secure access to
hardware in the same way as you secure access
to a document.

4.  UNIX provides many small utilities that
perform one task very well. When new
functionality is required, the general
philosophy is to create a separate program –
rather than to extend an existing utility with
new features.

5.  A core design feature of UNIX is that the
output of one program can be the input for
another. This gives the user the flexibility to
combine many small programs together to
p.erform a larger, more complex task.

6.  Interactive commands are rare in UNIX. Most
commands expect their options and arguments
to be typed on the command line when the
command is launched. The command
completes normally, possibly producing
output, or generates an error message and
quits. Interactivity is reserved for programs
where it makes sense, for example, text editors
(of course, there are non-interactive text editors
too.)

7.  Text is a universal interface, and many UNIX
utilities exist to manipulate text. Storing
configuration in text allows an administrator to
move a configuration from one machine to
another easily. There are several revision
control applications that enable an
administrator to track which change was made
on a particular day, and provide the ability to
roll back a system configuration to a particular
date and time.

9. There are nine major tenets to the Linux philosophy:
 Small is Beautiful
 Each Program Does One Thing Well
 Prototype as Soon as Possible
 Choose Portability Over Efficiency
 Store Data in Flat Text Files
 Use Software Leverage
 Use Shell Scripts to Increase Leverage and
Portability
 Avoid Captive User Interfaces
 Make Every Program a Filter

10.  I The user should know better.....so he must specify
how things work
 I Provide mechanisms, not policy
 I Mechanism: long life time
 I Policy: short life time
 I Its not friendly, but its efficient
 I Don’t confuse ease of use with efficiency
 I Pedestrian OS’es achieve glossiness by locking
users into one
 interface policy. Its narrow, rigid and works well
for a fixed set of
 jobs. But, unanticipated tasks are often impossible
of very painful.
 I Easy things are easy, hard things are possible

11.  I Linux provides a large set of simple tools...
 which can be connected with well specified
interfaces...
 which are usually textual data streams.
 I No one big tool is smart enough to handle all cases
or optimized for
 everything or can anticipate all the uses to which it
may be put.
 I Its a big tool box, and a lumberyard full of lumber
 I We get a big say in what gets built and how its
structured
 I Its a plus for us. We’re engineers. We build stuff.

12.  I Button pushers are easily replaced, craft your
own tools
 I We are being groomed to be consumers
 I Resist and be creators of new things

13. 
The Unix philosophy lies at the core of not only
the original UNIX as developed by Ken
Thompson at Bell Labs from 1969 but also of its
numerous direct descendants and clones,
including Solaris, the BSDs and Linux. It has
made them, collectively referred to as Unix-
like operating systems, into what are widely
considered to be the best operating systems to
have been developed to date, despite the fact
that they are by far the oldest operating
systems in widespread use, and it has been a
major factor in the rapid growth and
increasing success of Linux.

15. The End