The document discusses the emergence of limited central power and capitalism in Europe during the 16th-18th centuries. It describes how the Dutch Republic gained independence from Spain and established decentralized government and global trade networks. It also discusses how England faced internal problems under James I and the forces of change that led to the rise of free enterprise, agricultural improvements, joint stock companies, and population growth across Europe despite mass discontent in cities.

1. Limited Central Power in the Capitalist World Limited Central Power in the Capitalist World

2. England & The Netherlands Develop A Constitutional Government

3. The Dutch Republic The Dutch Republic

4. The Dutch Republic The Dutch gain independence from Spain with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Started breaking away after the Spanish Armada was defeated by England in 1588

5. The Dutch Republic The Dutch Republic is much different than absolutist governments of its time The Dutch government was decentralized The power of one office or individual was checked by other offices & individuals

6. Accomplishments of Dutch Republic Accomplishments of Dutch Republic Ended Spanish naval supremacy Drove Portuguese from their colonies Set up colonies & trading companies in Asia, Africa, & North America (New Amsterdam)….

8. Emergence of the Monarchy Republicans and leader John Oldenbarnvelt overthrown & executed by royalist uprising Monarchist leaders from the House of Orange took control of the Netherlands

9. The Dutch Golden Age Modern Republic Modern Banks Insurance Companies Stock Market The Dutch Republic is first in many things

10. A Short Golden Age The Golden Age only lasted 79 years Population & military were too small English eventually dominated them. The Dutch lose three wars to England from 1652-1674.

11. England England

12. Problems In England James I inherited many problems: Religious conflict, debt, weak military, conflict with Parliament, falling wages, a rising population, & an upset lower class James tries to deal with these problems

13. Problems In England Radical Protestants chased out of England Puritans

14. Forces of Change Most Absolutist governments failed to survive the 18th century Too rigid to deal with the dramatic social and economic changes of the day

15. Expanding Capitalism Many commodities traded in the 17th century Eastern Europe traded grains, timber, and fish Western Europe traded manufactured goods

16. The Triangular Trade

17. Expanding Capitalism Africa traded slaves Americas traded sugar, potatoes, coffee, & cocoa

19. Expanding Capitalism Modern capitalistic institutions develop in the 17th century Banks make large amounts of capital available for business ventures Bank of Amsterdam Bank of England

20. Four conditions led to the commercial boom of the 18th century

21. Governments needed supplies for armies and navies Rising European population meant an increased market Developed agriculture in tropical plantations Brazilian gold and diamond strikes increased prices and encouraged people to go into business

22. Inflation benefited business owners and landowners who rented short-term leases Rising prices and stagnate wages hurt the nobles and working class

23. The Growth of Free Enterprise An increasing European population demanded more and more food Businesses responded by investing in agriculture This led to many agricultural improvements in the 18th century

24. Jethro Tull planted seeds in neat rows with a drill.

25. Charles “Turnip” Townshend restored soil fertility Planted turnips in crop rotations Used clay-lime mixtures in soil

26. Robert Bakewell increased the size of cattle Used selective breeding Arthur Young spread the ideas of these three people

27. Tulipomania 1634-37! Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent cultivated tulips and made them the symbol of his court. A Flemish diplomat named Busbecq brought them to Europe in 1573. The tulip the 'signature' flower of the very wealthiest members of Dutch society. Created instant prestige and boosted your social status.

28. The tulip became the object of one of the wildest episodes of financial speculation in history . Single bulbs that might produce the unique striped flower, sold for up to 4000 guilders!

29. In 1635 that kind of money would buy: two loads of wheat, four loads of rye, four fattened oxen, five hogs, twelve sheep, two hogsheads of wine, four barrels of beer, two barrels of butter, a thousand pounds of cheese, a bed with accessories, a suit of clothes, a silver goblet-and a ship to carry it in . In the space of a few weeks in 1637, the tulip market collapsed. Many people lost everything !

30. The English Enclosure Acts

31. The Enclosure Acts forced small farmers and medieval style communities off their land Many peasants moved to the cities to find work Large estate owners were given the land to modernize and improve English agriculture Some peasants stayed to work as low paid laborers

32. European Domestic Industry from 1500 to 1700 Business owners gave parts to villagers to take home, finish, and return The textile industry was domestic Paper, glass, pottery, and metal industries were also domesticated

33. Joint Stock & Insurance Companies: Late 17th Century The companies opened investment to the public in the 17th century East India Company and Lloyds of London Stock exchanges developed in London and Paris as a result

34. Trade and Public Finance: The French and the English Smuggling was out of control in the 18th century Many goods were illegally traded between England, France, and their colonies Mercantilist governments of England and France made it illegal to buy goods from another country

35. Capitalist businessmen went around laws They found ways to sell their products internationally

36. Population Increase Europe’s population increased 58% from 118 to 185 million people in the 18th century Improved sanitary conditions increased the life expectancy of many… As did medical treatment and increased agricultural production

37. Excess population leaves Western Europe Some went to Eastern Europe 2 million went to the Americans Europeans who traveled to the colonies gained easy upward social mobility Self reliance in the colonies was encouraged

38. Mobility of Europeans around the world led to them becoming fascinated with other places and cultures

39. Mass Discontent Increased crime, formation of mobs, and frequent riots plagued growing cities Criminals were beaten, condemned to galley slavery, or sent to prison ships The poor were sent to workhouses and lived in horrible conditions