Linux is an open-source operating system developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. It has a modular design with a Linux kernel that manages hardware resources. Some key advantages of Linux include being free, more efficient than Windows, and having high security. However, disadvantages include difficulty adapting to its command line interface for new users, lack of compatibility with some popular software and games, and less technical support compared to proprietary operating systems. The document provides an overview of Linux, including its history, architecture, advantages, disadvantages, and features.

1. LINUX
EVERYTHING WE KNOWN ABOUT LINUX
NAME : HEMANT JAISWAR
ROLL NO : CS22013

2. INDEX
 WHAT IS LINUX ?
 HISTORY OF LINUX
 ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX
 HOW LINUX WORK
 ADVANTAGE OF LINUX
 DISAVANTAGE OF LINUX
 LINUX VS WINDOWS
 FEATURES OF LINUX

3. WHAT IS LINUX
 Linux® is an open source operating system (OS). An operating system is the
software that directly manages a system’s hardware and resources, like CPU,
memory, and storage. The OS sits between applications and hardware and
makes the connections between all of your software and the physical resources
that do the work.

4. HISTORY OF LINUX
 Linux looks and feels are similar to that of any other UNIX system; certainly,
UNIX compatibility has been a chief design goal for the Linux project.
However, Linux is much younger compared to most UNIX systems. Its
development began in the year 1991, when a Finnish student named Linus
Torvalds, wrote and launched Linux, a small but self-contained kernel for
80386 processor. Early at the time of its development, the Linux source code
was made free on the Internet so that everyone can compose their
distro/version. From an initial kernel which partially employs a small subset
of the UNIX system services, the Linux system gradually developed to include
much of the ifFNIX functionality.

5. ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX
 A computer’s operating system interface to the hardware is referred to as a
software application. A number of software applications are run on operating
systems to manage hardware resources on a computer.
 The diagram illustrates the structure of the Linux system, according to the
layers concept.
 The Linux architecture is largely composed of elements such as the Kernel,
System Library, Hardware layer, System, and Shell functions.

6. HOW LINUX WORK ?
 Think about an OS like a car engine. An engine can run on its own, but it
becomes a functional car when it’s connected with a transmission, axles, and
wheels. Without the engine running properly, the rest of the car won’t work.
Linux was designed to be similar to UNIX, but has evolved to run on a wide
variety of hardware from phones to supercomputers. Every Linux-based OS
involves the Linux kernel—which manages hardware resources—and a set of
software packages that make up the rest of the operating system. The OS
includes some common core components, like the GNU tools, among others.
These tools give the user a way to manage the resources provided by the
kernel, install additional software, configure performance and security
settings, and more. All of these tools bundled together make up the
functional operating system. Because Linux is an open source OS,
combinations of software can vary between Linux distributions

7. ADVANTAGES OF LINUX
 Linux is an open-source operating system like Windows and MacOS. It is not
just limited to the operating system, but nowadays, it is also used as a platform
to run desktops, servers, and embedded systems. It provides various
distributions and variations as it is open source and has a modular design.
The kernel is a core part of the Linux system.
 Linux system is used to manage various services such as process scheduling,
application scheduling, basic peripheral devices, file system, and more. Linux
provides various advantages over other operating systems such as Windows and
macOS. So, it is used in almost every field, from cars to home appliances and
smartphones to servers (supercomputers).
 In this section, we will see some major advantages of the Linux system.
Further, we will see the advantages of Linux over other operating systems and
will determine why it is better than other operating systems.

8. DISADVANTAGES OF LINUX
 Adaptation : For people who are less expertise in computers it can be hard to understand Linux.
Most users find it difficult to adopt to Linux due to the terminals used. Terminals are command
you need to enter specific command in order to complete tasks. Furthermore, the level of
to the distribution used. For distributions like Arch, learning to use Linux becomes even more
 Software Compatibility : Popular applications which are made for Windows and Mac are not
Many developers are not interested in making softwares for Linux due to its small market value.
softwares are MS Office, iTunes and Photoshop. Even though there are alternatives to these
match up to the original level.
 Gaming : Similar to sofwares, games too doesn't natively support Linux. Because Linux is not a
not widely used, gaming developers are not much interested in Linux. So you cannot expect
run on Linux. However, the number of games developed for Linux is on a rise in the recent
use third party softwares like Steam to download any gaming title, still the game will not run
native operating system.


9.  Hardware Compatibility : Almost all the hardwares can be connected to a Linux operating
system. But the problem comes with the drivers. The concept of drivers in Linux is very different
from other operating system. The drivers here are inbuilt inside the Kernel. Since the drivers are
already preinstalled, the newly connected hardware device may not have the proper drivers. This
makes the connected hardware device to be incompatible.

Technical Support : Since Linux is an open source operating system it lacks on the
side of technical support. The problem cannot be rectified unless you find a
solution yourself. For each problem users need to look online ; possibly a
community forum. This cannot guarantee to have the exact problem which you
experience. Apart from these, it is also difficult to find someone expert in
Linux. Otherwise, once you encounter a problem you will have to look for other
Linux distributions.

10. LINUX VS WINDOWS
 LINUX
1. Linux is a open source operating system.
2. Linux is free of cost .
3. It’s file name case sensitive.
4. In linux ,monolithic kernel is used.
5. Linux is more efficient in comparison of windows.n source operating
system. Linux is a kxhd7w7i

11. FEATURES OF LINUX
• Multiuser capability: Multiple users can access the same system resources
like memory, hard disk, etc. But they have to use different terminals to operate.
• Multitasking: More than one function can be performed simultaneously by
dividing the CPU time intelligently.
• Portability: Portability doesn't mean it is smaller in file size or can be carried in
pen drives or memory cards. It means that it support different types of
hardware.
• Security: It provides security in three ways namely authenticating (by assigning
password and login ID), authorization (by assigning permission to read, write
and execute) and encryption (converts file into an unreadable format).
• Live CD/USB: Almost all Linux distros provide live CD/USB so that users can
run/try it without installing it.

12. • Support's customized keyboard: As it is used worldwide, hence supports
different languages keyboards.
• Application support: It has its own software repository from where users can
download and install many applications.
• Graphical User Interface (X Window system): Linux is command line based
OS but it can be converted to GUI based by installing packages.
• File System: Provides hierarchical file system in which files and directories are
arranged.
• Open Source: Linux code is freely available to all and is a community based
development project.