Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language – a perfect match

Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Linked Open (Geo)Data and
the Distributed Ontology Language
– a perfect match
Christoph Lange1
1Project ‘‘Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics’’,
School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK
http://cs.bham.ac.uk/~langec
2013-09-20
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 1

“Hello, World!”
–2011 Ph.D. (Jacobs University, with M. Kohlhase):
Enabling Collaboration on Semiformal Mathematical
Knowledge by Semantic Web Integration [Lan11]
2011/12 Univ. Bremen, with John Bateman, Till
Mossakowski: Ontology Integration and
Interoperability (OntoIOp) ↝ Distributed Ontology
Language (DOL)
2012/13 Univ. Birmingham, with M. Kerber, C. Rowat:
Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics
(ForMaRE) [KLR]
2013– Univ. Bonn/Fraunhofer IAIS with S. Auer:
Enterprise Information Systems, Linked Open Data

Overview
Linked (Open) Data
basic principles
Linked Geo Data on the Web
logic and limitations
The Distributed Ontology, Modelling and
Specification Language (DOL)
basic principles
LOD conformance (distributed ontology level)
LOD conformance (logic graph)
Geo Use Cases for DOL

Linked Data: Basic Principles
Linked Data: a set of best practices for publishing
machine-comprehensible structured data on the Web
[Ber06; Wik10]:
1
Use URIs to identify things.
2
Use HTTP URIs (i.e. URLs) so that these things can be
referred to and looked up.
3
Provide useful information about the thing when
its URI is dereferenced, using standard formats such
as RDF (Resource Description Framework)
4
Include links to other, related URIs.
Linked Data puts the Semantic Web vision to work.

Linked Data: Benefits
Linked Data enables . . .
decentralised, collaborative management
of big datasets,
low-overhead information retrieval, and
scalable reasoning.

Linked Open Data: Significance (2011)
As of September 2011
Music
Brainz
(zitgist)
P20
Turismo
de
Zaragoza
yovisto
Yahoo!
Geo
Planet
YAGO
World
Fact-
book
El
Viajero
Tourism
WordNet
(W3C)
WordNet
(VUA)
VIVO UF
VIVO
Indiana
VIVO
Cornell
VIAF
URI
Burner
Sussex
Reading
Lists
Plymouth
Reading
Lists
UniRef
UniProt
UMBEL
UK Post-
codes
legislation
data.gov.uk
Uberblic
UB
Mann-
heim
TWC LOGD
Twarql
transport
data.gov.
uk
Traffic
Scotland
theses.
fr
Thesau-
rus W
totl.net
Tele-
graphis
TCM
Gene
DIT
Taxon
Concept
Open
Library
(Talis)
tags2con
delicious
t4gm
info
Swedish
Open
Cultural
Heritage
Surge
Radio
Sudoc
STW
RAMEAU
SH
statistics
data.gov.
uk
St.
Andrews
Resource
Lists
ECS
South-
ampton
EPrints
SSW
Thesaur
us
Smart
Link
Slideshare
2RDF
semantic
web.org
Semantic
Tweet
Semantic
XBRL
SW
Dog
Food
Source Code
Ecosystem
Linked Data
US SEC
(rdfabout)
Sears
Scotland
Geo-
graphy
Scotland
Pupils &
Exams
Scholaro-
meter
WordNet
(RKB
Explorer)
Wiki
UN/
LOCODE
Ulm
ECS
(RKB
Explorer)
Roma
RISKS
RESEX
RAE2001
Pisa
OS
OAI
NSF
New-
castle
LAAS
KISTI
JISC
IRIT
IEEE
IBM
Eurécom
ERA
ePrints dotAC
DEPLOY
DBLP
(RKB
Explorer)
Crime
Reports
UK
Course-
ware
CORDIS
(RKB
Explorer)
CiteSeer
Budapest
ACM
riese
Revyu
research
data.gov.
ukRen.
Energy
Genera-
tors
reference
data.gov.
uk
Recht-
spraak.
nl
RDF
ohloh
Last.FM
(rdfize)
RDF
Book
Mashup
Rådata
nå!
PSH
Product
Types
Ontology
Product
DB
PBAC
Poké-
pédia
patents
data.go
v.uk
Ox
Points
Ord-
nance
Survey
Openly
Local
Open
Library
Open
Cyc
Open
Corpo-
rates
Open
Calais
OpenEI
Open
Election
Data
Project
Open
Data
Thesau-
rus
Ontos
News
Portal
OGOLOD
Janus
AMP
Ocean
Drilling
Codices
New
York
Times
NVD
ntnusc
NTU
Resource
Lists
Norwe-
gian
MeSH
NDL
subjects
ndlna
my
Experi-
ment
Italian
Museums
medu-
cator
MARC
Codes
List
Man-
chester
Reading
Lists
Lotico
Weather
Stations
London
Gazette
LOIUS
Linked
Open
Colors
lobid
Resources
lobid
Organi-
sations
LEM
Linked
MDB
LinkedL
CCN
Linked
GeoData
LinkedCT
Linked
User
Feedback
LOV
Linked
Open
Numbers
LODE
Eurostat
(Ontology
Central)
Linked
EDGAR
(Ontology
Central)
Linked
Crunch-
base
lingvoj
Lichfield
Spen-
ding
LIBRIS
Lexvo
LCSH
DBLP
(L3S)
Linked
Sensor Data
(Kno.e.sis)
Klapp-
stuhl-
club
Good-
win
Family
National
Radio-
activity
JP
Jamendo
(DBtune)
Italian
public
schools
ISTAT
Immi-
gration
iServe
IdRef
Sudoc
NSZL
Catalog
Hellenic
PD
Hellenic
FBD
Piedmont
Accomo-
dations
GovTrack
GovWILD
Google
Art
wrapper
gnoss
GESIS
GeoWord
Net
Geo
Species
Geo
Names
Geo
Linked
Data
GEMET
GTAA
STITCH
SIDER
Project
Guten-
berg
Medi
Care
Euro-
stat
(FUB)
EURES
Drug
Bank
Disea-
some
DBLP
(FU
Berlin)
Daily
Med
CORDIS
(FUB)
Freebase
flickr
wrappr
Fishes
of Texas
Finnish
Munici-
palities
ChEMBL
FanHubz
Event
Media
EUTC
Produc-
tions
Eurostat
Europeana
EUNIS
EU
Insti-
tutions
ESD
stan-
dards
EARTh
Enipedia
Popula-
tion (En-
AKTing)
NHS
(En-
AKTing) Mortality
(En-
AKTing)
Energy
(En-
AKTing)
Crime
(En-
AKTing)
CO2
Emission
(En-
AKTing)
EEA
SISVU
educatio
n.data.g
ov.uk
ECS
South-
ampton
ECCO-
TCP
GND
Didactal
ia
DDC Deutsche
Bio-
graphie
data
dcs
Music
Brainz
(DBTune)
Magna-
tune
John
Peel
(DBTune)
Classical
(DB
Tune)
Audio
Scrobbler
(DBTune)
Last.FM
artists
(DBTune)
DB
Tropes
Portu-
guese
DBpedia
dbpedia
lite
Greek
DBpedia
DBpedia
data-
open-
ac-uk
SMC
Journals
Pokedex
Airports
NASA
(Data
Incu-
bator)
Music
Brainz
(Data
Incubator)
Moseley
Folk
Metoffice
Weather
Forecasts
Discogs
(Data
Incubator)
Climbing
data.gov.uk
intervals
Data
Gov.ie
data
bnf.fr
Cornetto
reegle
Chronic-
ling
America
Chem2
Bio2RDF
Calames
business
data.gov.
uk
Bricklink
Brazilian
Poli-
ticians
BNB
UniSTS
UniPath
way
UniParc
Taxono
my
UniProt
(Bio2RDF)
SGD
Reactome
PubMed
Pub
Chem
PRO-
SITE
ProDom
Pfam
PDB
OMIM
MGI
KEGG
Reaction
KEGG
Pathway
KEGG
Glycan
KEGG
Enzyme
KEGG
Drug
KEGG
Com-
pound
InterPro
Homolo
Gene
HGNC
Gene
Ontology
GeneID
Affy-
metrix
bible
ontology
BibBase
FTS
BBC
Wildlife
Finder
BBC
Program
mes BBC
Music
Alpine
Ski
Austria
LOCAH
Amster-
dam
Museum
AGROV
OC
AEMET
US Census
(rdfabout)
Media
Geographic
Publications
Government
Cross-domain
Life sciences
User-generated content
http://lod-cloud.net

Linked Open Data: Significance (2011)
As of September 2011
Music
Brainz
(zitgist)
P20
Turismo
de
Zaragoza
yovisto
Yahoo!
Geo
Planet
YAGO
World
Fact-
book
El
Viajero
Tourism
WordNet
(W3C)
WordNet
(VUA)
VIVO UF
VIVO
Indiana
VIVO
Cornell
VIAF
URI
Burner
Sussex
Reading
Lists
Plymouth
Reading
Lists
UniRef
UniProt
UMBEL
UK Post-
codes
legislation
data.gov.uk
Uberblic
UB
Mann-
heim
TWC LOGD
Twarql
transport
data.gov.
uk
Traffic
Scotland
theses.
fr
Thesau-
rus W
totl.net
Tele-
graphis
TCM
Gene
DIT
Taxon
Concept
Open
Library
(Talis)
tags2con
delicious
t4gm
info
Swedish
Open
Cultural
Heritage
Surge
Radio
Sudoc
STW
RAMEAU
SH
statistics
data.gov.
uk
St.
Andrews
Resource
Lists
ECS
South-
ampton
EPrints
SSW
Thesaur
us
Smart
Link
Slideshare
2RDF
semantic
web.org
Semantic
Tweet
Semantic
XBRL
SW
Dog
Food
Source Code
Ecosystem
Linked Data
US SEC
(rdfabout)
Sears
Scotland
Geo-
graphy
Scotland
Pupils &
Exams
Scholaro-
meter
WordNet
(RKB
Explorer)
Wiki
UN/
LOCODE
Ulm
ECS
(RKB
Explorer)
Roma
RISKS
RESEX
RAE2001
Pisa
OS
OAI
NSF
New-
castle
LAAS
KISTI
JISC
IRIT
IEEE
IBM
Eurécom
ERA
ePrints dotAC
DEPLOY
DBLP
(RKB
Explorer)
Crime
Reports
UK
Course-
ware
CORDIS
(RKB
Explorer)
CiteSeer
Budapest
ACM
riese
Revyu
research
data.gov.
ukRen.
Energy
Genera-
tors
reference
data.gov.
uk
Recht-
spraak.
nl
RDF
ohloh
Last.FM
(rdfize)
RDF
Book
Mashup
Rådata
nå!
PSH
Product
Types
Ontology
Product
DB
PBAC
Poké-
pédia
patents
data.go
v.uk
Ox
Points
Ord-
nance
Survey
Openly
Local
Open
Library
Open
Cyc
Open
Corpo-
rates
Open
Calais
OpenEI
Open
Election
Data
Project
Open
Data
Thesau-
rus
Ontos
News
Portal
OGOLOD
Janus
AMP
Ocean
Drilling
Codices
New
York
Times
NVD
ntnusc
NTU
Resource
Lists
Norwe-
gian
MeSH
NDL
subjects
ndlna
my
Experi-
ment
Italian
Museums
medu-
cator
MARC
Codes
List
Man-
chester
Reading
Lists
Lotico
Weather
Stations
London
Gazette
LOIUS
Linked
Open
Colors
lobid
Resources
lobid
Organi-
sations
LEM
Linked
MDB
LinkedL
CCN
Linked
GeoData
LinkedCT
Linked
User
Feedback
LOV
Linked
Open
Numbers
LODE
Eurostat
(Ontology
Central)
Linked
EDGAR
(Ontology
Central)
Linked
Crunch-
base
lingvoj
Lichfield
Spen-
ding
LIBRIS
Lexvo
LCSH
DBLP
(L3S)
Linked
Sensor Data
(Kno.e.sis)
Klapp-
stuhl-
club
Good-
win
Family
National
Radio-
activity
JP
Jamendo
(DBtune)
Italian
public
schools
ISTAT
Immi-
gration
iServe
IdRef
Sudoc
NSZL
Catalog
Hellenic
PD
Hellenic
FBD
Piedmont
Accomo-
dations
GovTrack
GovWILD
Google
Art
wrapper
gnoss
GESIS
GeoWord
Net
Geo
Species
Geo
Names
Geo
Linked
Data
GEMET
GTAA
STITCH
SIDER
Project
Guten-
berg
Medi
Care
Euro-
stat
(FUB)
EURES
Drug
Bank
Disea-
some
DBLP
(FU
Berlin)
Daily
Med
CORDIS
(FUB)
Freebase
flickr
wrappr
Fishes
of Texas
Finnish
Munici-
palities
ChEMBL
FanHubz
Event
Media
EUTC
Produc-
tions
Eurostat
Europeana
EUNIS
EU
Insti-
tutions
ESD
stan-
dards
EARTh
Enipedia
Popula-
tion (En-
AKTing)
NHS
(En-
AKTing) Mortality
(En-
AKTing)
Energy
(En-
AKTing)
Crime
(En-
AKTing)
CO2
Emission
(En-
AKTing)
EEA
SISVU
educatio
n.data.g
ov.uk
ECS
South-
ampton
ECCO-
TCP
GND
Didactal
ia
DDC Deutsche
Bio-
graphie
data
dcs
Music
Brainz
(DBTune)
Magna-
tune
John
Peel
(DBTune)
Classical
(DB
Tune)
Audio
Scrobbler
(DBTune)
Last.FM
artists
(DBTune)
DB
Tropes
Portu-
guese
DBpedia
dbpedia
lite
Greek
DBpedia
DBpedia
data-
open-
ac-uk
SMC
Journals
Pokedex
Airports
NASA
(Data
Incu-
bator)
Music
Brainz
(Data
Incubator)
Moseley
Folk
Metoffice
Weather
Forecasts
Discogs
(Data
Incubator)
Climbing
data.gov.uk
intervals
Data
Gov.ie
data
bnf.fr
Cornetto
reegle
Chronic-
ling
America
Chem2
Bio2RDF
Calames
business
data.gov.
uk
Bricklink
Brazilian
Poli-
ticians
BNB
UniSTS
UniPath
way
UniParc
Taxono
my
UniProt
(Bio2RDF)
SGD
Reactome
PubMed
Pub
Chem
PRO-
SITE
ProDom
Pfam
PDB
OMIM
MGI
KEGG
Reaction
KEGG
Pathway
KEGG
Glycan
KEGG
Enzyme
KEGG
Drug
KEGG
Com-
pound
InterPro
Homolo
Gene
HGNC
Gene
Ontology
GeneID
Affy-
metrix
bible
ontology
BibBase
FTS
BBC
Wildlife
Finder
BBC
Program
mes BBC
Music
Alpine
Ski
Austria
LOCAH
Amster-
dam
Museum
AGROV
OC
AEMET
US Census
(rdfabout)
Media
Geographic
Publications
Government
Cross-domain
Life sciences
User-generated content
P20
Turismo
de
Zaragoza
Yahoo!
Geo
Planet
YAGO
World
Fact-
book
El
Viajero
Tourism
WordNet
(W3C)
WordNet
(VUA)
VIVO
VIVO
Indiana
VIVO
Cornell
URI
Burner
UniRef
UniProt
UMBEL
UK Post-
codes
legislation
data.gov.uk
Uberblic
UB
Mann-
heim
TWC LOGD
Twarql
transport
data.gov.
uk
Traffic
Scotland
theses.
fr
Thesau-
rus W
totl.net
Tele-
graphis
TCM
Gene
DIT
Taxon
Concept
Sudoc
statistics
data.gov.
uk
ECS
South-
ampton
EPrints
SSW
Thesaur
us
Smart
Link
semantic
web.org
Semantic
XBRL
SW
Dog
Food
US SEC
(rdfabout)
Sears
Scotland
Geo-
graphy
Scotland
Pupils &
Exams
WordNet
(RKB
Explorer)
UN/
LOCODE
Ulm
ECS
(RKB
Explorer)
OS
Eurécom
ERA
ePrints
DBLP
(RKB
Explorer)
UK
CORDIS
(RKB
Explorer)
CiteSeer
ACM
riese
Revyu
research
data.gov.
ukRen.
Energy
Genera-
tors
reference
data.gov.
uk
Recht-
spraak.
nl
Last.FM
(rdfize)
RDF
Book
Mashup
PSH
Product
Types
Ontology
Product
DB
Poké-
pédia
patents
data.go
v.uk
Ox
Points
Ord-
nance
Survey
Openly
Local
Open
Cyc
Open
Corpo-
rates
Open
Calais
OpenEI
Open
Election
Data
Project
Open
Data
Thesau-
rus
OGOLOD
Janus
AMP
Ocean
Drilling
Codices
New
York
Times
ndln
my
Experi-
ment
Italian
Museums
medu-
cator
MARC
Codes
List
Weather
Stations
London
Gazette
LOIUS
Linked
Open
Colors
Linked
MDB
LinkedL
CCN
Linked
GeoData
LinkedCT
Linked
Open
Numbers
LODE
Eurostat
(Ontology
Central)
Linked
EDGAR
(Ontology
Central)
lingvoj
Lichfield
Spen-
ding
Lexvo
LC
DBLP
(L3S)
Linked
Sensor Data
(Kno.e.sis)
Good-
win
Family
National
Radio-
activity
JP
Jamendo
(DBtune)
Italian
public
schools
ISTAT
Immi-
gration
iServe
IdRef
Sudoc
Piedmont
Accomo-
dations
GovTrack
GovWILD
Google
Art
wrapper
gnoss
GeoWord
Net
Geo
Species
Geo
Names
Geo
Linked
Data
GEMET
STITCH
SIDER
Project
Guten-
berg
Medi
Care
Euro-
stat
(FUB)
EURES
Drug
Bank
Disea-
some
DBLP
(FU
Berlin)
Daily
Med
CORDIS
(FUB)
Freebase
flickr
wrappr
Fishes
of Texas
Finnish
Munici-
palities
ChEMBL
FanHubz
Event
Media
Eurostat
EUNIS
EU
Insti-
tutions
ESD
stan-
dards
EARTh
Enipedia
Popula-
tion (En-
AKTing)
NHS
(En-
AKTing) Mortality
(En-
AKTing)
Energy
(En-
AKTing)
(En-
AKTing)
CO2
Emission
(En-
AKTing)
EEA
SISVU
educatio
n.data.g
ov.uk
E
So
am
Didactal
ia
DDC
data
dcs
Music
Brainz
(DBTune)
Classical
(DB
Tune)
Last.FM
artists
(DBTune)
Portu-
guese
DBpedia
dbpedia
lite
Greek
DBpedia
DBpedia
data-
open-
ac-uk
SMC
Journals
Pokedex
Airports
NASA
(Data
Incu-
bator)
Metoffice
Weather
Forecasts
Climbing
data.gov.uk
intervals
Data
Gov.ie
data
bnf.fr
Cornetto
reegle
Chronic-
ling
America
Chem2
Bio2RDF
Calames
data.gov.
uk
Brazilian
Poli-
ticians
BNB
UniSTS
UniPath
way
UniParc
Taxono
my
UniProt
(Bio2RDF)
SGD
Reactome
PubMed
Pub
Chem
PRO-
SITE
ProDom
Pfam
PDB
OMIM
MGI
KEGG
Pathway
KEG
Glyc
KEGG
Enzyme
KEGG
Drug
KEGG
Com-
pound
InterPro
Homolo
Gene
HGNC
Gene
Ontology
GeneID
Affy-
metrix
BibBase
FTS
BBC
Wildlife
Finder
BBC
Program
mes BBC
Music
Alpine
Ski
Austria
Amster-
dam
Museum
AGROV
OC
AEMET
US Census
(rdfabout)
http://lod-cloud.net

Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF
RDF = Resource Description Framework
Movie Description (using schema.org)
Movie Avatar Person
James Cameron
August 16, 1954Science fiction../movies/. . .
type
nam
e
director
genre
trailer
type
name
birthDate

Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF
RDF = Resource Description Framework
Movie Description (using schema.org)
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
:avatar a schema:Movie ;
schema:name "Avatar" ;
schema:genre "Science fiction" ;
schema:trailer <../movies/...> ;
schema:director [ a schema:Person ;
schema:name "James Cameron" ;
schema:birthDate "1954-08-16"^^xsd:date ] .

Linked Geo Data Sets
Dataset Source #triples (late 2012)
LinkedGeoData OpenStreetMap 2 ⋅ 1010
DBpedia Wikipedia 1 ⋅ 109
GeoNames — 1.5 ⋅ 108

LinkedGeoData
http://linkedgeodata.org/
OpenStreetMap data as RDF
linked to GeoNames, DBpedia and others
GeoKnow FP7 project (http://geoknow.eu,
2012–) provides tools and methods to easily
integrate and process data across a wide range of
data sources on the Web of Data.

Semantic Web Geo Standards
W3C Basic Geo Vocabulary
(points using WGS84 coordinates)
GeoRSS Simple (lines, rectangles, polygons),
GeoRSS GML (Geographic Markup Language)
GeoOWL ontology
(reuses more flexible GML notions)
NeoGeo Geometry Ontology (→ later)
GeoSPARQL: RDF data insertion and query (→ later)

Limitations of RDF for Geo Data
GeoSPARQL, a non-ontological extension to the SPARQL
RDF query language [BK12]
SELECT ?a WHERE {
?a a ex:Attraction;
geo:hasGeometry ?ageo .
FILTER(geof:within(?ageo,
"POLYGON((
-77.089005 38.913574,
-77.029953 38.913574,
-77.029953 38.886321,
-77.089005 38.886321,
-77.089005 38.913574
))"^^sf:wktLiteral)) }
Note: WKT = “Well-known text”

Advantages and Disadvantages of RDF
Disadvantage
Low expressivity (binary predicates, no quantifiers)
Advantage
An RDF graph downloaded from its URI does not
entail more than one can find there [Hay04].

Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??
RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice for
complex formal models – so . . . ?

Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??
RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice for
complex formal models – so . . . ?
☀ make your stuff available on the Web
(whatever format) under an open license
☀☀ make it available as structured data (e.g.,
Excel instead of image scan of a table)
☀☀☀ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSV
instead of Excel)
☀☀☀☀ use URIs to denote things, so that people
can point at your stuff
☀☀☀☀☀ link your data to other data to provide
context [12]
Who says it needs to be RDF?

Think URIs, not RDF!
How to achieve an integration of . . . ?
complex formal models (expressive logics)
big datasets (scalability before expressivity)
Ad hoc extensions of RDF exist (e.g. for CSPs in product
range specification at Renault [BSP11])
My approach
systematically base expressive logics beyond RDF
and OWL on the URI foundation of LOD
thus enable large-scale data/knowledge integration

Different Representations at one URI
http://sws.geonames.org/2944388/
HTML RDF/XML

Different Representations at one URI II
$ wget --header=’Accept: text/html’ -O /dev/null↩
-S http://sws.geonames.org/2944388/
$ wget --header=’Accept: application:rdf+xml’ ...
HTTP Content
Negotiation [The06]
RDF/XML is most
widely understood by
LOD clients
HTML is most widely
understood by humans
. . . but one can extend
this to other formats!

The Big Picture of Interoperability
Ontology
Ontology Language/Logic
Knowledge Software Agents
written in
Concepts/Data/Individuals
represented in terms of
Service Description
Service Descr. Language
written in
Service
satisfies
processes
refers to
Target (Device)
accesses
Service-Oriented
Architecture
Smart Environment
Target Description
conforms to
Device
Target Descr. Language
written in
Ontology
Ontology Language/Logic
Concepts/Data/Individuals
Service Description
Service Descr. Language
Service Target (Device)
Target Description
Device
Target Descr. Language
Knowledge
Infrastructure
mappingsfor
interoperability
Hardware
Data
Models
Metamodels
For now we focus
on the “content”/
“knowledge”
column

The OntoIOp Initiative
OntoIOp (Ontology Integration and
Interoperability) initiative
head: Till Mossakowski
started in 2011 with ISO, now continued with OMG
Request for Proposals to be issued this autumn
proposals due Dec. 2014
50 experts participate, ∼ 15 have contributed
Relevant communities represented:
different ontology languages and logics
conceptual and theoretical foundations
technical foundations
applications: manufacturing, business rules,
model-driven software engineering

Distributed Ontology Language (DOL)
“distributed” means . . .
logically heterogeneous
modular
interlinked: interpretations, equivalences, alignments
decentrally maintained
DOL: a logic-agnostic meta-language for onto-
logies, modeling and specification [MKL12; Lan+12]
supports ontologies in several relevant languages
framework can be decentrally extended with new
languages, logics, serializations, translations
Tool support:
Hets: syntax check, theorem proving, model finding
Ontohub: web-based repository engine
http://ontoiop.org

LOD Conformance (Distr. Onto. Level)
use URIs to name things (actually IRIs: Unicode!)
concrete syntax uses prefixes to abbreviate URIs
many DOL constructs (e.g. interpretations,
alignments) must have names,
. . . others (e.g. extensions) may have names.
also useful for external annotation
use URIs to refer to other things
. . . but implementations should be prepared for
external ontologies not to be LOD-conforming!
need a catalog to map “identifier URI” to “retrieval URL”
http://project.org/onto# ↦
http://project.org/repo/onto-v1.3.owl

LOD Conformance (Basic Onto. Level)
need to refer to symbols within ontologies:
rename symbols in a basic ontology
restrict a basic ontology to some signature
Are symbol names URIs?
“semantic web” languages (e.g. OWL): yes
Common Logic: sometimes
CASL, TPTP, . . . : no
DOL injects prefix bindings into basic ontologies:
verbatim fragments, as well as
referenced remote ontologies
In the basic ontology, bindings are applied . . .
as if declared inside (sem. web languages)
to all globally-scoped identifiers (other languages)

LOD Conformance (Logic Graph)
ontology languages, logics, serializations,
translations identified by URI
we maintain a central “OntoIOp Registry”; others
may decentrally extend it
OntoIOp Registry is a (small) linked open dataset
see, e.g.,
http://purl.net/dol/languages/OWL2/DL
(nicer with
http://linkeddata.uriburner.com; soon in
Ontohub)
Agents can easily find out what an ontology
language can be translated to.

The OntoIOp Registry (Subset)
Common Logic
SROIQDL-LiteR
CLIF
XCL
Manchester Syntax
OWL 2 XML
RDF / XML
Turtle
OWL 2 DL
RDF
RDFS
Common Logic
RDFS
RDF
OWL 2 QL
OWL 2 RL
OWL 2 EL
DL-RL
EL
++
Serializations Ontology Languages Logics
supports serialization sublanguage of
induced translation exact logical expressivity
translatable to
sublogic of

Reusing Linked Open Datasets
%prefix(
productdb: <http://productdb.org/ean/>
pizza: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#>
)%
ontology SmartFreezer =
{ pizza: hide along proj:SROIQtoRDF
and productdb:
then language lang:RDF syntax ser:RDF/Turtle : {
productdb:4001724819806 pizza:hasTopping
[ a pizza:TomatoTopping ],
[ a pizza:MozzarellaTopping ] .
} with translation trans:RDFtoOWL2DL
then { pizza:
then syntax ser:OWL2/Manchester : {
Individual: productdb:4001724819806
Types: pizza:hasTopping exactly 2 }

DO-ROAM: Ontology-driven Map UI
Data and Onto. driven Route-finding Of
Activity-oriented Mobility web service
(http://do-roam.org, [Cod+11])
places tagged w/ terms from aligned OWL onto’s
map-based UI w/ multiling. labels ↔ onto. terms
DOL port in progress:
coherently represent
aligned ontologies as
one distr. onto.
maintain labels as
annotations inside
ontology

DO-ROAM in DOL: Complex Alignments,
Multilingual Labels
%prefix( do-roam: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/>
activ: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/↩
Ontology/activities.owl#>
tags: <https://raw.github.com/doroam/planning-do-roam/master/↩
Ontology/tags.owl#> )%
language lang:OWL2/DL
alignment do-roam:ActivitiesToTags : activ: to tags: =
activ:Restaurant = ∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_restaurant,
%% "=" is equivalence as defined in the Alignment API
activ:ChargingStation =
∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_charging_station
⊔ (∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_fuel
⊓ ∃ tags:has_k_fuel:electricity . tags:yes),
...
ontology do-roam:ActivityTranslation =
activ: hide along proj:SROIQtoRDF
then language lang:RDF syntax ser:RDF/YAML :
do-roam:config/locales/de.yml

NeoGeo: Connecting RCC to RDF
NeoGeo (http://geovocab.org/) integrates Region
Connection Calculus (RCC; 1st-order logic theory of
spatial relations) with RDF [Har+13]: data in context!

NeoGeo: Connecting RCC to RDF II
Part of RCC semantics can be mapped to OWL
Rest covered in SWRL (OWL + FOL rules)
full first order theory
obtained from composition table, . . .
more expressive than composition table
accommodate open (OWL) vs. closed (RCC) world
assumption (concrete domain)
detect inconsistent RCC assertions

Conclusion
Linked Open Data (LOD): best practice for
publishing data on the Web
Distributed Ontology, Modelling and Specification
Language (DOL): meta-language for logically
heterogeneous, modular, interlinked ontologies
LOD and DOL: a perfect match
DOL scales thanks to LOD principles
LOD gets semantics beyond RDF thanks to DOL
Web of Data has many geo use cases
DOL enables spatial reasoning over datasets

References
References I
5 star Open Data. Apr. 3, 2012. url:
http://5stardata.info/ (visited on 2013-09-18).
T. Berners-Lee. Design Issues: Linked Data. July 27,
2006. url: http:
//www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
(visited on 2010-01-20).
R. Battle and D. Kolas. “Enabling the geospatial
Semantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL”. In:
Semantic Web 3.4 (2012), pp. 355–370. url:
http://www.semantic-web-
journal.net/content/enabling-geospatial-
semantic-web-parliament-and-geosparql.

References
References II
F. Badra, F.-P. Servant, and A. Passant. “A Semantic
Web Representation of a Product Range Specification
based on Constraint Satisfaction Problem in the
Automotive Industry”. In: Proceedings of the 1st
Workshop on Ontology and Semantic Web for
Manufacturing, Extended Semantic Web Conference.
(Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, May 29, 2011). Ed. by
A. García Castro, C. Toro, L. Ramos, and L. Schröder.
CEUR Workshop Proceedings 748. Aachen, 2011,
pp. 37–50. url: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-748/.

References
References III
M. Codescu, G. Horsinka, O. Kutz, T. Mossakowski, and
R. Rau. “DO-ROAM: Activity-Oriented Search and
Navigation with OpenStreetMap”. In: GeoSpatial
Semantics (GeoS) -- 4th International Conference.
GeoSpatial Semantics (GeoS) -- 4th International
Conference. (Brest, France, May 12–13, 2011). Ed. by
C. Claramunt, S. Levashkin, and M. Bertolotto. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 6631. Springer, 2011,
pp. 88–107.

References
References IV
A. Harth, J. Salas, A. Rula, B. Villazón-Terrazas,
J. Škrbec, and C. Fortuna. Modelling and Processing
Contextual Aspects of Data. Deliverable D2.3.
PlanetData Network of Excellence, 2013. url:
http://www.planet-
data.eu/sites/default/files/D2.3.pdf.
P. Hayes. RDF Semantics. W3C Recommendation.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Feb. 10, 2004.
url: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-
20040210/.

References
References V
M. Kerber, C. Lange, and C. Rowat. ForMaRE. Formal
Mathematical Reasoning in Economics. url: http://
cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/formare/
(visited on 2013-02-10).
C. Lange, T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, C. Galinski,
M. Grüninger, and D. Couto Vale. “The Distributed
Ontology Language (DOL): Use Cases, Syntax, and
Extensibility”. In: Terminology and Knowledge
Engineering Conference (TKE). (Madrid, Spain,
June 20–21, 2012). Ed. by G. Aguado de Cea,
M. C. Suárez-Figueroa, R. García-Castro, and
E. Montiel-Ponsoda. 2012, pp. 33–48. arXiv:
1208.0293 [cs.AI]. url: http://oeg-
lia3.dia.fi.upm.es/tke2012/proceedings.

References
References VI
C. Lange. “Enabling Collaboration on Semiformal
Mathematical Knowledge by Semantic Web
Integration”. PhD thesis. Jacobs University Bremen,
2011.

References
References VII
T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, and C. Lange. “Three
Semantics for the Core of the Distributed Ontology
Language”. In: Formal Ontology in Information
Systems. 7th International Conference (FOIS 2012).
(Graz, Austria, July 24–27, 2012). Ed. by M. Donnelly
and G. Guizzardi. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
and Applications 239. (The paper has won the best
paper award. Also published at IJCAI 2013 track on Best
Papers in Sister Conferences.) Amsterdam: IOS Press,
2012, pp. 337–352. url:
http://interop.cim3.net/file/pub/OntoIOp/
Publications/FOIS_2012/paper.pdf.

References
References VIII
O. Thereaux. Content Negotiation: why it is useful, and
how to make it work. Feb. 21, 2006. url:
http://www.w3.org/blog/2006/02/content-
negotiation/.
Wikimedia Foundation, ed. Linked Data. From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. June 18, 2010. url:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Linked_Data&oldid=459835053 (visited
on 2010-08-11).

Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language – a perfect match

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