The document discusses the importance of renewable energy sources in combating climate change. It highlights various technologies and strategies for transitioning to a sustainable energy future. Additionally, the document emphasizes the role of policy and community engagement in achieving these goals.

1. Parking Lighting Efficiency
A Green Parking Council Webinar – May 31st, 2012

3. Michael Myer
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Michael Myer is a lighting engineer experienced in architectural lighting design and
knowledge specializing in sustainable lighting design, controls, and new technologies.
He received an MS in Lighting from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and has been
Lighting Certified (LC) by the National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting
Professions (NCQLP). Within the lab, Mr. Myer works on different lighting-related
projects including: Rulemaking and Standards Work; Commercial Lighting Solutions;
the Energy Alliances; and the National Accounts.

4. Program Name or Ancillary Text eere.energy.gov
Green Parking Council, May 31, 2012
Review of CBEA Parking Lot and
Structure Lighting Specifications
Michael Myer - PNNL

5. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Overview
Source: PNNL
• Overview
– Focus on site (parking lot) lighting
– Only allows LEDs
• Per Alliance members request
– Sets a power density
– Sets a minimum illuminance
– Warranty information
– Life extrapolation requirements
• Target energy savings of 50% or
more

6. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Notes:
1. Values in table are minimum values
2. Horizontal illuminance is on the parking surface
3. Vertical illuminance is taken 5’ above finished grade (AFG)
Main Parking Area
Ambient Condition Horizontal Illuminance Vertical Illuminance
Lighting Zone 2 0.50 fc 0.25 fc
Lighting Zone 3 0.75 fc 0.40 fc
Lighting Zone 4 1.00 fc 0.50 fc
Illuminance Requirements in the Specification
Illuminance
What is required?

7. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Illuminance
What is required?
Perimeter Parking
Front Aisle
Parking Lot Areas
Loading/Rear Drive
Source: PNNL

8. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Illuminance
What is required?
Notes:
1. Values in table are minimum values
2. Horizontal illuminance is on the parking surface
Other Parking Areas
Ambient
Condition
Perimeter
Parking
Front Aisle Entry Drives, Loading
Areas, Rear Drives
Lighting Zone 2 0.20 fc 1.00 fc 0.20 fc
Lighting Zone 3 0.40 fc 1.50 fc 0.40 fc
Lighting Zone 4 0.50 fc 2.00 fc 0.50 fc
Illuminance Requirements in the Specification

9. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Lighting Power Density
Comparison of Power Density
Zone CBEA
Spec
ASHRAE/IESNA
Std. 90.1-2007
ASHRAE/IESNA
Std. 90.1-2010
CA
Title 24-2008
All Zones 0.15 W/sf
4 0.08 W/sf 0.13 W/sf 0.115 W/sf
+1,030W
3 0.06 W/sf 0.10 W/sf 0.092 W/sf
+770W
2 0.05 W/sf 0.06 W/sf 0.045 W/sf
+510W
Limiting LPD → Energy Savings
Consult specific code for all requirements

10. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification in Practice
Leavenworth, KS
Highlights:
• Walmart
• 500,000 sq feet (parking area)
• 92 LED luminaires
– GE Evolve
• Pole height 37’ AFG
• Avg: 1.27 fc Min: 0.8 fc (initial)
• Payback: 6 – 10 years
• Cost of electricity: ≈$0.06 / kWh
• ≈60% energy savings compared to
standard design
• 0.04 W/SF
Source: GE

11. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification in Practice
Manchester, NH
Highlights:
• T.J. Maxx (Anchor)
• 150,000 sq feet (parking area)
• 25 LED luminaires
– BetaLED Edge
• Pole height 33’ AFG
• Avg: 2.03 fc Min: 1.03 fc (initial)
• Payback: 3 – 10 years
• Cost of electricity: ≈$0.14 / kWh
• 63% energy savings compared to
previous installation design
• 0.04 W/SF
Source: PNNL

12. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification in Practice
Falls Church, VA
Highlights:
• Safeway (Anchor)
• 127,450 sq feet (parking area)
• 55 LED luminaires
– Cooper Lighting
• Pole height 30’ AFG
• Avg: 2.97 fc Min: 0.9 fc (initial)
• Payback:
– 3.5 years against 1,000W MH
– 6.5 years against 400W PMH (alternate option)
• Cost of electricity: $0.096 / kWh
• Energy savings:
– 75% compared to 1,000W MH
– 40% compared to 400W PMH (alternate option)
• 0.05 W/SF
Source: PNNL

13. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
• Overview
– Fluorescent, induction, LED
– Sets a power density
– Sets a minimum illuminance
– Warranty information
• Under revision (incorporating new
standards)
• Target energy savings of 40% before
adding in controls
• Works with federal tax deduction
(179D) – IRS allows a pass through
– www.179d.energy.gov
– www.lightingtaxdeduction.com
DOE CBEA – Parking Structure
Specification
commercialbuildings.energy.gov
Source: PNNL

14. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification Overview
Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation
1. 0.18 W/sf
Background
1. EPAct 40% Parking Structure
LPD: 0.18
2. Parking Structures are covered
by EPAct deduction
Internal Revenue Bulletin:
2008-14 Section 6.
APPLICATION OF THE
INTERIM LIGHTING RULE TO
UNCONDITIONED GARAGE
SPACE
Source: PNNL

15. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification Overview
Technologies
Fluorescent LED
InductionSource: PNNL

16. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Specification Overview
Lighting Requirements
Area of Structure Horizontal1
Illuminance
Requirement
Vertical2
Illuminance
Requirement
Uniformity
Max:Min
Covered Parking Areas 2.0 (Min) 1.2 7:1
Ramps (Day) 2.0 (Min) 1.0 10:1
Ramps (Night) 2.0 (Min) 0.5 10:1
Vehicle Entry (Day)3 60.0 (Min) 30.0 10:1
Vehicle Entry (Night) 1.0 (Min) 1.2 10:1
Uncovered (Top Deck) 0.75 (Min) 0.4 10:1
1. Measured on parking surface
2. Vertical measurements at 5’ AFG
3. Contributions from the sun should be factored in

17. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Parking Structure Specification
Controls
Source: PNNL

18. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Controls Sample Usage Data
Thursday, January 27
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
12:01AM
12:30AM
12:59AM
1:28AM
1:57AM
2:26AM
2:55AM
3:24AM
3:53AM
4:22AM
4:51AM
5:20AM
5:49AM
6:18AM
6:47AM
7:16AM
7:45AM
8:14AM
8:43AM
9:12AM
9:41AM
10:10AM
10:39AM
11:08AM
11:37AM
12:06PM
12:35PM
1:04PM
1:33PM
2:02PM
2:31PM
3:00PM
3:29PM
3:58PM
4:27PM
4:56PM
5:25PM
5:54PM
6:23PM
6:52PM
7:21PM
7:50PM
8:19PM
8:48PM
9:17PM
9:46PM
10:15PM
10:44PM
11:13PM
11:42PM
Amperage
Hour of Day
Daily Fixture Amperage
PRELIMINARY DATA – Dept. of Labor

19. Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012 eere.energy.gov
Controls Sample Usage Data
Saturday, January 29
PRELIMINARY DATA – Dept. of Labor
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
12:01AM
12:30AM
12:59AM
1:28AM
1:57AM
2:26AM
2:55AM
3:24AM
3:53AM
4:22AM
4:51AM
5:20AM
5:49AM
6:18AM
6:47AM
7:16AM
7:45AM
8:14AM
8:43AM
9:12AM
9:41AM
10:10AM
10:39AM
11:08AM
11:37AM
12:06PM
12:35PM
1:04PM
1:33PM
2:02PM
2:31PM
3:00PM
3:29PM
3:58PM
4:27PM
4:56PM
5:25PM
5:54PM
6:23PM
6:52PM
7:21PM
7:50PM
8:19PM
8:48PM
9:17PM
9:46PM
10:15PM
10:44PM
11:13PM
11:42PM
Amperage
Hour of Day
Daily Fixture Amperage

20. GARY L. CUDNEY, P.E.
Carl Walker, Inc.
Gary Cudney, P.E. is President of Carl Walker, Inc., a specialist in parking structure
design, restoration, and parking studies and operations consulting serving clients
nationally. During his 28 years in parking consulting, he has developed wide-ranging
expertise in parking planning, sustainable and green parking design, functional
design, lighting, security, revenue control systems, and structural engineering.

21. Parking Lighting Efficiency Webinar
Gary Cudney, P.E., President
gcudney@carlwalker.com
carlwalker.com

22. • Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites
• City of Ann Arbor South 5th Avenue Underground
• Colorado State University (CSU) Lake Street
Green Parking Council (GPC)

23. Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!
High Pressure Sodium
“Before”
Metal Halide
“After”

24. Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!
High Pressure Sodium
(HPS)“Before”
Metal Halide (MH)
“After”
With Painted Ceiling

25. Parking Structure Lighting Options Today
• Fluorescent – T8 or T5
• Induction
• LED
• HPS & MH not used much
Parking Lighting
Induction
LED
Fluorescent
LED

26. • HID No Longer the Light of Choice
• A Lot of Interest in LED & Induction
• Fluorescent still seems most popular
• Install Demo Fixtures
• Have Lighting Analysis Performed
• Consider Wireless Control Technology
• Time of Day
• Photocell
• Motion Detector
• Instant On / Off
Parking Structure Lighting Trends

27. • IESNA RP-20-98 Garage Illuminance
• Minimum Horizontal 1.0 fc on the floor
• Non-Parking Ramps 2.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night
• Entrance Areas 50.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night
• Max/MinUniformity Ratio 10:1 (Horizontal)
• 5.0 fc Average w/ 4:1 Avg/Min Ratio
Lighting Design Criteria
Single Row Layout
Not Preferred
Double Row Layout
Preferred

28. • Parking Structure Lighting
• Replace HID with fluorescent, induction, or LED
• Fact Sheet: Very good comparison matrix of technologies
• CBEA Performance Spec
• Efficient, yet well lit parking
• Promoting photocell and motion detector control
• Five year warranty
• Parking Lot Lighting
• Replace HID with LED
• Fact Sheet: Very good overview of LED system features
• Illuminance levels based on type of use and location
• Reduce light trespass
US DOE CBEA Campaign

29. • Improved Security  Less Crime
• Enhanced Perception  More Revenue
• Reduced Energy  40%+ Cost Savings
• Longer Lamp Life  Less Maintenance
• Other Financial Incentives
• Local & State Credits and Rebates
• Utility Company Rebates (Database at dsireusa.org)
• EPAct of 2005 Tax Deductions of 30¢-60¢/SF
• Very Short Payback Period (2 – 4 Years) for Conversions
• Manufacturers Finance or Lease for No Upfront Cost
Benefits of New Lighting Options

30. • Cost to Implement
• Technological Concerns
• LED: Uncertain Life, Quality of Offshore Suppliers, Glare,
Poor Uniformity of Early Luminaries, Highest 1st Cost
• Induction: Lower Lumen Output, Replace Entire Fixture
at End of Lamp Life, Quality of Offshore Suppliers
• Fluorescent: Old Technology (Lower Quality Perception),
Mercury Disposal, Cold Weather Lumen Depreciation, More
Maintenance Than LED or Induction
• Control Technology
• Concerns of Operational Complexity, Security, and Liability
• Waiting for “Better LED” (Cost, Glare & Illumination)
Obstacles to Lighting Upgrades

31. Lighting 10-Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Floor Area = 240,000 SF, 750 Covered Spaces, Lights on 24/7
Assume conduit and electrical panels reused and 1 for 1 Replacement of Existing MH
Caution: Results will vary depending on fixtures selected, environment/climate, labor costs, electricity costs, structure type, etc.
Type of Light
175 W MH
Existing
T8 3-Lamp
Fluorescent
T8 3-Lamp
Fluorescent
w/ Wireless
Controller 100-W LED
ECO Parking
Lights 100-W
Induction
# of Fixtures 300 300 300 300 300
Fixture Input Wattage 210 111
35-76-111
(Avg = 64) 103 98
Average Illuminance (fc) 6.5 6.7 2.2 - 6.7 5.6 4.3
Power Density (W/SF) 0.26 0.14 0.5 - 0.14 0.13 0.12
Maintained Lumens 9,750 10,600 10,600 7,000 6,250
Efficacy (Lumens/W) 46.4 95.4 95.4 67.9 63.8
Lamp Life (Hours/Years) 15,000 / 1.71 36,000 / 4.1 36,000 / 4.1 50,000 / 5.7 100,000 / 11.4400
Fixture Installed Unit Cost Existing $275 $430 $550 $400
Total Fixture First Cost Existing $82,500 $129,000 $165,000 $120,000
Total Fixture Cost /Space Existing $110 $172 $220 $160
Energy Cost @ 15¢/KWH $827,800 $437,600 $252,300 $406,000 $386,300
Maintenance Cost $135,000 $43,200 $98,900 $210,000 $150,000
Total 10-Year LCC $962,800 $480,800 $351,200 $616,000 $536,300
Energy Savings / Year Existing $39,000 $57,600 $42,200 $44,200
Payback Period in Years N/A 2.1 2.2 3.9 2.7
NOTE: Tax Incentives and Utility Company Rebates Not Included Due to Locational Variability

32. High Pressure Sodium Lighting
High Pressure Sodium Advantages High Pressure Sodium Disadvantages
Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking
Match Existing Facilities…If Not
Retrofitted Already
Yellowish Light Color
Lower Operating Cost Than Metal Halide Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology
Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent
Higher Energy Consumption
Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost

33. Metal Halide Lighting
Metal Halide Advantages Metal Halide Disadvantages
Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking (TBD)
Match Existing Facilities…If Not
Retrofitted Already
Highest Energy Consumption
White Light Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost
Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology
Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent

34. Fluorescent Lighting
Fluorescent Advantages Fluorescent Disadvantages
Lowest First Cost Perception of Lower Quality – Some Poor
Quality Fixtures on the Market
Lowest life Cycle Operating Cost Reduced Illuminance in Cold Weather
White Light Disposal of Lamps with Mercury
Low Energy Consumption More Maintenance (Cleaning, Gasket)
Lowest Lamp Cost
Long Lamp Life
Instant On / Off For Lighting
Management

35. LED Lighting
LED Advantages LED Disadvantages
Low Energy Consumption Highest First Cost
Long Life…But, a Moving Target Replace Entire Fixture When LED’s Fail
White Light Some Poor Quality Foreign LED’s
No Mercury Disposal Light Distribution: Glare, Little Up Light,
Less Uniform
Great in Cold Climates Little History…Rapid Change
Instant On / Off For Lighting
Management
Lumens per Watt is too Low

36. Induction Lighting
Induction Advantages Induction Disadvantages
Low Energy Consumption Higher First Cost than Fluorescent
Long Lamp Life More Fixtures Required Due to Low
Light Output
White Light Lumens per Watt is too Low
Great in Cold Climates Some Poor Quality Foreign Lamps
Instant On / Off For Lighting
Management
Good Light Distribution

37. Questions

38. Thank You Presenters!

39. This webinar and additional supplemental materials will be available at:
http://greenparkingcouncil.org/lighting
For more information please contact:
Michael Myer: michael.myer@pnnl.gov
Gary Cudney: gcudney@carlwalker.com
Paul Wessel: pwessel@greenparkingcouncil.org
If you have any suggestions for future webinars please email me at:
trevyr@greenparkingcouncil.org