The document provides an overview of dictionary usage, including how to find words in alphabetical order, understand word meanings and classes, and tips for spelling. It also covers examples for working with vocabulary, including exercises on word usage and common confusions. Additionally, it outlines grammatical rules and structures to help in sentence construction using verbs and other parts of speech.

1. Unit – 1 Education and Humanity
Vocabulary: Dictionary use and Alphabetical order
Dictionary contains at least three forms of information about a word: pronunciation, word class
and meaning.
Look at the following dictionary entry of the words ‘humanity’ and ‘humanize’ (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9th edition):
humanity/hjuːˈmænəti/ noun1 [U] people in general: He was found guilty of crimes against
humanity.
2 [U] the state of being a person rather than a god, an animal or a machine: The story was used to
emphasize the humanity of Jesus. united by a sense of common humanity
3 [U] the quality of being kind to people and animals by making sure that they do not suffer
more than is necessary; the quality of being humane: The judge was praised for his courage and
humanity.
OPP inhumanity 4(the) humanities [pl.] the subjects of study that are about the way people 8
English: Grade 11 think and behave, for example literature, language, history and philosophy:
The college offers a wide range of courses in the arts and humanities. humanize(BrE also -ise)
/ˈhjuːmənaɪz/ verb~sth to make sth more pleasant or suitable for people; to make sth more
HUMANE: These measures are intended to humanize the prison system.
Homework
a. Study the dictionary entry above and answer these questions.
i. What is the headword in the first entry?
ii. How many meanings of the word ‘humanity’ are given?
iii. What do the abbreviations U, OPP, pl, and sth stand for?
iv. What is the British English spelling of ‘humanize’?
v. How is the word ‘humanize’ pronounced?
vi. If we say Every person should have the sense of humanity, which meaning of ‘humanity’
is applied?

2. Rule 1: Arranging Words in Alphabetical Order
In dictionaries, words are listed according to their first letter. When you are looking for the
word ‘abacus’, you have to start from ‘a’ at the top of the page of the dictionary. Then you
have to turn over the page having ‘a b’, then’ ‘a b a’, ‘a b a c’, abacus respectively. This is
called the alphabetical order.
Example:
assize, assist, ass, assign, associate, assimilate, assign, assume, assure, assonance, assault, assert,
asset, aside, assonance, asteroid, astride, assess, aspire, aspect
Here, letters ‘as’ are common in all words. So, when you are arranging in alphabetical
order look third letter that is after ‘as’ here is the letter that comes first, then p, s,
……………etc. In this way;
The correct order is:
aside, aspect, aspire, ass, assault, assert, assess, asset assign, assimilate, assist, assize, associate,
assort, assume, assure, asteroid , astray, astride. Examples:
1. Arrange in alphabetical.
from, form, firm, film, flimsy, fine, fin, fun, for, far, fee, flee, free, foam, farm, freeze, frenzy,
flame, fame, France
Answers:
fame, far, farm, fee, film, fin, fine, firm, flame, flee, flimsy, foam, for, form, France, free, freeze,
frenzy, from, fun
2. Complete the following sentences by writing a correct letter in each space.
(a) Choice comes before choose because…..comes before……….in the alphabet.
(b) Deference comes before different because…..comes before….in the alphabet.
(c) Examination comes before ‘examine’ because ….comes before ..in the alphabet.
(d) Disappear comes before disappoint because …comes before…..in the alphabet.
(e) ‘Mainly’ comes before ‘many’ because…..comes before ……in the alphabet.
Answers:
(a)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(b)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(c)Because ‘a’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(d)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(e)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘n’ in the alphabet.
3. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
pole, poky, polka, poker, poke, polaroid
Rule 2: Quarter and Guide Word
(a) First quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters A – D.
(b) Second quarter: it contains the words begin with the letters E – L.

3. (c) Third quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters M – R.
(d) Fourth quarter: It contains the cords begin with the letters S – Z.
Examples:
1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) journey …………………….2nd
(ii) fence………………………..2nd
(iii) picture………………………3rd
(iv) until…………………………4th
(v) benefit……………………… 1st
(vi) include……………………….2nd
(vii) kitchen……………………….2nd
(viii) where…………………………4th
(ix) yellow……………………….. 4th
(x) towards ………………………4th
2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words
(i) earn (ii) society (iii) menthol (iv) fool
Answers: (i) 2nd (ii) 4th (iii) 3rd (iv) 2nd
Exercises:
1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) justice (ii) profession (iii) beautiful (iv) kitchen (v) weather
2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) fast (ii) monkey (iii) x-ray (iv) ant
3. In which quarter of the dictionary you find the following words:
i) irony ii) negotiation iii) badger iv) trip
Guide Word.
When you look at the top of the dictionary, you will find two-bolded word on the both ends.
They are called guide words. The first one is the first word of the page and the other is the
last word of that page.
Example:
(Advanced learner Dictionary 7th
edition)
Rule 3: Rules of Checking Spelling
1. Word having single syllable with single vowel before ending single consonant is doubled
when we add any suffix.
Example: hit = hitting, run= runner knit=knitted
2. Two or three syllable word ending in single consonant followed by a single vowel is
doubled.
Example: acquit = acquitter, begin =beginner, recur = recurring (qu = single consonant)

4. 3. Final consonant of handicap, kidnap and worship is doubled.
Example: kidnap – kidnapped, worship = worshipped, kidnap = kidnapped.
4. Two separately pronounced single ‘l’ following single vowel is usually doubled.
Example: appall-appalling, travel= travelling, but duel= duelist
5. Final “e” is omitted while adding suffices.
Example: love = loving, move= movable, make= making
But ending in ‘ee’ ‘ce’ ‘ge’, suffix beginning with consonant, ‘e’ is retained.
Example: agree= agreement, agreeing, judge = judgment, peace = peaceful,
hope = hopeful, fortunate = fortunately
6. When suffix ‘full’ is added one ‘L’ is dropped.
Example: beauty + full = beautiful, skill + full = skilful
7. Word ending in ‘y’ after single consonant, ‘y’ changes into ‘i’ before any suffix added.
Example: carry + ed= carried, baby + es = babies, happily= happily
but carry =carrying.
8. ‘i’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’.
Example: believe, sieve but deceive, receipt
Exceptions: eight, heir, reign, their, foreign, veil, weight, height, leisure, forfeit, seize
9. ‘ef’ or ‘fe’ becomes ‘ves’ when we add ‘es’ suffix.
Example: wife = wives, thief = thieved
10. Different between British & American spelling.
British American
centre center
labour labor
programme program
colour color
traveller traveler
skilful skillful
fulfil fulfill
a licence a license
to practise to practice
Example:
All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
arguement, decieve, dieing, disapear, enquier, famouse, fulfill, grammer, imediately, nineth,
queit , seperate, suceed, sucessful, writting, beleif, foriegn, greateful, knifes, untill
Answers:
argument, deceives, dyeing, disappear, enquire, famous, fulfill, grammar, immediately, ninth,
quiet, separate, succeed, successful, writing, belief, foreign, grateful, knives, until
Example:

5. All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
replaceable, judgement, thier, liesure, carriing, skillfull, graceous, duely, truely, wifes, runer,
recurring, duellist, repelent, center, labor, hieght, begining, handicaped, precious,
Rule 4: Words often Confused
Some words are very similar in spelling, having slightly one or two spellings different but
give different meaning and are of different form.
Example:
effect (noun) = produce an effect on … affect (verb) = result of an action
principal (post) = chief of school ………principle (verb) = fundamental truth
practice (noun) = habitual action practise ……. (verb) = carry out an action
Example:
1. Complete the following sentence choosing the correct word in the brackets.
(a) Marry was greatly ……….ed by her father’s death. (affect/effect)
(b) His death had a terrible ……….. on her. (affect/effect)
(c) There were a few ………. sheets of paper on the table. (loose/lose)
(d) He expected to ……… the election. (loose/lose)
(e) My doctor has a private ……. (practice/practise)
(f) Ann must …….. for the exam. (practice/practise)
Answers:
(a) affected (b) effect (c) loose (d) lose (e) practice (f) practise
2. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct words from the pair given in the
brackets.
(a)Someone rules and regulations will come into (effect, affect) from the coming year.
(b) Your handwriting should be (illegible, eligible)
(c) There were a few (loose, lose) sheets of paper over there.
(d) The students are (taking, giving)the HSEB examination.
Answers:
(a) Some new rules and regulations will come into effect from the coming year.
(b) Your handwriting should be legible.
(c) There were a few loose sheets of paper over there.
(d) The students are taking the HSEB examination.
3. Rewrite tense sentences filling in the gaps with the appropriate words from the brackets:
(a) She hasn’t finished the work…………..(yet/ already)
(b) We must be……….of our country.(pride/proud)
(c) I offered her a cup of tea. But she……….(accepted/refused)
(d) Your ……………..helped me to find a job. (recommendation/accommodation)
Answers:
(a) She hasn’t finished the work yet.
(b) We must be proud of our country.

6. (c) I offered her a cup of tea, but she refused.
(d) Your recommendation helped me to find a job.
Exercise:
1. Complete the following sentence choosing the correct word in the brackets.
(a) She was … enough to carry an umbrella during the monsoon period.(sensible/sensitive)
(b) Please, could you ….. me your book? (borrow/ lend)
(c) What did you ……. to her. (say/ speak)
(d) He was …….. in the earthquake last year. (died/killed)
(e) She said she was ………. in playing badminton. (interested/interesting)
(f) The thief ……….. the bank. (robbed/stole)
(g) I will ……… for you near the entrance. (expect/wait)
(h) Could you …….. some tea for me? (bring/take)
(i) I am sorry, but your handwriting is ……….. (eligible/illegible)
(j) That man cannot read or write. He is ……… (illiterate/literate)
2. Rewrite these sentences filling in the gap with the appropriate words from the brackets:
(a) Anuradha runs ………….a shop. (stationary/stationery)
(b) Utah is …………mid-west USA.(to/in)
(c) I’m sorry. But your hand writing is ………(eligible/illegible)
(d) His shirt is torn………. he needs a new one. (however/therefore)
3. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct word from the pair given in the
brackets.
(a) I would strongly ……….you to use the dictionary (advice, advise)
(b) He arrested to see her ……….in the day. (later/ latter)
(c) That man can’t read or write: he is…….. (literate/illiterate)
(d) She said she was………….in playing volleyball. (interested/interesting)
Rule 5: Finding Meanings of Words in Dictionary
When you want to find out the meaning of a word;
(a) find the correct quarter
(b) fond the correct guide word
(c) find the headword.
(d) choose the grammatical class e.g. noun (c/unc.)/adj./adv./v./perp. etc.
(e) there may be more meanings, choose the meaning according to your situation or sentence.
Example:
1. Read the following dictionary entry and answer the question about it.
great /greit/ adj. {usually attrib.}very large, much bigger than average in size. He lived a great
age. 2. of excellent quality of ability; outstanding; a great man. 3. (infml.) wonderful, very good.
Questions:
(a) What does adj. mean?
(b) In above dictionary entry, what is the headword?

7. (c) Does the following sentence come from definition 1, 2, or 3?
Answers:
(a) adjective
(b) great
(c) from the first definition.
Exercise:
1. Study the following entry from the Oxford Dictionary and answer the questions given at
the end.
catalogue (LIST), US usually catalog noun [C] 1. a book or booklet containing list of items;
library catalogue, an exhibition catalogue, 2. [fig.] series; a catalogue of disaster ► catalogue v
[in.], list sth. in a catalogue.
Questions:
(a) How many syllables are there in the given entry?
(b) Which syllable do you think receive stress?
(c) Write the full form of ‘fig’.
(d) What does ‘sth’ stand for?
(e) Make one sentence using given entry in verb form.
Answers:
(a) 3
(b) First
(c) Figurative
(d) Something
(e) Catalogue the books in alphabetical order.
Rule 6: Structures with Verbs / Jumbled Words
To be a sentence, there must be a verb e.g. go, stop. Before and after verb, there can be
added different parts of speech. e.g. – noun, pronoun, adjective, article, adverb, auxiliary
verb, preposition, connective
He was studying English for four years.
S +AUX+V5 +O + PREP+ADJ + N.
Where was he going?
Wh-word + aux + s+ V4?
In this way putting other parts of speech, to the either side of verb, a sentence is constructed. All
the parts of speech have their certain place so when we reconstruct a sentence from jumbled
words, we have to put them in their right place as illustrated above. Let’s learn from the example.
Examples:
1. Put the words below in to correct order to make sensible sentences.
(a) years/she/ English/four/was/for/compulsory/studying.
(b) official/he/a/to/wanted/government/become.
(c) a/she/hospital/in/doctor/become/given/a/to.

8. (d) of/he/tea/her/him/cup /asked/give/a/to.
(e) his/he/to/had/dinner/started/just/eat.
Answers:
(a) He was studying compulsory English for four years.
(b) He wanted to become a doctor in a hospital.
(c) She hoped to become a doctor in a hospital.
(d) He asked her to give him a cup of tea.
(e) He had just started to eat his dinner.
2. Put the words below into correct order to make sensible sentences.
(a) like/as/you/long/stay/as/can/you.
(b) if/i/paid/you/debt/would/be/well.
(c) being/are/the/looked/them/by/children/after.
(d) cars/both/to/decided/we/the/sell.
(e) i/while/having/news/the/breakfast/was/heard
Answers:
(a) You can stay as long as you like.
(b) If you paid the debt, I would be well.
(c) The children are being looked after by them.
(d) We decided to sell both cars.
(e) I heard the news while I was having breakfast.
Exercises:
1. Put the following words in the correct order to make suitable sentence.
(a) wearing/she/a/be/dress/will/white.
(b) english/he/a/to/wanted/teacher/be/of.
(c) cricket/they/found/playing/of/are.
2. Put the following words in the correct order to make suitable sentences.
(a) does/her/have/what/she/hand/in?
(b) what/do/she/not/have/I/wants.
(c) of/he/tea/her/him/cup/asked/give/a/to.
3. Put the following words in correct order in order to make sensible sentences:
(a) his/he/to/had/dinner/started/just/eat.
(b) of/he/tea/her/him/cup/asked/give/a/to.
(c) a/she/hospital/hoped/in/doctor/become/to.
Rule 7: Conjunctions
1. Because/ because of/ as/ since etc. connect statement and reason.
Q. Nobody likes him. He is stupid.
= Nobody likes him because he is stupid.
= Nobody likes him because of stupidity.
Q. He didn’t study hard. He failed the exam.

9. = Since he didn’t study hard, he failed the exam.
= He failed the exam as he didn’t study hard.
2. To, in order to, so, so that, therefore connect action and purpose.
Sita went to the market to/ in order to buy some rice.
She always studies hard. She always stood first in the class.
She always studies hard therefore/so she always stood first in the class.
He went to the bank. He cashed the cheque.
He went to the bank so that he could cash the cheque.
3. Although/even though/though/ in spite of/ despite connect situation and unexpected
results.
She studied hard. She failed the exam.
Although/even though/ though she studied hard, she failed the exam.
In spite of/ Despite her hard study, she failed the exam.
In spite of/ Despite the fact that she studied hard, she failed the exam.
Look at the following example and do the exercise.
Example:
1.Fill in each blank with the best word or phrase chosen from the following list:
(because/in spite of/in order to / so that although)
Example: We stayed inside the house………it was too dangerous to go outside.
Answer: We stayed inside the house because it was too dangerous to go outside.
(a) ………. his illness, he continued working hard.
(b) She went to Kathmandu…………buy a bicycle.
(c) …………They were enjoying the film, they left before it finished.
(d) He was angry………..they broke his pen.
(e) ……….she was very old, she still cooked her own food.
Answer:
(a) In spite of his illness, he continued working hard.
(b) Although she was very old, she still cooked her own food.
(c) She went to Kathmandu in order to buy a bicycle.
(d) Although they were enjoying the film, they left before it finished.
(e) He was angry because they broke his pen.
Exercise:
1. Rewrite these sentences, filling in the gap with appropriate words from the list.
(therefore, because, though, in spite of, however, because of)
(a) He sat in front of the fire……….he liked its warmth.
(b) His stamp albums were full……….he needs a new one.
(c) He collected space travel stamp………..his grandson’s interest.
(d) ……having collected stamps for so many years’ he still enjoying the hobby.
(e) It was getting more expensive to buy stamps……..he started to continue collecting them.

10. (f) He still preferred to collect British stamps………they were not as colorful as Nepalese
stamps.
Rule 8: Comparisons and Word Formation
Look at the following examples and do the activities that follow.
Leather is stronger than plastic.
Plastic isn’t as stronger as leather.
Cars are more expensive than motorbikes.
Motorbikes aren’t as expensive as cars.
I write more carefully than he does.
She can swim faster than I can.
They are working as hard as they can.
He sings better than he dances.
That dog isn’t as dangerous as it looks.
Dolpa is the largest district of Nepal.
She has the most beautiful voice.
Example:
1. Fill in the gap with the help of suitable comparative words:
(a) More people live in Britain ……. in Switzerland.
(b) Britain has a ………. agricultural area ……….. Switzerland.
(c) Switzerland has ………….. population ……………. Britain.
(d) The main religion in Switzerland, Christianity, is the ……… in Britain.
(e) Tourism is ……. important in Switzerland as in Britain.
Answers:
(a) than (b) larger, than (c) less, than (d) same (e) as
Exercise:
1. Write sentences comparing the words given below. Use the words in brackets and began
each sentence with the first word given.
Example 1: Kathmandu/ Dhankuta (big) Kathmandu……..
Answer: Kathmandu is bigger than Dhankuta.
Example 2: Pokhara/ Kathmandu (big) Pokhara……..
Answer: Pokhara is not as big as Kathmandu.
(a) rocks/ feather (heavy)
Rocks………
(b) Fish/human beings (intelligent)
Fish………
(c) Palpa/ Jhapa (flat)
Jhapa………
(d) The top of Mount Everest……..
(e) Cars/bicycle (expensive)

11. Cars …………
Word Formation
We can form a new word by adding prefix or suffix ahead or behind a word. It may have similar
meaning to the old word or may have quite different from its old world.
Prefix: By adding un-, en-, im-, in-, dis etc.
happy — unhappy
possible — impossible
like — dislike
Suffix: By adding –ment, – able, – er, -est, -less,-ness etc.
large — larger
develop — development
replace — replaceable
Example:
1. Add appropriate prefix or suffix in the following words:
(i) usual (ii)satisfied (iii)child (iv) do (v) happy (vi) loyal
Answers:
(i) unusual (ii) unsatisfied (iii) children (iv) undo (v) happiness (iv) loyalist
Exercises:
(1) Make the following words negative by using both the negative prefixes dis and un-
Cover, like, able, interested, satisfied.
(1) Add dis-or un – as appropriate to the following he words.
common, please, interested, popular, healthy, qualify, close, loyal, connect, conditional.
b. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order.
i. advance, analysis, amuse, assure, allergy, attain, aid, anxiety, acute, agreement.
ii. smoke, small, smart, speaking, smelling, smoothly, smuggler, smashed, smearing,
smallpox.
iii. terminal, terminate, terminology, termite, terms, terrace, terrible, terribly, territory, terror.

12. Grammar: Word Classes:
There are eight "word classes" or "parts of speech" are commonly distinguished in English:
They are:
Nouns, Determiners, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions.
Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest.
1. Noun: (Ex: Ram, Pokhara, Animal, Gold, Pacific etc.)
2. Pronoun (Ex: I, you, me, we, mine, someone, he, she)
3. Verbs: (Ex: eat, cry, go, swim, play etc.)
4. Preposition (Ex: at, in, on, across, behind, for)
5. Adjectives: (Ex: love, beautiful, intelligent, skill, bitter)
6. Adverbs: (Ex: gently, quite, then, there)
7. Conjunction (Ex: and, but, when, if, because)
8. Determiner (Ex: a, the, an, this, etc.)
Word Classes (or Parts of Speech)
All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the
part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are listed below.
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Pronoun
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Determiner
1. Noun
A noun is a word that identifies:

13. a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)
2. Verb
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs
describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore
an event – snow, happen
a situation – be, seem, have
a change – evolve, shrink, widen
3. Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For
example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room
4. Adverb
An adverb is a word that is used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other
adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker, and
often appear between the subject and its verb
She nearly lost everything.
He will be there soon.
I normally go to the gym.
I walked backwards towards the door.
5. Pronoun

14. Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already
been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.
Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for
example I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into
various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
1. Subjective pronouns
2. Objective pronouns
3. Possessive pronouns
4. Reflexive pronouns
6. Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in
front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. They describe, for example, the position of something, the time when
something happens, or the way in which something is done.
7. Conjunction
A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if,
or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences. The two main
kinds are known as coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
8. Determiner
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such
as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as
in a dog, the dog, this dog, those dogs, every dog, many dogs).
The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the determiner a (or an) as
the indefinite article.

15. 9. Exclamation
An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong
emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their own, and in
writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark rather than a full stop.
Observe the given words and their word classes:
governments - noun temporarily - adverb affected - verb
and - conjunction in - preposition immediate - adjective the - determiner
B. Classify the underlined words into different word classes.
a. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.
b. I bought a round table in the supermarket.
c. Alas, she is dead.
d. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.
e. I have never been to Japan.
C. Read a paragraph of an English newspaper and make a list of about 20 words.
Categorize them into different ‘Word classes. You can refer to the grammar book for help.
Unit-2 Communication
Vocabulary: Positions of adverbs (Word Formation)
Adverb: An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, and Adjective or another
Adverb.
Ex: Ram runs quickly. Here, quickly shows how (in what manner)
This is a very sweet mango. Here, very shows how much (in what degree)
Sita reads quite clearly. Here, quite shows how far (to what extent)
Kinds of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of Time (which shows when): before, now, lately, daily, already, since,
formerly, late, ago, soon, yesterday, never.
2. Adverbs of Frequency (which shows how often): twice, once, often, seldom,
again, always, frequently.

16. 3. Adverbs of Place (which shows where): here, there, everywhere, up, in, within,
away, backward.
4. Adverbs of Manner (which shows how or what manner): clearly, bravely,
well, hard, soundly, agreeably, sadly, so (is that so?).
Note: This class includes nearly all those Adverbs which are derived from
adjectives and end in -ly.
5. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (which shows how much, or in what degree or
to what extent): too, any, almost, fully, quite, very, rather, enough, partly, so (I
am so glad), altogether, no better, pretty, as tall as.
6. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:
Surely you are mistaken.
He certainly went.
I do not know him.
7. Adverbs of Reason:
He is hence unable to refuse the charge.
She therefore left school.
Note:
1.Simple Adverbs: Some of the adverbs may belong to more than one class, are called Simple
Adverbs.
Ex: She sings delightfully. (Adverbs of Manner)
The weather is delightfully cool. (Adverb of Degree)
Don’t go far. (Adverb of Place)
He is far better now. (Adverb of Degree)
2. Yes and no, when they are used by themselves are equivalents of sentence.
Ex: Have you typed the letter? Yes.
(Here yes stands for the sentence ‘I have typed the letter’.)
Are you going to Japan? No.
(Here no means ‘I am not going to Japan’.)
3. When Adverbs are used in asking questions, they are called Interrogative Adverbs.
Ex: Where is Hari? (Inter. Adverb of Place)
When did you come? (Inter. Adverb of Time)
Why are you late? (Inter. Adverb of Reason)

17. How did you contrive it? (Inter. of Manner)
How many boys are in your class? (Inter. Adverb of Number)
How high is Dharahara Tower? (Inter. Adverb of Degree)
Homework:
Word formation: Adjectives and Adverbs:
a. Read the following sentences from the text and notice the words that are underlined.
i. Do free writing exercises regularly.
ii. Go quickly without rushing.
iii. No wonder the producer gets nervous, jumpy, inhibited, and finally can’t be coherent.
iv. You can throw away lousy beginnings and make new ones.
The underlined words in (i) and (ii) are adverbs, and in (iii) and (iv) are adjectives. Notice
that we can form adverbs by adding the suffix ‘-ly’ to an adjective, and adjective by adding the
suffix ‘-y’ to a noun.
Note that adding the suffix ‘-ly’ to the noun makes that noun an adjective (e.g. friend – friendly,
love – lovely, beast – beastly, scholar – scholarly, month –monthly, etc.).
b. Write the following words in the right columns. Change the adjectives into adverbs and
nouns into adjectives, as shown in the example.
rain, careful, bush, spice, perfect, automatic, snow, blood, certain, cloud, fair, general, heavy,
bag, proud, rapid, mood, noise, proper, air, final, common, beautiful, frequent, snow, hungry,
cream, dust, ease, ice, oil, spice fun, hand, greed, health, hill
Adjectives Adverbs Nouns Adjectives careful
carefully rain rainy
c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjective or adverb.
i. Pramila is playing …… (quiet/quietly).
i. Hari speaks very …… (loud/loudly).
iii. Mukesh is a …… (careful/carefully) driver.
iv. The test was …… (easy/easily) and we finished in time.
v. He is fitting the …… (automatic/automatically) door in my house.
vi. My uncle speaks …… (perfect/perfectly) Chinese.
vii. It was raining very …… (heavy/heavily).
viii. She looked very …… (calm/calmly), but I am sure she was feeling very nervous.
Position of adverbs

18. A. Study these sentences.
a. Perhaps she is not coming to the party.
b. I sometimes visit him in the supermarket.
c. He drove the car carefully.
Here the words in bold are adverbs. Adverbs can be placed at the front, in the middle or at
the end position of a clause or sentence.
A. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.
a. I watch television. (often)
b. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)
c. They play football on Saturdays. (sometimes)
d. The weather is bad in November. (always)
e. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)
f. Pritam doesn't get up before seven. (usually)
g. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)
h. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)
B. Rewrite the following sentences placing the underlined words in the right position.
a. I never have understood her.
b. We are often invited to the parties.
c. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.
d. Rajan drives always to work.
e. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.
f. We enjoyed very much the party.
g. My brother speaks fluently English.
Unit- 3: Media and Society
Vocabulary: Prepositional Verbs
Preposition:
The word or phrase placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of one person or thing
to another person or thing is called Preposition.
Examples: There is a cow in the field. (Noun +Noun)
She is fond of coffee. (Adjective + Noun)
The cat jumped off the chair. (Verb + Noun)
In sentence 1: The word in shows the relation between two things -cow and field,
In sentence 2: The word of shows the relation between the attribute expressed by the adjective
fond and coffee.

19. In sentence 3: The word off shows the relation between the action expressed by the verb jumped
and the chair.
Types of Prepositions
There are Four types of prepositions. They are:
1.Simple Prepositions: in, at, on, to, by, up, with, for, of, off, from, out, till, though.
2.Compound Prepositions: about, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.
3.Phrase Prepositions: according to, agreeably to, along with, away from, because of , by dint of,
by means of, by reason of, by virtue of, by way of, comfortably to, for the sake of, in accordance
with, in addition to, in (on) behalf of, in case of, in comparison to, in compliance with, in
consequence with, in course of, in favor of, in front of, in lieu of, in order to, in place of, in
reference to, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, in the event of, on account of, owing to, with a
view to, with an eye to, with reference to, with regard to.
4.Participal Prepositions: baring (excepting, apart from), concerning (about), considering (taking
into account), during, notwithstanding (in spite of), pending, regarding, respecting, touching
(with regard to), and few similar words which are present participle of verbs, are used absolutely
without any noun or pronoun being attached to them.
Prepositional Verbs: A prepositional verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is
simply a verb followed by a preposition (prepositional verb = verb + preposition).
Example:
Perhaps some people think about the media that makes them able to meet and communicate with
people around the world.
When you want to listen to music or watch a music video from your favourite singer, you can go
to YouTube.
They can be studied as:
1.Verb+to:
Can I speak to Mahesh please?
She is listening to music,
She apologized to him.
I was invited to his birthday.
What happened to them?
The cat belongs to Rakesh.
2.Verb + from:

20. The children were suffering from common cold.
You must away from alcohol.
She parted from her boy friend forever.
He was excluded from the team.
3.Verb + with:
The car was collided with a taxi.
She is early to deal with.
I am disagree with him.
They quarrel with us.
4.Verb + of:
You should take care of your old parents. (look after)
He often dreams of being rich. (imagines)
I have never heard of her. (not heard from her)
What did you think of the game? (opinion)
5.Verb + for:
I am waiting for the doctor.
Would you care for a glass of milk? (would you like ……)
She looked for her books. (searched for)
I have enough money to pay for the meal.
6.Verb + in:
I don’t believe in ghost.
I am specialized in major English.
She persists in smoking.
He is succeeded in his plan.
7.Verb + on:
I rely on what you say.
He congratulated her on her success.
You should concentrate on your study.
It depends on the level of learners.
8.Verb + into:
They have broken into the office.
He ran into the hall.
The book is divided into two parts.
Munamadan has been translated into many languages.

21. 9.Verb + about:
I will laugh about this one- day.
I have thought about studying Japanese.
We agree about most things.
He never cares about other people.
10.Verb + after:
They are looking after their small baby. (take care of)
11. Verb + at:
He will arrive at 10 am.
Look at the following examples.
12. Verb + up:
All of you, stand up please.
She has broken up with her boyfriend.
Homework:
Q.N. 1 Now, use the following prepositional verbs in sentences.
apologize to , adapt to, devote to, refer to, reply to, admire for, apply
for, pray for, scold for, vote for, aim at, arrive at, glance at, look
at, bring up, agree on, comment on, concentrate on, rely on, count
on, grow up, escape from, recover from, resign from, suffer from,
separate from, worry about, argue about, boast about, dream about, acquaint with,
agree with, charge with, trust with, confuse with, believe in, involve in,
succeed in, specialize in, absorb in.
Prepositions of Direction
The prepositions that shows the place or location of an objects or things or place are called the
Prepositions of Directions. Let’s study the following chart lists that shows different prepositions
of direction, their definition/meanings, and examples.
Preposition Meaning Example
1.above higher relative to something else The milk is above the soda in the refrigerator.

22. 2.across on the other side of My friend lives across the street from me.
3.along beside The ducks are eating along the river.
4.among within a group The girl was sitting among her friends.
5.around in a circular way They told stories around the campfire.
6.at indicates a particular point Meet me at the stop sign.
7.behind at the back of The employees parked behind the store.
8.below lower relative to something else I hung the poster below the mirror.
9.beside next to Come and stand beside me.
10.close to near The flowers are close to the produce section.
11.over above The spices are over the sink.
12.through from one point to the next The river runs through the woods.
13.toward in the direction of The man started walking toward the exit.
14.up from low to high The store is right up the road.
15.down from high to low The boy tumbled down the hill.
16.between
in the space separating two
things
The ring fell between the couch cushions.
17. by near The thrift store is by the church.
18.
inside/in
within
Have you ever been inside an abandoned
building?
19. near close by The movie theater is near the interstate.
20. next to beside The library is next to the post office.
21. on touching something Put the mail on the table.
22. onto moving on top of something The dog climbed onto the bed.

23. 23. off away from Don’t jump off that wall.
24. past on the farther side of She drove right past the house.
25. under below something The cat slept under the bed.
Some prepositions are trickier than others. For example, it’s not so logical to be on a bus or a
train or a plane rather than in one, yet that’s the way we say it. While you are on the plane
(i.e., inside the plane), there is also a logo on the plane, and two wings on the plane, though
they’re not inside with you.
Homework:
Q.N. 1. Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions of direction:
(to, toward, onto, or into).
a. Prem drove Milan …… the airport.
b. The plane landed …… the runway.
c. The kids climbed …… the monkey bars.
d. Manish and Richa moved the table …… the dining room.
e. Ganesh almost fell …… the river.
f. Lalit and Sarita took the bus that was heading …… the university.
Q.N.2. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition from the brackets.
a. While we were hiking …… the forest, we saw a mountain lion. (across/
through/along/under)
b. The leopards walked in a circle …… the baby giraffe before they attacked.
(into/towards/round/through)
c. Go …… the building and turn left. (into/up/off/out of)
d. She ran …… home when she was eighteen. (towards/away from/down/ across)
e. Raindrops ran …… the windscreen making it difficult to see the road.
(into/up/down/over)
f. Hemanta put the plate …… the table and began to eat his dinner. (onto/ into/up/off)

24. g. The frightened deer disappeared …… the forest. (up/onto/into/toward)
h. We were driving …… the City Centre when we had an accident. (up/into/ towards/along)
i. The smoke from the fire went …… into the sky. (into/up/to/onto)
Unit-4 History and Culture
Vocabulary: Stress Limericks
Homographs: The words with different pronunciations and different meanings but same
spellings are called homographs. However, the words here have a change in the word stress
often causing changes in the vowel sounds.
A. Study the following homographs.
1. address (noun): the location of a house
2. adDRESS (verb): to speak to a group of people
3. DEcrease (n.): reduction in the amount of something
4. deCREASE (v.): to become smaller in amount
5. PREsent (n.): a gift
6. preSENT (v.): to give something formally
7. PROtest (n.): objection to something by an organized group of people
8. proTEST (v.): to express an objection
9. CONtest (n.): a game or event of completion
10. conTEST (v.): to challenge or dispute
11. RECord (n): a written account of information
12. reCORD (v.): to keep or store information for future use
A. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.
Limerick: The funny rhyming verse of five lines with the rhyme pattern aabba is
called Limerick. Remember, limericks emphasise English sentence stress. It has two

25. unstressed syllables (-) and for every stressed syllable (/). For example:
Examples:
A. Read the limerick, the stressed words are in uppercase.
I KNEW a MAN whose NAME was SHAW. (a)
He ATE a ROCK and BROKE his JAW. (a)
WHAT do you THINK? (b)
He SAID, with a WINK. (b)
PerHAPS it’s BAD to EAT them RAW. (a)
B. Here is a very old limerick taken from a book ‘A Book of Nonsense’ by Edward Lear.
Practise it and find the stressed words.
There once was a fly on the wall. (a)
I wondered ‘why didn’t it fall’? (a)
Were its feet stuck? (b)
Or was it just luck? (b)
Or does gravity miss so small? (a)
Our novels get longa and longa (a)
Their language gets stronga and stronga (a)
There is much to be said (b)
For the life that is led (b)
In illiterate places like Bonga (a)