This presentation describes all the clinical aspects of keratoconus management
You can watch the illustrated presentation in this link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYxwZPGm7e4&list=PLZ_mM13I_TrhWavjTmE9NjW1O5bGxkONO&index=13
This presentation describes all the clinical aspects of keratoconus management
You can watch the illustrated presentation in this link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYxwZPGm7e4&list=PLZ_mM13I_TrhWavjTmE9NjW1O5bGxkONO&index=13
presentation on intraolcular tumors including detailed explaination on their pathology diagnosis and treatment including details of retinoblastoma. enucleation
presentation on intraolcular tumors including detailed explaination on their pathology diagnosis and treatment including details of retinoblastoma. enucleation
Surgical excision of congenital Dermoid cysts in the orbitiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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1. THE HAIRY EYEBALL-
LIMBAL DERMOID
DR.PAWAN N. JARWAL,
DR.KINJAL H. DESAI,
THIRD YEAR RESIDENTS
DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
S. S. G. HOSPITAL,VADODARA
2. INTRODUCTION:
• The estimated worldwide incidence of limbal dermoid is 1 per 10,000 to 3
per 10,000.
• Limbal dermoid are benign congenital tumours that contain choristomatous
tissue (tissue not found normally at that site).
• They appear most frequently at the inferior temporal quadrant of corneal
limbus and remain localised mostly to the superficial layer of the cornea and
sclera.
• They may contain a varity of histologically aberrant tissues, including
epidermal appendages, connective tissue,skin,fat,sweat gland,lacrimal gland
,muscle ,teeth,cartilage,bone,vascular structure and neurologic tissue
including the brain. Malignant degeneration is extremely rare.
3. • Limbal dermoid are thought to arise from an early embryological
anomaly (occurring at 5-10 weeks gestation)resulting in metaplastic
transformation of mesoblast between the rim of optic nerve and
surface ectoderm .
• Limbal dermoid are present at birth but may not be recognized until
the first or second decade of life . They may appear to enlarge as the
body mature.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
• A 30 year old man presented with a mass in his left
eye that was present since birth and gradually
increased in size . He did not have pain, but the mass
caused vision defect, sensation of presence of a
foreign body, discomfort on blinking and cosmetic
disfigurement. There was no family history of
similar lesion.
5. • Examination revealed a solid reddish-
yellow, round, mass measuring 5x5x3
mm having rough surface with partly
keratinized epithelium and hair
involving the infero-temporal limbus
and cornea .No associated regional or
systemic abnormalities were found
.Visual acuity was 6/6 in right eye and
6/60 in left eye. The finding on slit-lamp
examination,fundoscopy and ocular
USG were within normal limit and IOP
was normal .
6. • After obtaining consent from patient the lesion
was dissected off the cornea and limbus under
local anaesthesia with meticulous attention for
preservation of normal tissue. A cleavage plane
was fashioned, and the dermoid was removed
from the cornea first, with movement towards
the limbus. Removed section was sent for
histopathologic examination where section
showed histology of flattened epidermis. Dermis
contained occasional sebaceous gland lobule
with hair follicle and adnexal glands in a loose
collagenised tissue.
7. • The surgical result was very reasonable from a cosmetic result, and
the patient recovered well from his symptoms .As expected there was
little improvement in visual acuity after surgery because of the
amblyopia and induced astigmatism.
8. DISCUSSION:
• Anatomically limbal dermoids have been classified into three grades.
This form of grading allows clinicians to take a more stepwise
approach to the clinical and surgical management of such lesion.
*Grade 1 limbal dermoid are superficial lesion measuring less than 5
mm and are localized to limbus. Such lesion may lead to development
of anisometropic amblyopia ,with slow growth resulting in oblique
astigmatism and flattening of cornea adjacent to the lesion.
*Grade 2 limbal dermoids are larger lesion covering most of the cornea
and extending deep to the stroma down to Descemet's membrane
without involving it.
*Grade 3 limbal dermoids ,the least common of all the presenting
dermoids ,are larger lesion covering the whole cornea and extending
through the histological structures between the anterior surface of the
eye ball and the pigmented epithelium of iris .
9. • Visual morbidity in limbal dermoid mainly results from
encroachment of the lesion into the visual axis, development of
astigmatism or formation of lipid infiltration of the cornea, which
obstructs the visual axis . Large Limbal dermoid can be cosmetically
disfiguring. In some cases staphyloma formation adjacent to dermoid
has been reported and may be associated with spontaneous
perforation of cornea or sclera.
• A varity of surgical techniques has been described in the literature ,
ranging from simple excision to lamellar and/or penetrating keratoplasty
with relaxing corneal incision, depending on the grade of lesion.
Depth,size,and site of such lesion are critical factor .Other techniques
include corneal-limbal scleral donor graft transplantation and surgical
resection followed by reconstructive multi-layered amniotic membrane
transplantation.
10. Conclusion:
• Treatment of limbal dermoid may consist of periodic removal of
irritating cilia, topical lubrication to prevent foreign body sensation, or
excision of the lesion if it causing significant cosmetic disfigurement
or interfering with vision.
• Attempts at complete removal are unnecessary because lesion may
extend into the deeper structure of the eye and risk of perforation
increase if attempts are made to remove lesion completely. If a deep
excision is necessary, then a lamellar keratoplasty can be performed to
reinforce the site of excision.