O documento descreve a jornada de um estudante de medicina no Brasil, desde o ensino fundamental até a formação como médico. Relata as dificuldades encontradas no ensino público superior e na carreira médica no SUS, como salários baixos, falta de estrutura e equipamentos, além de críticas recebidas de políticos. Defende que médicos merecem melhores condições de trabalho e remuneração.
Araling Panlipunan 4
Ekonomiks Teaching Guide Part 3
------------------
Source: DepEd
Regional Mass Training for Grade 10 Teachers on K to 12 Basic Education Program
May 4 - 9, 2015 | Bicol University, Daraga, Albay
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English including descriptive adjectives, articles, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, indefinite adjectives, numerical adjectives, proper adjectives, and adjectives of quantity. It provides examples of each type of adjective and explains how they are used to modify and describe nouns. The document also covers how adjectives are compared using comparative and superlative forms.
The document discusses various topics related to English phonetics and pronunciation, including:
- Consonant and vowel sounds in English and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used to represent them.
- Syllable stress and intonation patterns in English words and sentences. Stress can be fixed or free depending on the word.
- The role of intonation in English, including falling, rising, and rise-fall patterns used for statements, questions, commands, and lists.
- Challenges some Indian English speakers face with certain consonant sounds like /z/, /ʃ/, and clusters, and how this can cause confusion between words.
The document discusses the phonics method for teaching reading, which involves linking sounds (phonemes) to letters (graphemes). It explains that reading involves segmenting words into individual sounds and blending sounds to form words. The phonics method is useful for dyslexic and poor readers because people with dyslexia often struggle to link sounds to letters. However, English spelling can be irregular and complex due to its evolution, which can make reading and spelling difficult.
This document provides the long term writing plan for Year 3/4 at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018-19 school year. It outlines the different text types and genres that will be covered each half term, including persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment. Example text types listed are diary, story, poetry, dialogue, and more. It also lists the grammar and spelling focuses as well as example texts that may be used for each half term.
The document provides a long term plan for writing purposes and text types to be taught to Year 3 students at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018/2019 school year. It outlines the genres of persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment that will be covered each half term. Examples of specific text types to be taught for each genre are also listed, along with possible novels and texts that could be used. Guidance is given on grammar and punctuation objectives to be covered during writing lessons corresponding to the text types and genres.
Nouns are words that identify people, places, things or concepts. There are several types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and compound nouns. Nouns can be identified by their endings, position in sentences, and functions. Verbs express actions, states of being, or events and can be classified as action verbs, verbs of experience/feeling, verbs referring to states, auxiliary/helping verbs, modal verbs, and phrasal verbs. Verbs also have transitive and intransitive forms. Adjectives describe or modify nouns and can be used to compare qualities in positive, comparative and superl
O documento descreve a jornada de um estudante de medicina no Brasil, desde o ensino fundamental até a formação como médico. Relata as dificuldades encontradas no ensino público superior e na carreira médica no SUS, como salários baixos, falta de estrutura e equipamentos, além de críticas recebidas de políticos. Defende que médicos merecem melhores condições de trabalho e remuneração.
Araling Panlipunan 4
Ekonomiks Teaching Guide Part 3
------------------
Source: DepEd
Regional Mass Training for Grade 10 Teachers on K to 12 Basic Education Program
May 4 - 9, 2015 | Bicol University, Daraga, Albay
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English including descriptive adjectives, articles, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, indefinite adjectives, numerical adjectives, proper adjectives, and adjectives of quantity. It provides examples of each type of adjective and explains how they are used to modify and describe nouns. The document also covers how adjectives are compared using comparative and superlative forms.
The document discusses various topics related to English phonetics and pronunciation, including:
- Consonant and vowel sounds in English and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used to represent them.
- Syllable stress and intonation patterns in English words and sentences. Stress can be fixed or free depending on the word.
- The role of intonation in English, including falling, rising, and rise-fall patterns used for statements, questions, commands, and lists.
- Challenges some Indian English speakers face with certain consonant sounds like /z/, /ʃ/, and clusters, and how this can cause confusion between words.
The document discusses the phonics method for teaching reading, which involves linking sounds (phonemes) to letters (graphemes). It explains that reading involves segmenting words into individual sounds and blending sounds to form words. The phonics method is useful for dyslexic and poor readers because people with dyslexia often struggle to link sounds to letters. However, English spelling can be irregular and complex due to its evolution, which can make reading and spelling difficult.
This document provides the long term writing plan for Year 3/4 at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018-19 school year. It outlines the different text types and genres that will be covered each half term, including persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment. Example text types listed are diary, story, poetry, dialogue, and more. It also lists the grammar and spelling focuses as well as example texts that may be used for each half term.
The document provides a long term plan for writing purposes and text types to be taught to Year 3 students at Chorley New Road Primary School for the 2018/2019 school year. It outlines the genres of persuasion, information/explanation, and entertainment that will be covered each half term. Examples of specific text types to be taught for each genre are also listed, along with possible novels and texts that could be used. Guidance is given on grammar and punctuation objectives to be covered during writing lessons corresponding to the text types and genres.
Nouns are words that identify people, places, things or concepts. There are several types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and compound nouns. Nouns can be identified by their endings, position in sentences, and functions. Verbs express actions, states of being, or events and can be classified as action verbs, verbs of experience/feeling, verbs referring to states, auxiliary/helping verbs, modal verbs, and phrasal verbs. Verbs also have transitive and intransitive forms. Adjectives describe or modify nouns and can be used to compare qualities in positive, comparative and superl
This document discusses affixes, which are letters or sounds added to words to change their meaning or use. It provides examples of prefixes, which are added to the beginning of words, and suffixes, which are added to the end. Some common prefixes are un-, mis-, ex-, and re-, and some common suffixes are -ness, -ly, -ment, and -ful. The document also provides rules for adding prefixes and suffixes, such as dropping final e's or doubling final consonants.
This document provides 100 rules of grammar with examples to illustrate each rule. Some key rules include:
- Certain nouns like scenery, advice, and mathematics always take a singular verb.
- Nouns like cattle, clergy, and police are singular in form but take a plural verb.
- Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender.
- Collective nouns can take a singular or plural verb depending on if they refer to a single unit or multiple individuals.
- Who is used for subjects and whom is used for objects.
Oral communication skill ppt @ bec doms mbaBabasab Patil
This document provides guidance on developing strong oral communication and presentation skills. It outlines best practices such as using visual aids, maintaining eye contact and posture, and speaking clearly at an appropriate pace. It also describes the technical aspects of pronunciation, including vowel and consonant sounds, word stress, rhythm, and intonation. Examples are given to illustrate pronunciation of different letters and syllables. Overall, the document aims to improve one's spoken English skills through understanding phonetic rules and practicing clear articulation.
The document contains various interesting facts about the English language, including: that the most common letter is "e"; the word "bookkeeper" is the only English word with 3 consecutive repeated letters; and the shortest complete sentence is "I am."
The document provides an overview of key grammar concepts for content writing including parts of speech, active and passive voice, singular and plural forms, verb tenses, and use of adjectives and idiomatic phrases. It defines common nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. It also covers writing in active and passive voice, rules for singular and plural forms, verb tenses including present, past and future, and proper use of adjectives, comparative/superlative forms, and common idiomatic phrases.
I am D.Rayappa working as Assistant Professor of English would like to share my knowledge for student community to develop spoken English in the global arena.
D . Rayappa
Email : rayappaeng@gmail.com
Cell : 9492585022
This document provides an overview of parts of speech in English grammar. It discusses the eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For nouns and pronouns, it covers number, gender, case, and types. For adjectives and adverbs, it discusses comparison of degrees. The document is from a fictional "Royal English Department" and appears to be notes for a grammar review course.
This document presents an overview of the different parts of speech in English language: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, examples are provided and their key characteristics discussed. The document concludes by providing exercises for learners to identify and provide examples of the different parts of speech.
421970525-DEGREE OF Adjectives.pOWERPOINTShefaCapuras1
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English grammar: descriptive adjectives describe nouns by telling their kind or quality; adjectives of number/quantity indicate how many of a noun there is; demonstrative adjectives point out nouns and are followed by the noun; interrogative adjectives ask questions and come before a noun; possessive adjectives show possession. The three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative, and superlative - are also explained. Finally, the proper order of adjectives in a sentence is outlined as determiners, opinion/fact, size, shape, age, color, origin, material, purpose/qualifiers, noun.
1. Nouns are identified by definite criteria including being preceded by determiners like "the", having plural forms with "-s" or "-es", and naming people, places or things.
2. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, object complement, and in appositives.
3. Noun clusters consist of a head noun modified by determiners, adjectives, verbs, adverbs or other nouns coming before or after the head noun.
B.tech iv u-2.3 roots, prefixes and suffixesRai University
This document discusses English word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and spelling rules. It explains that English words are derived from Greek, Latin, and German roots and knowing roots can help understand new words. Prefixes are added to the beginning of words to modify meaning, while suffixes are added to the end and can change a word's part of speech. It provides examples of common prefixes, suffixes, and 10 spelling rules for adding suffixes like doubling consonants and dropping silent letters. The document serves as a guide for understanding word structures and formations in English.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes are classified as either free or bound. The document also discusses inflectional and derivational morphology in English, including common affixes. It provides examples of different word formation processes like compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and derivation.
This document is a comprehensive grammar rules handbook submitted for two English courses. It contains detailed explanations and examples of parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, capitalization rules, and more. Nouns are defined and their different types are described, including proper, common, count, noncount, compound, and possessive nouns. Verb types like regular, irregular, linking and action verbs are also defined. The document provides rules for forming plurals of nouns, possessive forms, and verb phrases.
This document discusses the topic of phonology, which is the study of sound patterns in language. It begins by defining phonology and explaining that languages differ in how they use speech sounds. It then discusses key aspects of phonology like consonants and vowels. A major focus is on the different pronunciations of plural morphemes in English, which can be pronounced as /z/, /s/, or /əz/ depending on phonological rules. Examples are provided to illustrate the environments for each pronunciation. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of phonology for language teachers.
The document outlines the main parts of speech in English and provides detailed information about nouns, including their different forms and how to make nouns plural. It discusses that nouns can be classified as count nouns, mass nouns, or collective nouns. It also explains the different cases that nouns can take - subjective, possessive, and objective - and how possession is usually indicated with an apostrophe + s. The document then provides many rules and exceptions for creating plural nouns, including irregular plurals and special cases for nouns ending in certain letters. It also discusses pluralization of compound nouns, collective nouns, and family names.
The document lists the names of 5 authors: Rina Bell Abraham, Roma Caguimbal, Cristine Pearl de Castro, Eloisa Marie Marasigan, and Tom Christopher Parma. It then expresses gratitude to publishers and others for their support of the book "English Grammar in Progress".
This document describes different types of tests to assess phoneme discrimination and comprehension of stress and intonation in language.
(1) Phoneme discrimination tests present words spoken with similar sounds and require selecting the spoken word from written options. Tests can also present pictures with spoken words or sentences assessing same/different sounds.
(2) Tests of stress and intonation assess recognizing stressed syllables in sentences or determining speaker's intent from utterance examples with multiple choice interpretations. However, these tests are less satisfactory than phoneme tests and do not resemble natural discourse.
The document provides examples and considerations for developing different types of listening comprehension test items to accurately assess abilities while avoiding testing unrelated skills.
This document provides information and suggestions to help Spanish speakers improve their English pronunciation. It identifies the most difficult English vowel sounds for Spanish speakers, such as /ʊ/, /ɪː/, /ʌ/, and /j/. It also discusses pronouncing suffixes like "-tion" and "-ture", homophones, the "s" sound at the beginning of words, and regular past tense verbs ending in "ed". The document concludes by recommending that Spanish speakers listen to model pronunciations, learn phonetic symbols, speak English frequently, and expose themselves to different accents to enhance their pronunciation skills.
The document provides guidance on teaching consonant blends to students. It includes posters and flashcards with consonant blends like "br", "pl", "gr", and example words for each blend. Short stories using words from the blends are also included to help students practice decoding. The goal is for students to recognize letter sounds, blend consonant sounds, and read words with blends as they build phonics skills.
The document provides information on how to overcome reading difficulties by focusing on vocabulary, grammatical structure, and reading strategies. It discusses analyzing word structures like prefixes, suffixes, and roots to determine word meanings. Common prefixes are listed that convey quantities or negate meanings. Exercises are included to practice identifying prefixes and suffixes.
This file includes the full chapter on Electricity
Definition, Formula, Concept, and overall Material
This Material is taken from "Learn Physics" Facebook Group.
Contributor - VIVEK GUPTA
This document contains exam questions for Economics for Grade XII. It is divided into three parts:
Part A focuses on Microeconomics and contains long answer, short answer, and very short answer questions. Questions cover topics like price elasticity of demand, law of equi-marginal utility, monopoly, wage theory, consumer surplus, and cost curves.
Part B focuses on Macroeconomics. It also contains long answer, short answer, and very short answer questions. Questions cover topics like national income, commercial banks, taxes, trade policy, money, inflation, and capital markets.
The document provides guidance to candidates on answering the questions in their own words and allocates marks to questions based on their length
This document discusses affixes, which are letters or sounds added to words to change their meaning or use. It provides examples of prefixes, which are added to the beginning of words, and suffixes, which are added to the end. Some common prefixes are un-, mis-, ex-, and re-, and some common suffixes are -ness, -ly, -ment, and -ful. The document also provides rules for adding prefixes and suffixes, such as dropping final e's or doubling final consonants.
This document provides 100 rules of grammar with examples to illustrate each rule. Some key rules include:
- Certain nouns like scenery, advice, and mathematics always take a singular verb.
- Nouns like cattle, clergy, and police are singular in form but take a plural verb.
- Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender.
- Collective nouns can take a singular or plural verb depending on if they refer to a single unit or multiple individuals.
- Who is used for subjects and whom is used for objects.
Oral communication skill ppt @ bec doms mbaBabasab Patil
This document provides guidance on developing strong oral communication and presentation skills. It outlines best practices such as using visual aids, maintaining eye contact and posture, and speaking clearly at an appropriate pace. It also describes the technical aspects of pronunciation, including vowel and consonant sounds, word stress, rhythm, and intonation. Examples are given to illustrate pronunciation of different letters and syllables. Overall, the document aims to improve one's spoken English skills through understanding phonetic rules and practicing clear articulation.
The document contains various interesting facts about the English language, including: that the most common letter is "e"; the word "bookkeeper" is the only English word with 3 consecutive repeated letters; and the shortest complete sentence is "I am."
The document provides an overview of key grammar concepts for content writing including parts of speech, active and passive voice, singular and plural forms, verb tenses, and use of adjectives and idiomatic phrases. It defines common nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. It also covers writing in active and passive voice, rules for singular and plural forms, verb tenses including present, past and future, and proper use of adjectives, comparative/superlative forms, and common idiomatic phrases.
I am D.Rayappa working as Assistant Professor of English would like to share my knowledge for student community to develop spoken English in the global arena.
D . Rayappa
Email : rayappaeng@gmail.com
Cell : 9492585022
This document provides an overview of parts of speech in English grammar. It discusses the eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. For nouns and pronouns, it covers number, gender, case, and types. For adjectives and adverbs, it discusses comparison of degrees. The document is from a fictional "Royal English Department" and appears to be notes for a grammar review course.
This document presents an overview of the different parts of speech in English language: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, examples are provided and their key characteristics discussed. The document concludes by providing exercises for learners to identify and provide examples of the different parts of speech.
421970525-DEGREE OF Adjectives.pOWERPOINTShefaCapuras1
The document discusses the different types of adjectives in English grammar: descriptive adjectives describe nouns by telling their kind or quality; adjectives of number/quantity indicate how many of a noun there is; demonstrative adjectives point out nouns and are followed by the noun; interrogative adjectives ask questions and come before a noun; possessive adjectives show possession. The three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative, and superlative - are also explained. Finally, the proper order of adjectives in a sentence is outlined as determiners, opinion/fact, size, shape, age, color, origin, material, purpose/qualifiers, noun.
1. Nouns are identified by definite criteria including being preceded by determiners like "the", having plural forms with "-s" or "-es", and naming people, places or things.
2. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, object complement, and in appositives.
3. Noun clusters consist of a head noun modified by determiners, adjectives, verbs, adverbs or other nouns coming before or after the head noun.
B.tech iv u-2.3 roots, prefixes and suffixesRai University
This document discusses English word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and spelling rules. It explains that English words are derived from Greek, Latin, and German roots and knowing roots can help understand new words. Prefixes are added to the beginning of words to modify meaning, while suffixes are added to the end and can change a word's part of speech. It provides examples of common prefixes, suffixes, and 10 spelling rules for adding suffixes like doubling consonants and dropping silent letters. The document serves as a guide for understanding word structures and formations in English.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes are classified as either free or bound. The document also discusses inflectional and derivational morphology in English, including common affixes. It provides examples of different word formation processes like compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and derivation.
This document is a comprehensive grammar rules handbook submitted for two English courses. It contains detailed explanations and examples of parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, capitalization rules, and more. Nouns are defined and their different types are described, including proper, common, count, noncount, compound, and possessive nouns. Verb types like regular, irregular, linking and action verbs are also defined. The document provides rules for forming plurals of nouns, possessive forms, and verb phrases.
This document discusses the topic of phonology, which is the study of sound patterns in language. It begins by defining phonology and explaining that languages differ in how they use speech sounds. It then discusses key aspects of phonology like consonants and vowels. A major focus is on the different pronunciations of plural morphemes in English, which can be pronounced as /z/, /s/, or /əz/ depending on phonological rules. Examples are provided to illustrate the environments for each pronunciation. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of phonology for language teachers.
The document outlines the main parts of speech in English and provides detailed information about nouns, including their different forms and how to make nouns plural. It discusses that nouns can be classified as count nouns, mass nouns, or collective nouns. It also explains the different cases that nouns can take - subjective, possessive, and objective - and how possession is usually indicated with an apostrophe + s. The document then provides many rules and exceptions for creating plural nouns, including irregular plurals and special cases for nouns ending in certain letters. It also discusses pluralization of compound nouns, collective nouns, and family names.
The document lists the names of 5 authors: Rina Bell Abraham, Roma Caguimbal, Cristine Pearl de Castro, Eloisa Marie Marasigan, and Tom Christopher Parma. It then expresses gratitude to publishers and others for their support of the book "English Grammar in Progress".
This document describes different types of tests to assess phoneme discrimination and comprehension of stress and intonation in language.
(1) Phoneme discrimination tests present words spoken with similar sounds and require selecting the spoken word from written options. Tests can also present pictures with spoken words or sentences assessing same/different sounds.
(2) Tests of stress and intonation assess recognizing stressed syllables in sentences or determining speaker's intent from utterance examples with multiple choice interpretations. However, these tests are less satisfactory than phoneme tests and do not resemble natural discourse.
The document provides examples and considerations for developing different types of listening comprehension test items to accurately assess abilities while avoiding testing unrelated skills.
This document provides information and suggestions to help Spanish speakers improve their English pronunciation. It identifies the most difficult English vowel sounds for Spanish speakers, such as /ʊ/, /ɪː/, /ʌ/, and /j/. It also discusses pronouncing suffixes like "-tion" and "-ture", homophones, the "s" sound at the beginning of words, and regular past tense verbs ending in "ed". The document concludes by recommending that Spanish speakers listen to model pronunciations, learn phonetic symbols, speak English frequently, and expose themselves to different accents to enhance their pronunciation skills.
The document provides guidance on teaching consonant blends to students. It includes posters and flashcards with consonant blends like "br", "pl", "gr", and example words for each blend. Short stories using words from the blends are also included to help students practice decoding. The goal is for students to recognize letter sounds, blend consonant sounds, and read words with blends as they build phonics skills.
The document provides information on how to overcome reading difficulties by focusing on vocabulary, grammatical structure, and reading strategies. It discusses analyzing word structures like prefixes, suffixes, and roots to determine word meanings. Common prefixes are listed that convey quantities or negate meanings. Exercises are included to practice identifying prefixes and suffixes.
This file includes the full chapter on Electricity
Definition, Formula, Concept, and overall Material
This Material is taken from "Learn Physics" Facebook Group.
Contributor - VIVEK GUPTA
This document contains exam questions for Economics for Grade XII. It is divided into three parts:
Part A focuses on Microeconomics and contains long answer, short answer, and very short answer questions. Questions cover topics like price elasticity of demand, law of equi-marginal utility, monopoly, wage theory, consumer surplus, and cost curves.
Part B focuses on Macroeconomics. It also contains long answer, short answer, and very short answer questions. Questions cover topics like national income, commercial banks, taxes, trade policy, money, inflation, and capital markets.
The document provides guidance to candidates on answering the questions in their own words and allocates marks to questions based on their length
This document appears to be instructions for a computer science exam containing two sections - Group A with long answer questions and Group B with short answer questions. For Group A, students must answer 4 out of 5 questions, each worth 10 marks. The questions cover topics like strings, while loops, writing a program to find the sum and greatest number from user-input integers, differences between structures and unions, and classes in OOP. For Group B, students must answer 7 out of 15 questions, each worth 5 marks. The short answer questions cover topics such as system analysis in SDLC, differences between DDL and DML, network database models, normalization, computer networks and LANs, network topologies, OOP characteristics,
This document contains the details of a business studies exam for grade 12 students. It includes short answer questions and long answer questions testing students' understanding of key management concepts. The short answer section has 10 questions requiring definitions and explanations of topics like management, planning, decision making, leadership, communication and coordination. The long answer section asks students to define and explain the importance of organization, describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory of motivation, and discuss different life insurance policies.
1. This document is a business mathematics exam for grade 12 students containing 10 questions in Group A and 8 questions in Group B. It provides the instructions, questions, and content for the exam.
2. The exam covers a range of business mathematics topics including algebra, calculus, probability, statistics, and financial mathematics. Questions involve rewriting inequalities, evaluating functions, solving equations using Cramer's rule, finding derivatives, integrals, maximum/minimum values, standard deviation, partnership profit sharing, interest calculations, and more.
3. The exam is 3 hours long and students are required to show their work and provide answers in their own words for all questions across the two groups worth a total of 100 marks.
Accountancy XII (Management) - Hissan 2078YEP Nepal
This document contains 22 questions related to accountancy for a grade 12 pre-board exam. The questions cover a range of topics including features of private companies, types of preference shares, parties interested in financial statements, limitations of ratio analysis, differences between cost and financial accounting, variable costs, labor cost control, allocation and apportionment of overhead, journal entries for share applications and allotments, entries for forfeiture and re-issue of shares, purchase of assets and liabilities, issue and redemption of debentures, preparation of trading account, profit and loss account, balance sheet, adjustment entries and worksheet, ratios, funds from operations and cash flow statements, economic order quantity, wage calculations, cost sheets, tender sheets, and
This document appears to be instructions for a pre-board examination in Nepal. It provides details about the exam such as the time allotted, total marks, and pass marks. It then lists 11 sections containing a variety of question types that students are required to attempt. The questions cover topics such as rearranging words alphabetically, completing sentences, writing descriptions, answering short questions, and changing sentences structure. Students are advised to answer in their own words as much as possible.
Model Questions SET- Accountancy XI (three set model questions)YEP Nepal
This document contains a model set of accounting questions for Grade XI students. It includes 22 multiple choice and numerical questions covering various accounting concepts and transactions. The questions require students to prepare journal entries, ledger accounts, cash books, trial balances, and financial statements. Correct answers are to be provided in students' own words as much as possible. The exam is 3 hours long and carries a total of 100 marks.
Model Questions Set - Economics XI (Three Set of Questions)YEP Nepal
This document contains a model question set for Economics XI with questions divided into four groups: A, B, C, and D. It provides the full marks, time duration, and passing marks for the exam. Group A contains short answer questions about key economic concepts. Group B contains longer answer questions requiring explanations. Group C questions require explanations of economic issues in Nepal. Group D focuses on quantitative and statistical analysis questions. The document aims to help students prepare for the Economics XI exam by providing them with a variety of possible question types and topics that could appear.
Management, Principle of Management (6 Questions answers) NEB XIIYEP Nepal
This teaching Material is for Grade - 12, Management Stream - Business Studies. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
Chemical Fertilizer - Science (Grade - 9)YEP Nepal
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
This document contains information about metals, metalloids, units, and an exercise. It discusses the reactions of metals with oxygen, hydrogen, and acids. It describes the properties of metalloids like arsenic and antimony. It defines fundamental and derived units and gives examples like kilograms and newtons. It also provides an exercise with questions about measurements, units, and converting between units.
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9 Science. Here we are trying to cover Machine from Unit 3. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
Work, Energy and Power - Unit 4 - Science (Class 9)YEP Nepal
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9 Science. Here we are trying to cover Machine from Unit 3. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9 Science. Here we are trying to cover Machine from Unit 3. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9 Science. Here we are trying to cover Force from Unit 2. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
This teaching Material is for Grade - 9 Science. Here we are trying to cover measurement from Unit 1. We provide teaching material at no cost. Please don't forget to recommend/reference our teaching Material after use.
Partnership Firm - Business Studies (A-Level / 11 Grade)YEP Nepal
The material publish under YEPNepal are not allowed to use for commercial/business purpose.
YEP Nepal is a non-profit organization and works for children.
Sole Trade Concern- Business Studies (A-Level / Grade -11)YEP Nepal
The material publishes under YEPNepal are not allowed to use for commercial/business purpose.
YEP Nepal is a non-profit organization and works for children.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Link English - Word classes (NEB)
1. Unit – 1 Education and Humanity
Vocabulary: Dictionary use and Alphabetical order
Dictionary contains at least three forms of information about a word: pronunciation, word class
and meaning.
Look at the following dictionary entry of the words ‘humanity’ and ‘humanize’ (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition):
humanity/hjuːˈmænəti/ noun1 [U] people in general: He was found guilty of crimes against
humanity.
2 [U] the state of being a person rather than a god, an animal or a machine: The story was used to
emphasize the humanity of Jesus. united by a sense of common humanity
3 [U] the quality of being kind to people and animals by making sure that they do not suffer
more than is necessary; the quality of being humane: The judge was praised for his courage and
humanity.
OPP inhumanity 4(the) humanities [pl.] the subjects of study that are about the way people 8
English: Grade 11 think and behave, for example literature, language, history and philosophy:
The college offers a wide range of courses in the arts and humanities. humanize(BrE also -ise)
/ˈhjuːmənaɪz/ verb~sth to make sth more pleasant or suitable for people; to make sth more
HUMANE: These measures are intended to humanize the prison system.
Homework
a. Study the dictionary entry above and answer these questions.
i. What is the headword in the first entry?
ii. How many meanings of the word ‘humanity’ are given?
iii. What do the abbreviations U, OPP, pl, and sth stand for?
iv. What is the British English spelling of ‘humanize’?
v. How is the word ‘humanize’ pronounced?
vi. If we say Every person should have the sense of humanity, which meaning of ‘humanity’
is applied?
2. Rule 1: Arranging Words in Alphabetical Order
In dictionaries, words are listed according to their first letter. When you are looking for the
word ‘abacus’, you have to start from ‘a’ at the top of the page of the dictionary. Then you
have to turn over the page having ‘a b’, then’ ‘a b a’, ‘a b a c’, abacus respectively. This is
called the alphabetical order.
Example:
assize, assist, ass, assign, associate, assimilate, assign, assume, assure, assonance, assault, assert,
asset, aside, assonance, asteroid, astride, assess, aspire, aspect
Here, letters ‘as’ are common in all words. So, when you are arranging in alphabetical
order look third letter that is after ‘as’ here is the letter that comes first, then p, s,
……………etc. In this way;
The correct order is:
aside, aspect, aspire, ass, assault, assert, assess, asset assign, assimilate, assist, assize, associate,
assort, assume, assure, asteroid , astray, astride. Examples:
1. Arrange in alphabetical.
from, form, firm, film, flimsy, fine, fin, fun, for, far, fee, flee, free, foam, farm, freeze, frenzy,
flame, fame, France
Answers:
fame, far, farm, fee, film, fin, fine, firm, flame, flee, flimsy, foam, for, form, France, free, freeze,
frenzy, from, fun
2. Complete the following sentences by writing a correct letter in each space.
(a) Choice comes before choose because…..comes before……….in the alphabet.
(b) Deference comes before different because…..comes before….in the alphabet.
(c) Examination comes before ‘examine’ because ….comes before ..in the alphabet.
(d) Disappear comes before disappoint because …comes before…..in the alphabet.
(e) ‘Mainly’ comes before ‘many’ because…..comes before ……in the alphabet.
Answers:
(a)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(b)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(c)Because ‘a’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(d)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(e)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘n’ in the alphabet.
3. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
pole, poky, polka, poker, poke, polaroid
Rule 2: Quarter and Guide Word
(a) First quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters A – D.
(b) Second quarter: it contains the words begin with the letters E – L.
3. (c) Third quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters M – R.
(d) Fourth quarter: It contains the cords begin with the letters S – Z.
Examples:
1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) journey …………………….2nd
(ii) fence………………………..2nd
(iii) picture………………………3rd
(iv) until…………………………4th
(v) benefit……………………… 1st
(vi) include……………………….2nd
(vii) kitchen……………………….2nd
(viii) where…………………………4th
(ix) yellow……………………….. 4th
(x) towards ………………………4th
2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words
(i) earn (ii) society (iii) menthol (iv) fool
Answers: (i) 2nd (ii) 4th (iii) 3rd (iv) 2nd
Exercises:
1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) justice (ii) profession (iii) beautiful (iv) kitchen (v) weather
2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) fast (ii) monkey (iii) x-ray (iv) ant
3. In which quarter of the dictionary you find the following words:
i) irony ii) negotiation iii) badger iv) trip
Guide Word.
When you look at the top of the dictionary, you will find two-bolded word on the both ends.
They are called guide words. The first one is the first word of the page and the other is the
last word of that page.
Example:
(Advanced learner Dictionary 7th
edition)
Rule 3: Rules of Checking Spelling
1. Word having single syllable with single vowel before ending single consonant is doubled
when we add any suffix.
Example: hit = hitting, run= runner knit=knitted
2. Two or three syllable word ending in single consonant followed by a single vowel is
doubled.
Example: acquit = acquitter, begin =beginner, recur = recurring (qu = single consonant)
4. 3. Final consonant of handicap, kidnap and worship is doubled.
Example: kidnap – kidnapped, worship = worshipped, kidnap = kidnapped.
4. Two separately pronounced single ‘l’ following single vowel is usually doubled.
Example: appall-appalling, travel= travelling, but duel= duelist
5. Final “e” is omitted while adding suffices.
Example: love = loving, move= movable, make= making
But ending in ‘ee’ ‘ce’ ‘ge’, suffix beginning with consonant, ‘e’ is retained.
Example: agree= agreement, agreeing, judge = judgment, peace = peaceful,
hope = hopeful, fortunate = fortunately
6. When suffix ‘full’ is added one ‘L’ is dropped.
Example: beauty + full = beautiful, skill + full = skilful
7. Word ending in ‘y’ after single consonant, ‘y’ changes into ‘i’ before any suffix added.
Example: carry + ed= carried, baby + es = babies, happily= happily
but carry =carrying.
8. ‘i’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’.
Example: believe, sieve but deceive, receipt
Exceptions: eight, heir, reign, their, foreign, veil, weight, height, leisure, forfeit, seize
9. ‘ef’ or ‘fe’ becomes ‘ves’ when we add ‘es’ suffix.
Example: wife = wives, thief = thieved
10. Different between British & American spelling.
British American
centre center
labour labor
programme program
colour color
traveller traveler
skilful skillful
fulfil fulfill
a licence a license
to practise to practice
Example:
All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
arguement, decieve, dieing, disapear, enquier, famouse, fulfill, grammer, imediately, nineth,
queit , seperate, suceed, sucessful, writting, beleif, foriegn, greateful, knifes, untill
Answers:
argument, deceives, dyeing, disappear, enquire, famous, fulfill, grammar, immediately, ninth,
quiet, separate, succeed, successful, writing, belief, foreign, grateful, knives, until
Example:
5. All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
replaceable, judgement, thier, liesure, carriing, skillfull, graceous, duely, truely, wifes, runer,
recurring, duellist, repelent, center, labor, hieght, begining, handicaped, precious,
Rule 4: Words often Confused
Some words are very similar in spelling, having slightly one or two spellings different but
give different meaning and are of different form.
Example:
effect (noun) = produce an effect on … affect (verb) = result of an action
principal (post) = chief of school ………principle (verb) = fundamental truth
practice (noun) = habitual action practise ……. (verb) = carry out an action
Example:
1. Complete the following sentence choosing the correct word in the brackets.
(a) Marry was greatly ……….ed by her father’s death. (affect/effect)
(b) His death had a terrible ……….. on her. (affect/effect)
(c) There were a few ………. sheets of paper on the table. (loose/lose)
(d) He expected to ……… the election. (loose/lose)
(e) My doctor has a private ……. (practice/practise)
(f) Ann must …….. for the exam. (practice/practise)
Answers:
(a) affected (b) effect (c) loose (d) lose (e) practice (f) practise
2. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct words from the pair given in the
brackets.
(a)Someone rules and regulations will come into (effect, affect) from the coming year.
(b) Your handwriting should be (illegible, eligible)
(c) There were a few (loose, lose) sheets of paper over there.
(d) The students are (taking, giving)the HSEB examination.
Answers:
(a) Some new rules and regulations will come into effect from the coming year.
(b) Your handwriting should be legible.
(c) There were a few loose sheets of paper over there.
(d) The students are taking the HSEB examination.
3. Rewrite tense sentences filling in the gaps with the appropriate words from the brackets:
(a) She hasn’t finished the work…………..(yet/ already)
(b) We must be……….of our country.(pride/proud)
(c) I offered her a cup of tea. But she……….(accepted/refused)
(d) Your ……………..helped me to find a job. (recommendation/accommodation)
Answers:
(a) She hasn’t finished the work yet.
(b) We must be proud of our country.
6. (c) I offered her a cup of tea, but she refused.
(d) Your recommendation helped me to find a job.
Exercise:
1. Complete the following sentence choosing the correct word in the brackets.
(a) She was … enough to carry an umbrella during the monsoon period.(sensible/sensitive)
(b) Please, could you ….. me your book? (borrow/ lend)
(c) What did you ……. to her. (say/ speak)
(d) He was …….. in the earthquake last year. (died/killed)
(e) She said she was ………. in playing badminton. (interested/interesting)
(f) The thief ……….. the bank. (robbed/stole)
(g) I will ……… for you near the entrance. (expect/wait)
(h) Could you …….. some tea for me? (bring/take)
(i) I am sorry, but your handwriting is ……….. (eligible/illegible)
(j) That man cannot read or write. He is ……… (illiterate/literate)
2. Rewrite these sentences filling in the gap with the appropriate words from the brackets:
(a) Anuradha runs ………….a shop. (stationary/stationery)
(b) Utah is …………mid-west USA.(to/in)
(c) I’m sorry. But your hand writing is ………(eligible/illegible)
(d) His shirt is torn………. he needs a new one. (however/therefore)
3. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct word from the pair given in the
brackets.
(a) I would strongly ……….you to use the dictionary (advice, advise)
(b) He arrested to see her ……….in the day. (later/ latter)
(c) That man can’t read or write: he is…….. (literate/illiterate)
(d) She said she was………….in playing volleyball. (interested/interesting)
Rule 5: Finding Meanings of Words in Dictionary
When you want to find out the meaning of a word;
(a) find the correct quarter
(b) fond the correct guide word
(c) find the headword.
(d) choose the grammatical class e.g. noun (c/unc.)/adj./adv./v./perp. etc.
(e) there may be more meanings, choose the meaning according to your situation or sentence.
Example:
1. Read the following dictionary entry and answer the question about it.
great /greit/ adj. {usually attrib.}very large, much bigger than average in size. He lived a great
age. 2. of excellent quality of ability; outstanding; a great man. 3. (infml.) wonderful, very good.
Questions:
(a) What does adj. mean?
(b) In above dictionary entry, what is the headword?
7. (c) Does the following sentence come from definition 1, 2, or 3?
Answers:
(a) adjective
(b) great
(c) from the first definition.
Exercise:
1. Study the following entry from the Oxford Dictionary and answer the questions given at
the end.
catalogue (LIST), US usually catalog noun [C] 1. a book or booklet containing list of items;
library catalogue, an exhibition catalogue, 2. [fig.] series; a catalogue of disaster ► catalogue v
[in.], list sth. in a catalogue.
Questions:
(a) How many syllables are there in the given entry?
(b) Which syllable do you think receive stress?
(c) Write the full form of ‘fig’.
(d) What does ‘sth’ stand for?
(e) Make one sentence using given entry in verb form.
Answers:
(a) 3
(b) First
(c) Figurative
(d) Something
(e) Catalogue the books in alphabetical order.
Rule 6: Structures with Verbs / Jumbled Words
To be a sentence, there must be a verb e.g. go, stop. Before and after verb, there can be
added different parts of speech. e.g. – noun, pronoun, adjective, article, adverb, auxiliary
verb, preposition, connective
He was studying English for four years.
S +AUX+V5 +O + PREP+ADJ + N.
Where was he going?
Wh-word + aux + s+ V4?
In this way putting other parts of speech, to the either side of verb, a sentence is constructed. All
the parts of speech have their certain place so when we reconstruct a sentence from jumbled
words, we have to put them in their right place as illustrated above. Let’s learn from the example.
Examples:
1. Put the words below in to correct order to make sensible sentences.
(a) years/she/ English/four/was/for/compulsory/studying.
(b) official/he/a/to/wanted/government/become.
(c) a/she/hospital/in/doctor/become/given/a/to.
8. (d) of/he/tea/her/him/cup /asked/give/a/to.
(e) his/he/to/had/dinner/started/just/eat.
Answers:
(a) He was studying compulsory English for four years.
(b) He wanted to become a doctor in a hospital.
(c) She hoped to become a doctor in a hospital.
(d) He asked her to give him a cup of tea.
(e) He had just started to eat his dinner.
2. Put the words below into correct order to make sensible sentences.
(a) like/as/you/long/stay/as/can/you.
(b) if/i/paid/you/debt/would/be/well.
(c) being/are/the/looked/them/by/children/after.
(d) cars/both/to/decided/we/the/sell.
(e) i/while/having/news/the/breakfast/was/heard
Answers:
(a) You can stay as long as you like.
(b) If you paid the debt, I would be well.
(c) The children are being looked after by them.
(d) We decided to sell both cars.
(e) I heard the news while I was having breakfast.
Exercises:
1. Put the following words in the correct order to make suitable sentence.
(a) wearing/she/a/be/dress/will/white.
(b) english/he/a/to/wanted/teacher/be/of.
(c) cricket/they/found/playing/of/are.
2. Put the following words in the correct order to make suitable sentences.
(a) does/her/have/what/she/hand/in?
(b) what/do/she/not/have/I/wants.
(c) of/he/tea/her/him/cup/asked/give/a/to.
3. Put the following words in correct order in order to make sensible sentences:
(a) his/he/to/had/dinner/started/just/eat.
(b) of/he/tea/her/him/cup/asked/give/a/to.
(c) a/she/hospital/hoped/in/doctor/become/to.
Rule 7: Conjunctions
1. Because/ because of/ as/ since etc. connect statement and reason.
Q. Nobody likes him. He is stupid.
= Nobody likes him because he is stupid.
= Nobody likes him because of stupidity.
Q. He didn’t study hard. He failed the exam.
9. = Since he didn’t study hard, he failed the exam.
= He failed the exam as he didn’t study hard.
2. To, in order to, so, so that, therefore connect action and purpose.
Sita went to the market to/ in order to buy some rice.
She always studies hard. She always stood first in the class.
She always studies hard therefore/so she always stood first in the class.
He went to the bank. He cashed the cheque.
He went to the bank so that he could cash the cheque.
3. Although/even though/though/ in spite of/ despite connect situation and unexpected
results.
She studied hard. She failed the exam.
Although/even though/ though she studied hard, she failed the exam.
In spite of/ Despite her hard study, she failed the exam.
In spite of/ Despite the fact that she studied hard, she failed the exam.
Look at the following example and do the exercise.
Example:
1.Fill in each blank with the best word or phrase chosen from the following list:
(because/in spite of/in order to / so that although)
Example: We stayed inside the house………it was too dangerous to go outside.
Answer: We stayed inside the house because it was too dangerous to go outside.
(a) ………. his illness, he continued working hard.
(b) She went to Kathmandu…………buy a bicycle.
(c) …………They were enjoying the film, they left before it finished.
(d) He was angry………..they broke his pen.
(e) ……….she was very old, she still cooked her own food.
Answer:
(a) In spite of his illness, he continued working hard.
(b) Although she was very old, she still cooked her own food.
(c) She went to Kathmandu in order to buy a bicycle.
(d) Although they were enjoying the film, they left before it finished.
(e) He was angry because they broke his pen.
Exercise:
1. Rewrite these sentences, filling in the gap with appropriate words from the list.
(therefore, because, though, in spite of, however, because of)
(a) He sat in front of the fire……….he liked its warmth.
(b) His stamp albums were full……….he needs a new one.
(c) He collected space travel stamp………..his grandson’s interest.
(d) ……having collected stamps for so many years’ he still enjoying the hobby.
(e) It was getting more expensive to buy stamps……..he started to continue collecting them.
10. (f) He still preferred to collect British stamps………they were not as colorful as Nepalese
stamps.
Rule 8: Comparisons and Word Formation
Look at the following examples and do the activities that follow.
Leather is stronger than plastic.
Plastic isn’t as stronger as leather.
Cars are more expensive than motorbikes.
Motorbikes aren’t as expensive as cars.
I write more carefully than he does.
She can swim faster than I can.
They are working as hard as they can.
He sings better than he dances.
That dog isn’t as dangerous as it looks.
Dolpa is the largest district of Nepal.
She has the most beautiful voice.
Example:
1. Fill in the gap with the help of suitable comparative words:
(a) More people live in Britain ……. in Switzerland.
(b) Britain has a ………. agricultural area ……….. Switzerland.
(c) Switzerland has ………….. population ……………. Britain.
(d) The main religion in Switzerland, Christianity, is the ……… in Britain.
(e) Tourism is ……. important in Switzerland as in Britain.
Answers:
(a) than (b) larger, than (c) less, than (d) same (e) as
Exercise:
1. Write sentences comparing the words given below. Use the words in brackets and began
each sentence with the first word given.
Example 1: Kathmandu/ Dhankuta (big) Kathmandu……..
Answer: Kathmandu is bigger than Dhankuta.
Example 2: Pokhara/ Kathmandu (big) Pokhara……..
Answer: Pokhara is not as big as Kathmandu.
(a) rocks/ feather (heavy)
Rocks………
(b) Fish/human beings (intelligent)
Fish………
(c) Palpa/ Jhapa (flat)
Jhapa………
(d) The top of Mount Everest……..
(e) Cars/bicycle (expensive)
11. Cars …………
Word Formation
We can form a new word by adding prefix or suffix ahead or behind a word. It may have similar
meaning to the old word or may have quite different from its old world.
Prefix: By adding un-, en-, im-, in-, dis etc.
happy — unhappy
possible — impossible
like — dislike
Suffix: By adding –ment, – able, – er, -est, -less,-ness etc.
large — larger
develop — development
replace — replaceable
Example:
1. Add appropriate prefix or suffix in the following words:
(i) usual (ii)satisfied (iii)child (iv) do (v) happy (vi) loyal
Answers:
(i) unusual (ii) unsatisfied (iii) children (iv) undo (v) happiness (iv) loyalist
Exercises:
(1) Make the following words negative by using both the negative prefixes dis and un-
Cover, like, able, interested, satisfied.
(1) Add dis-or un – as appropriate to the following he words.
common, please, interested, popular, healthy, qualify, close, loyal, connect, conditional.
b. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order.
i. advance, analysis, amuse, assure, allergy, attain, aid, anxiety, acute, agreement.
ii. smoke, small, smart, speaking, smelling, smoothly, smuggler, smashed, smearing,
smallpox.
iii. terminal, terminate, terminology, termite, terms, terrace, terrible, terribly, territory, terror.
12. Grammar: Word Classes:
There are eight "word classes" or "parts of speech" are commonly distinguished in English:
They are:
Nouns, Determiners, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions.
Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest.
1. Noun: (Ex: Ram, Pokhara, Animal, Gold, Pacific etc.)
2. Pronoun (Ex: I, you, me, we, mine, someone, he, she)
3. Verbs: (Ex: eat, cry, go, swim, play etc.)
4. Preposition (Ex: at, in, on, across, behind, for)
5. Adjectives: (Ex: love, beautiful, intelligent, skill, bitter)
6. Adverbs: (Ex: gently, quite, then, there)
7. Conjunction (Ex: and, but, when, if, because)
8. Determiner (Ex: a, the, an, this, etc.)
Word Classes (or Parts of Speech)
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the
part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are listed below.
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Pronoun
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Determiner
1. Noun
A noun is a word that identifies:
13. a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)
2. Verb
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs
describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore
an event – snow, happen
a situation – be, seem, have
a change – evolve, shrink, widen
3. Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For
example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room
4. Adverb
An adverb is a word that is used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other
adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker, and
often appear between the subject and its verb
She nearly lost everything.
He will be there soon.
I normally go to the gym.
I walked backwards towards the door.
5. Pronoun
14. Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already
been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.
Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for
example I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into
various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
1. Subjective pronouns
2. Objective pronouns
3. Possessive pronouns
4. Reflexive pronouns
6. Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in
front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. They describe, for example, the position of something, the time when
something happens, or the way in which something is done.
7. Conjunction
A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if,
or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences. The two main
kinds are known as coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
8. Determiner
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such
as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as
in a dog, the dog, this dog, those dogs, every dog, many dogs).
The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the determiner a (or an) as
the indefinite article.
15. 9. Exclamation
An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong
emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their own, and in
writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark rather than a full stop.
Observe the given words and their word classes:
governments - noun temporarily - adverb affected - verb
and - conjunction in - preposition immediate - adjective the - determiner
B. Classify the underlined words into different word classes.
a. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.
b. I bought a round table in the supermarket.
c. Alas, she is dead.
d. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.
e. I have never been to Japan.
C. Read a paragraph of an English newspaper and make a list of about 20 words.
Categorize them into different ‘Word classes. You can refer to the grammar book for help.
Unit-2 Communication
Vocabulary: Positions of adverbs (Word Formation)
Adverb: An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, and Adjective or another
Adverb.
Ex: Ram runs quickly. Here, quickly shows how (in what manner)
This is a very sweet mango. Here, very shows how much (in what degree)
Sita reads quite clearly. Here, quite shows how far (to what extent)
Kinds of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of Time (which shows when): before, now, lately, daily, already, since,
formerly, late, ago, soon, yesterday, never.
2. Adverbs of Frequency (which shows how often): twice, once, often, seldom,
again, always, frequently.
16. 3. Adverbs of Place (which shows where): here, there, everywhere, up, in, within,
away, backward.
4. Adverbs of Manner (which shows how or what manner): clearly, bravely,
well, hard, soundly, agreeably, sadly, so (is that so?).
Note: This class includes nearly all those Adverbs which are derived from
adjectives and end in -ly.
5. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (which shows how much, or in what degree or
to what extent): too, any, almost, fully, quite, very, rather, enough, partly, so (I
am so glad), altogether, no better, pretty, as tall as.
6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:
Surely you are mistaken.
He certainly went.
I do not know him.
7. Adverbs of Reason:
He is hence unable to refuse the charge.
She therefore left school.
Note:
1.Simple Adverbs: Some of the adverbs may belong to more than one class, are called Simple
Adverbs.
Ex: She sings delightfully. (Adverbs of Manner)
The weather is delightfully cool. (Adverb of Degree)
Don’t go far. (Adverb of Place)
He is far better now. (Adverb of Degree)
2. Yes and no, when they are used by themselves are equivalents of sentence.
Ex: Have you typed the letter? Yes.
(Here yes stands for the sentence ‘I have typed the letter’.)
Are you going to Japan? No.
(Here no means ‘I am not going to Japan’.)
3. When Adverbs are used in asking questions, they are called Interrogative Adverbs.
Ex: Where is Hari? (Inter. Adverb of Place)
When did you come? (Inter. Adverb of Time)
Why are you late? (Inter. Adverb of Reason)
17. How did you contrive it? (Inter. of Manner)
How many boys are in your class? (Inter. Adverb of Number)
How high is Dharahara Tower? (Inter. Adverb of Degree)
Homework:
Word formation: Adjectives and Adverbs:
a. Read the following sentences from the text and notice the words that are underlined.
i. Do free writing exercises regularly.
ii. Go quickly without rushing.
iii. No wonder the producer gets nervous, jumpy, inhibited, and finally can’t be coherent.
iv. You can throw away lousy beginnings and make new ones.
The underlined words in (i) and (ii) are adverbs, and in (iii) and (iv) are adjectives. Notice
that we can form adverbs by adding the suffix ‘-ly’ to an adjective, and adjective by adding the
suffix ‘-y’ to a noun.
Note that adding the suffix ‘-ly’ to the noun makes that noun an adjective (e.g. friend – friendly,
love – lovely, beast – beastly, scholar – scholarly, month –monthly, etc.).
b. Write the following words in the right columns. Change the adjectives into adverbs and
nouns into adjectives, as shown in the example.
rain, careful, bush, spice, perfect, automatic, snow, blood, certain, cloud, fair, general, heavy,
bag, proud, rapid, mood, noise, proper, air, final, common, beautiful, frequent, snow, hungry,
cream, dust, ease, ice, oil, spice fun, hand, greed, health, hill
Adjectives Adverbs Nouns Adjectives careful
carefully rain rainy
c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjective or adverb.
i. Pramila is playing …… (quiet/quietly).
i. Hari speaks very …… (loud/loudly).
iii. Mukesh is a …… (careful/carefully) driver.
iv. The test was …… (easy/easily) and we finished in time.
v. He is fitting the …… (automatic/automatically) door in my house.
vi. My uncle speaks …… (perfect/perfectly) Chinese.
vii. It was raining very …… (heavy/heavily).
viii. She looked very …… (calm/calmly), but I am sure she was feeling very nervous.
Position of adverbs
18. A. Study these sentences.
a. Perhaps she is not coming to the party.
b. I sometimes visit him in the supermarket.
c. He drove the car carefully.
Here the words in bold are adverbs. Adverbs can be placed at the front, in the middle or at
the end position of a clause or sentence.
A. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.
a. I watch television. (often)
b. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)
c. They play football on Saturdays. (sometimes)
d. The weather is bad in November. (always)
e. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)
f. Pritam doesn't get up before seven. (usually)
g. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)
h. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)
B. Rewrite the following sentences placing the underlined words in the right position.
a. I never have understood her.
b. We are often invited to the parties.
c. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.
d. Rajan drives always to work.
e. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.
f. We enjoyed very much the party.
g. My brother speaks fluently English.
Unit- 3: Media and Society
Vocabulary: Prepositional Verbs
Preposition:
The word or phrase placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of one person or thing
to another person or thing is called Preposition.
Examples: There is a cow in the field. (Noun +Noun)
She is fond of coffee. (Adjective + Noun)
The cat jumped off the chair. (Verb + Noun)
In sentence 1: The word in shows the relation between two things -cow and field,
In sentence 2: The word of shows the relation between the attribute expressed by the adjective
fond and coffee.
19. In sentence 3: The word off shows the relation between the action expressed by the verb jumped
and the chair.
Types of Prepositions
There are Four types of prepositions. They are:
1.Simple Prepositions: in, at, on, to, by, up, with, for, of, off, from, out, till, though.
2.Compound Prepositions: about, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.
3.Phrase Prepositions: according to, agreeably to, along with, away from, because of , by dint of,
by means of, by reason of, by virtue of, by way of, comfortably to, for the sake of, in accordance
with, in addition to, in (on) behalf of, in case of, in comparison to, in compliance with, in
consequence with, in course of, in favor of, in front of, in lieu of, in order to, in place of, in
reference to, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, in the event of, on account of, owing to, with a
view to, with an eye to, with reference to, with regard to.
4.Participal Prepositions: baring (excepting, apart from), concerning (about), considering (taking
into account), during, notwithstanding (in spite of), pending, regarding, respecting, touching
(with regard to), and few similar words which are present participle of verbs, are used absolutely
without any noun or pronoun being attached to them.
Prepositional Verbs: A prepositional verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is
simply a verb followed by a preposition (prepositional verb = verb + preposition).
Example:
Perhaps some people think about the media that makes them able to meet and communicate with
people around the world.
When you want to listen to music or watch a music video from your favourite singer, you can go
to YouTube.
They can be studied as:
1.Verb+to:
Can I speak to Mahesh please?
She is listening to music,
She apologized to him.
I was invited to his birthday.
What happened to them?
The cat belongs to Rakesh.
2.Verb + from:
20. The children were suffering from common cold.
You must away from alcohol.
She parted from her boy friend forever.
He was excluded from the team.
3.Verb + with:
The car was collided with a taxi.
She is early to deal with.
I am disagree with him.
They quarrel with us.
4.Verb + of:
You should take care of your old parents. (look after)
He often dreams of being rich. (imagines)
I have never heard of her. (not heard from her)
What did you think of the game? (opinion)
5.Verb + for:
I am waiting for the doctor.
Would you care for a glass of milk? (would you like ……)
She looked for her books. (searched for)
I have enough money to pay for the meal.
6.Verb + in:
I don’t believe in ghost.
I am specialized in major English.
She persists in smoking.
He is succeeded in his plan.
7.Verb + on:
I rely on what you say.
He congratulated her on her success.
You should concentrate on your study.
It depends on the level of learners.
8.Verb + into:
They have broken into the office.
He ran into the hall.
The book is divided into two parts.
Munamadan has been translated into many languages.
21. 9.Verb + about:
I will laugh about this one- day.
I have thought about studying Japanese.
We agree about most things.
He never cares about other people.
10.Verb + after:
They are looking after their small baby. (take care of)
11. Verb + at:
He will arrive at 10 am.
Look at the following examples.
12. Verb + up:
All of you, stand up please.
She has broken up with her boyfriend.
Homework:
Q.N. 1 Now, use the following prepositional verbs in sentences.
apologize to , adapt to, devote to, refer to, reply to, admire for, apply
for, pray for, scold for, vote for, aim at, arrive at, glance at, look
at, bring up, agree on, comment on, concentrate on, rely on, count
on, grow up, escape from, recover from, resign from, suffer from,
separate from, worry about, argue about, boast about, dream about, acquaint with,
agree with, charge with, trust with, confuse with, believe in, involve in,
succeed in, specialize in, absorb in.
Prepositions of Direction
The prepositions that shows the place or location of an objects or things or place are called the
Prepositions of Directions. Let’s study the following chart lists that shows different prepositions
of direction, their definition/meanings, and examples.
Preposition Meaning Example
1.above higher relative to something else The milk is above the soda in the refrigerator.
22. 2.across on the other side of My friend lives across the street from me.
3.along beside The ducks are eating along the river.
4.among within a group The girl was sitting among her friends.
5.around in a circular way They told stories around the campfire.
6.at indicates a particular point Meet me at the stop sign.
7.behind at the back of The employees parked behind the store.
8.below lower relative to something else I hung the poster below the mirror.
9.beside next to Come and stand beside me.
10.close to near The flowers are close to the produce section.
11.over above The spices are over the sink.
12.through from one point to the next The river runs through the woods.
13.toward in the direction of The man started walking toward the exit.
14.up from low to high The store is right up the road.
15.down from high to low The boy tumbled down the hill.
16.between
in the space separating two
things
The ring fell between the couch cushions.
17. by near The thrift store is by the church.
18.
inside/in
within
Have you ever been inside an abandoned
building?
19. near close by The movie theater is near the interstate.
20. next to beside The library is next to the post office.
21. on touching something Put the mail on the table.
22. onto moving on top of something The dog climbed onto the bed.
23. 23. off away from Don’t jump off that wall.
24. past on the farther side of She drove right past the house.
25. under below something The cat slept under the bed.
Some prepositions are trickier than others. For example, it’s not so logical to be on a bus or a
train or a plane rather than in one, yet that’s the way we say it. While you are on the plane
(i.e., inside the plane), there is also a logo on the plane, and two wings on the plane, though
they’re not inside with you.
Homework:
Q.N. 1. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions of direction:
(to, toward, onto, or into).
a. Prem drove Milan …… the airport.
b. The plane landed …… the runway.
c. The kids climbed …… the monkey bars.
d. Manish and Richa moved the table …… the dining room.
e. Ganesh almost fell …… the river.
f. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading …… the university.
Q.N.2. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition from the brackets.
a. While we were hiking …… the forest, we saw a mountain lion. (across/
through/along/under)
b. The leopards walked in a circle …… the baby giraffe before they attacked.
(into/towards/round/through)
c. Go …… the building and turn left. (into/up/off/out of)
d. She ran …… home when she was eighteen. (towards/away from/down/ across)
e. Raindrops ran …… the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.
(into/up/down/over)
f. Hemanta put the plate …… the table and began to eat his dinner. (onto/ into/up/off)
24. g. The frightened deer disappeared …… the forest. (up/onto/into/toward)
h. We were driving …… the City Centre when we had an accident. (up/into/ towards/along)
i. The smoke from the fire went …… into the sky. (into/up/to/onto)
Unit-4 History and Culture
Vocabulary: Stress Limericks
Homographs: The words with different pronunciations and different meanings but same
spellings are called homographs. However, the words here have a change in the word stress
often causing changes in the vowel sounds.
A. Study the following homographs.
1. address (noun): the location of a house
2. adDRESS (verb): to speak to a group of people
3. DEcrease (n.): reduction in the amount of something
4. deCREASE (v.): to become smaller in amount
5. PREsent (n.): a gift
6. preSENT (v.): to give something formally
7. PROtest (n.): objection to something by an organized group of people
8. proTEST (v.): to express an objection
9. CONtest (n.): a game or event of completion
10. conTEST (v.): to challenge or dispute
11. RECord (n): a written account of information
12. reCORD (v.): to keep or store information for future use
A. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.
Limerick: The funny rhyming verse of five lines with the rhyme pattern aabba is
called Limerick. Remember, limericks emphasise English sentence stress. It has two
25. unstressed syllables (-) and for every stressed syllable (/). For example:
Examples:
A. Read the limerick, the stressed words are in uppercase.
I KNEW a MAN whose NAME was SHAW. (a)
He ATE a ROCK and BROKE his JAW. (a)
WHAT do you THINK? (b)
He SAID, with a WINK. (b)
PerHAPS it’s BAD to EAT them RAW. (a)
B. Here is a very old limerick taken from a book ‘A Book of Nonsense’ by Edward Lear.
Practise it and find the stressed words.
There once was a fly on the wall. (a)
I wondered ‘why didn’t it fall’? (a)
Were its feet stuck? (b)
Or was it just luck? (b)
Or does gravity miss so small? (a)
Our novels get longa and longa (a)
Their language gets stronga and stronga (a)
There is much to be said (b)
For the life that is led (b)
In illiterate places like Bonga (a)