The document discusses various Linux interview questions and their answers. It covers topics like the kernel and its functions, Linux shells and shell scripts, pipes, trap, shift and getopts commands, stateless Linux servers, nslookup and its modes, the Bash shell, network monitoring tools, Linux file systems, process states and system calls for process management. More interview questions and answers can be found at the provided link. The content is provided as is without a warranty.
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Our training sessions are designed in such a way that all the students can be convenient with the training schedules and course timings.
Along with Training, we also conduct several mock interviews along with Job Placement Assistance. Attend Free Demo before joining the class.
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What is program and process .
Program execution flow .
Example of process generation .
Description of process .
Types of process .
Ways of run process .
How process is generated using fork() and execution .
Process life cycle .
Process tree .
Process states .
Load Averages .
For monitoring and managing linux process tools .
This presentation covers the general concepts about real-time systems, how Linux kernel works for preemption, the latency in Linux, rt-preempt, and Xenomai, the real-time extension as the dual kernel approach.
Quontra Solutions offers Job oriented Linux online training with updated technologies. For more info about our Linux online training contact us directly. We are providing Linux online training to all students throughout worldwide by real time faculties. Our Linux training strengthens your skills and knowledge which will helps you to gain a competitive advantage in starting your career. Outclasses will help you to gain knowledge on real time scenario. It will be most use full to boost up your career.
Our training sessions are designed in such a way that all the students can be convenient with the training schedules and course timings.
Along with Training, we also conduct several mock interviews along with Job Placement Assistance. Attend Free Demo before joining the class.
Our Features:
• Real world projects to get practical based experience
• Online tests to explore the resource learning
• Experienced certified trainers as instructors
• One to one personalized training with desktop access
• Case studies and state of art library to access study material
• Resume build assistance to win in interviews
Contact us:
Simson Andrew
Email: info@quontrasolutions.com
web: www.quontrasolutions.com
What is program and process .
Program execution flow .
Example of process generation .
Description of process .
Types of process .
Ways of run process .
How process is generated using fork() and execution .
Process life cycle .
Process tree .
Process states .
Load Averages .
For monitoring and managing linux process tools .
This presentation covers the general concepts about real-time systems, how Linux kernel works for preemption, the latency in Linux, rt-preempt, and Xenomai, the real-time extension as the dual kernel approach.
Operating systems control our hardware and run our applications on them, how can we monitor linux operating system?
When we speak about monitoring it's the matter of all hardwares and users.
The slides below will describe the very common command line basic tools for monitoring.
The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
The Linux Kernel Implementation of Pipes and FIFOsDivye Kapoor
A walkthrough of the code structure used in the linux kernel to implement pipes and FIFOs.
This was presented to a Senior level class at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
Basics of Linux Commands, Git and GithubDevang Garach
Teachers Day 2020 - Basics of Linux Commands, Git and Github
History of Linux? (Fast Forward)
Brief overview of Linux OS files/ folders system
Basics Commands on Linux (Useful in daily routine)
What is Git? How to use?
Difference between Git and GitHub
How can we host HTML based website,
and to get github.io domain, Free of cost ₹ 0/-
Operating systems control our hardware and run our applications on them, how can we monitor linux operating system?
When we speak about monitoring it's the matter of all hardwares and users.
The slides below will describe the very common command line basic tools for monitoring.
The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
The Linux Kernel Implementation of Pipes and FIFOsDivye Kapoor
A walkthrough of the code structure used in the linux kernel to implement pipes and FIFOs.
This was presented to a Senior level class at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
Basics of Linux Commands, Git and GithubDevang Garach
Teachers Day 2020 - Basics of Linux Commands, Git and Github
History of Linux? (Fast Forward)
Brief overview of Linux OS files/ folders system
Basics Commands on Linux (Useful in daily routine)
What is Git? How to use?
Difference between Git and GitHub
How can we host HTML based website,
and to get github.io domain, Free of cost ₹ 0/-
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI certifies foundational skills and knowledge of Linux. With Linux being the central operating system for much of the world’s IT infrastructure, Linux+ is an essential credential for individuals working in IT, especially those on the path of a Web and software development career. With CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI certification, you’ll acquire the fundamental skills and knowledge you need to successfully configure, manage and troubleshoot Linux systems. Recommended experience for this certification includes CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience. No prerequisites required.
It is an overview about the Linux operating system and more beneficial to the students of BSCIT and BSCCS and other computerr related courses. It will provide you all the main points of about Linux in short and sweet language.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
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Assuring Contact Center Experiences for Your Customers With ThousandEyes
Linux
1. Linux interview questions
What is Kernel? Explain the task it performs.
Kernel is used in UNIX like systems and is considered to be the heart of the
operating system. It is responsible for communication between hardware and
software components. It is primarily used for managing the systems resources as
well.
Kernel Activities:
The Kernel task manager allows tasks to run concurrently.
Managing the computer resources: Kernel allows the other programs to run and use
the resources
Resources include i/o devices, CPU, memory.
Kernel is responsible for Process management. It allows multiple processes to run
simultaneously allowing user to multitask.
Kernel has an access to the systems memory and allows the processes to access the
memory when required.
Processes may also need to access the devices attached to the system. Kernel
assists the processes in doing so.
For the processes to access and make use of these services, system calls are used.
What is Linux Shell? What is Shell Script?
Linux shell is a user interface used for executing the commands. Shell is a program
the user uses for executing the commands. In UNIX, any program can be the users
shell. Shell categories in Linux are:
Bourne shell compatible, C shell compatible, nontraditional, and historical
A shell script, as the name suggests, is a script written for the shell. Script here
means a programming language used to control the application. The shell script
allows different commands entered in the shell to be executed. Shell script is easy to
debug, quicker as compared to writing big programs. However the execution speed is
2. slow because it launches a new process for every shell command executed. Examples
of commands are cp, cn, cd.
What are Pipes? Explain uses of pipes.
A pipe is a chain of processes so that output of one process (stdout) is fed an input
(stdin) to another. UNIX shell has a special syntax for creation of pipelines. The
commands are written in sequence separated by |. Different filters are used for Pipes
like AWK, GREP.
e.g. sort file | lpr ( sort the file and send it to printer)
Uses of Pipe
Several powerful functions can be in a single statement
Streams of processes can be redirected to user specified locations using >
Explain trap command; shift Command, getopts command of linux.
Trap command: controls the action to be taken by the shell when a signal is
received.
Trap [OPTIONS] [ [arg] signspec..]
Arg is the action to be taken or executed on receiving a signal specified in signspec.
e.g. trap “rm $FILE; exit” // exit (signal) and remove file (action)
Shift Command: Using shift command, command line arguments can be accessed.
The command causes the positional parameters shift to the left. Shift [n] where n
defaults to 1. It is useful when several parameters need to be tested.
Getopts command: this command is used to parse arguments passed. It examines
the next command line argument and determines whether it is a valid option
Getopts {optstring} {variable1}. Here, optsring contains letters to be recognized if a
letter is followed by a colon, an argument should be specified. E.g (whether the
argument begins with a minus sign and is followed by any single letter contained
inside options ) If not, diagnostic messages are shown. It is usually executed inside a
loop.
What Stateless Linux server? What feature it offers?
3. A stateless Linux server is a centralized server in which no state exists on the single
workstations. There may be scenarios when a state of a partilcuar system is
meaningful (A snap shot is taken then) and the user wants all the other machines to
be in that state. This is where the stateless Linux server comes into picture.
Features:
It stores the prototypes of every machine
It stores snapshots taken for those systems
It stores home directories for those systems
Uses LDAP containing information of all systems to assist in finding out which
snapshot (of state) should be running on which system.
What does nslookup do? Explain its two modes.
Nslookup is used to find details related to a Domain name server. Details like IP
addresses of a machine, MX records, servers etc. It sends a domain name query
packet to the corresponding DNS.
Nslookup has two modes. Interactive and non interactive. Interactive mode allows
the user to interact by querying information about different hosts and domains.
Non interactive mode is used to fetch information about the specified host or domain.
Interactive mode:
Nslookup [options] [server]
What is Bash Shell?
Bash is a free shell for UNIX. It is the default shell for most UNIX systems. It has a
combination of the C and Korn shell features. Bash shell is not portable. any Bash-
specific feature will not function on a system using the Bourne shell or one of its
replacements, unless bash is installed as a secondary shell and the script begins with
#!/bin/bash. It supports regular and expressions. When bash script starts, it
executes commands of different scripts.
Explain Some Network-Monitoring Tools in Linux: ping, traceroute, tcpdump,
ntop
4. Network monitoring tools are used to monitor the network, systems present on the
network, traffic etc.
Ping: Ping command is used to check if the system is in the network or not. To
check if the host is operating.
e.g. ping ip_address
When the command is executed, it returns a detailed summary of the host. Packets
sent, received, lost by estimating the round trip time.
Traceroute : the command is used to trace the path taken by the packet across a
network. Tracing the path here means finding out the hosts visited by the packet to
reach its destination. This information is useful in debugging. Roundtrip time in ms is
shown for every visit to a host.
Tcpdump: commonly used to monitor network traffic. Tcdump captures and displays
packet headers and matching them against criteria or all. It interprets Boolean
operators and accepts host names, ip address, network names as arguments.
Ntop : Network top shows the network usage. It displays summary of network
usage by machines on the network in a format as of UNIX top utility. It can also be
run in web mode, which allows the display to be browsed with a web browser. It can
display network traffic statistics, identify host etc. Interfaces are available to view
such information.
Explain file system of linux. The root "/" filesystem, /usr filesystem, /var
filesystem, /home filesystem, /proc filesystem.
Root "/" file system: The kernel needs a root file system to mount at start up. The
root file system is generally small and should not be changed often as it may
interrupt in booting. The root directory usually does not have the critical files.
Instead sub directories are created. E.g. /bin (commands needed during bootup),
/etc (config files) , /lib(shared libraries).
/usr filesystem : this file system is generally large as it contains the executable
files to be shared amongst different machines. Files are usually the ones installed
while installing Linux. This makes it possible to update the system from a new
version of the distribution, or even a completely new distribution, without having to
install all programs again. Sub directories include /bin, /include, /lib, /local (for local
executables)
/var filesystem : this file system is specific to local systems. It is called as var
because the data keeps changing. The sub directories include /cache/man (A cache
5. for man pages), /games (any variable data belong to games), /lib (files that
change), /log (log from different programs), /tmp (for temporary files)
/home filesystem: - this file system differs from host to host. User specific
configuration files for applications are stored in the user's home directory in a file.
UNIX creates directories for all users directory. E.g /home/my_name. Once the user
is logged in ; he is placed in his home directory.
/proc filesystem : this file system does not exist on the hard disk. It is created by
the kernel in its memory to provide information about the system. This information is
usually about the processes. Contains a hierarchy of special files which represent the
current state of the kernel .Few of the Directories include /1 (directory with
information about process num 1, where 1 is the identification number), /cpuinfo
(information about cpu), /devices (information about devices installed), /filesystem
(file systems configured), /net (information about network protocols), /mem
(memory usage)
What are the process states in Linux?
Process states in Linux:
Running: Process is either running or ready to run
Interruptible: a Blocked state of a process and waiting for an event or signal from
another process
Uninterruptible:- a blocked state. Process waits for a hardware condition and
cannot handle any signal
Stopped: Process is stopped or halted and can be restarted by some other process
Zombie: process terminated, but information is still there in the process table.
What is a zombie?
Zombie is a process state when the child dies before the parent process. In this case
the structural information of the process is still in the process table. Since this
process is not alive, it cannot react to signals. Zombie state can finish when the
parent dies. All resources of the zombie state process are cleared by the kernel
6. Explain each system calls used for process management in linux.
System calls used for Process management:
Fork () :- Used to create a new process
Exec() :- Execute a new program
Wait():- wait until the process finishes execution
Exit():- Exit from the process
Getpid():- get the unique process id of the process
Getppid():- get the parent process unique id
Nice():- to bias the existing property of process
For more questions with answers, follow the link below:
http://www.careerride.com/Linux-Interview-Questions.aspx
We do not warrant the correctness of content. The risk from using it lies entirely with the user. While
using this document, you agree to have read and accepted the terms of use and privacy policy.
7. Explain each system calls used for process management in linux.
System calls used for Process management:
Fork () :- Used to create a new process
Exec() :- Execute a new program
Wait():- wait until the process finishes execution
Exit():- Exit from the process
Getpid():- get the unique process id of the process
Getppid():- get the parent process unique id
Nice():- to bias the existing property of process
For more questions with answers, follow the link below:
http://www.careerride.com/Linux-Interview-Questions.aspx
We do not warrant the correctness of content. The risk from using it lies entirely with the user. While
using this document, you agree to have read and accepted the terms of use and privacy policy.