This document discusses evidence for the possibility of life existing elsewhere in the universe. It first outlines potential habitats for life, including early Earth and extremophiles that can survive in harsh conditions. It then discusses various pieces of evidence found, such as organic molecules in meteorites, methane on Mars, and fossilized microbes in meteorites. However, it also notes limitations, such as the rarity of conditions required to support life as we know it. It concludes by discussing future missions to test the hypothesis of panspermia, such as an experiment to send microorganisms into deep space aboard a Russian spacecraft.
This ppt contains:
Formation of the Universe
Formation of the Solar System
Earth and its subsystems
The flow of matter and energy across each subsystem
The rock cycle and major classification of rocks
Minerals and their properties
Exogenic Processes
This ppt contains:
Formation of the Universe
Formation of the Solar System
Earth and its subsystems
The flow of matter and energy across each subsystem
The rock cycle and major classification of rocks
Minerals and their properties
Exogenic Processes
Origin of life in universe is most debating and interesting topic for all scientist .which divided in 3 parts chemosynthesis theory ,RNA world hypothesis and some evidence about extraterrestrial life.
Origin of life in universe is most debating and interesting topic for all scientist .which divided in 3 parts chemosynthesis theory ,RNA world hypothesis and some evidence about extraterrestrial life.
A PowerPoint Presentation about the introduction to Life Science as part of the 2nd quarter curriculum of Earth and Life Science subject in Senior High School.
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
Summarize the three (3) current competing theories of the origin of .docxfredr6
Summarize the three (3) current competing theories of the origin of life on Earth: it arrived from an extraterrestrial source, it originated as a heterotroph, it originated as an autotroph.
The answer to the question of the origin of life is a puzzle that scientists to this day cannot solve. Yet with continual research, scientists find evidence that will one day bring a solution. At present, there are three competing theories of how life came on Earth. All these theories but one of them states that life arrived here from an outside source. Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius popularized the idea of panspermia in the early nineteen hundreds; this is the concept that life arose outside the Earth and that living things were transported to Earth to seed the planet with life. According to the passage, this theory does not explain how life arose originally and had little scientific support at that time.
Arrhenius' theory however has been revived and modified after gaining new evidence from the examinations of meteorites and space explorations. Organic molecules are found in many meteorites, and this suggests that life may have existed elsewhere in the solar system. An analysis of a meteorite found in Antarctica in 1996 suggested that from its chemical make-up, it was a portion of Mars; also the presence of complex organic molecules and small globules resembled those found on earth. At the current moment, most scientists no longer agree that their structures are from microorganisms, but there are still groups of scientists who still believe that they are.
Another hypothesis for the origin of life focuses on spontaneous generation. Spontaneous generation is the concept that living things arise from nonliving material. Aristotle proposed this concept between 384-322 B.C. and it was widely accepted until the seventeenth century. Many scientists support the idea that first living things on Earth were heterotrophs, which lived off organic molecules in the ocean. There is evidence to suggest that a wide variety of compounds were present in the early oceans, some of which could have been used, unchanged, by primitive cells. Because the earliest cells appear in the fossil record before any evidence of oxygen in the atmosphere, these early heterotrophs would have been anaerobic organisms.
According to the heterotrophic hypothesis the first living beings were very simple organisms, i.e., not producers of their own food, which emerged from the gradual association of organic molecules into small organized structures (the coacervates). The first organic molecules in their turn would have appeared from substances of the earth's primitive atmosphere submitted to strong electrical discharges, to solar radiation and to high temperatures.
Although the heterotrophic hypothesis for the origin living things was the prevailing theory for many years, recent discoveries have caused many scientists to consider an alternative that leads to the third hypothesis of how Earth.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
life in the universe
1. LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE . . . . . . . The microbial evidences . . . . . . . The microbial evidences SPEAKER – SIDDHANTA MOHANTY GUIDE – Dr. B. Mittra SPEAKER – SIDDHANTA MOHANTY GUIDE – Dr. B. Mittra DEPT. OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY FAKIR MOHAN UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY FAKIR MOHAN UNIVERSITY
2. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RESEARCH EARLY LIFE ON EARTH EXTREMOPHILES SPORES POTENTIAL HABITATS SPACE BORNE ORGANIC MOLECULES DRAKE EQUATION EXTRA SOLAR PLANETS 3. EVIDENCES 4. STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION 5. LIMITATIONS 6. FUTURE MISSION 7. REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION Extraterrestrial life is defined as life that does not originate from Earth. Possible forms of extraterrestrial life range from simple bacteria-like organisms to more advanced than humans. It is unknown whether any such forms of life exist or ever existed. Panspermiais a theory that suggests that the seeds of life are prevalent throughout the Universe and life on Earth began by such seeds landing on Earth and propagating. Scientists are directly searching for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining meteors that have fallen to Earth. There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist in the universe.
4. RESEARCH EARLY LIFE ON EARTH Pre- Cambrianstromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. It is in formations such as this that 3.5 billion year old fossilized algae microbes, the earliest known life on earth, were discovered. The Precambrian fossil record indicates that life appeared soon after the Earth was formed. This would imply that life appeared within several hundred million years when conditions became favourable. Generally accepted scientific estimates of the age of the Earth place its formation at about 4.55 billion years old. The oldest known sedimentary rocks are somewhat altered Hadean formations from the southern tip of Akilia island, West Greenland. These rocks have been dated as no younger than 3.85 billion years.
5. EXTREMOPHILES Astrobiologists studying extremophiles as many organisms of this type are capable of surviving in environments similar to those known to exist on other planets. Some organisms have been shown to be more resistant to extreme conditions than previously recognized, and may be able to survive for very long periods of time. Some Bacteria and animals have been found to thrive in oceanic hydrothermal vents above 100 °C; a study revealed that a fraction of bacteria survive heating pulses up to 250°C in vacuum Recent experiments suggest that if bacteria were somehow sheltered from the radiation of space, perhaps inside a thick meteoroid or an icy comet, they could survive dormant for millions of years. Deinococcus radiodurans is a radioresistant bacterium that can survive high radiation levelsR
6. SPORES Spores are another potential vector for transporting life through inhospitable and inimical environments, such as the depths of interstellar space. Spores are produced as part of the normal life cycle of many plants, algae, fungi and some protozoan’s, and some bacteria produce endospores or cysts during times of stress. These structures may be highly resilient to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme , temperature, starvation and chemical disinfectants, while metabolically inactive. Spores germinate when favourable conditions are restored after exposure to conditions fatal to the parent organism.
7. POTENTIAL HABITATS FOR LIFE Some research suggest that there are many more potential habitats for life than Earth-like planets. The presence of past liquid water on Mars, suggested by river-like formations on the red planet, was confirmed by the Mars Exploration Rover missions. Water oceans might exist on Europa, Enceladus, iverse. Triton and perhaps other moons in the Solar system. Even moons that are now frozen ice balls might earlier have been melted internally by heat from radioactive rocky cores. Bodies like this may be extremely common throughout the Universe.
8. SPACEBORNE ORGANIC MOLECULES A 2008 analysis of 12C/13C isotopic ratios of organic compounds found in the Murchison meteorite indicates a non-terrestrial origin for these molecules rather than terrestrial contamination. Biologically relevant molecules so identified included uracil, an RNA nucleobase, and xanthine. These results demonstrate that many organic compounds which are components of life on Earth were already present in the early solar system and may have played a key role in life's origin. In August 2009, NASA scientists identified one of the fundamental chemical building-blocks of life (the amino acid glycine) in a comet for the first time.
9.
10. EXTRASOLAR PLANETS Astronomers also search for extrasolar planetsthat they believe would be conducive to life, such as Gliese 581 c, Gliese 581 g, Gliese 581 dand OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, which have been found to have Earth-like qualities.
11. EVIDENCES: 1976, THE VIKING MARS LANDERS DETECT CHEMICAL SIGNATURES INDICATIVE OF LIFE Tests performed on Martian soil samples by NASA's Viking landers hinted at chemical evidence of life. One experiment mixed soil with radioactive-carbon- labelled nutrients and then tested for the production of radioactive methane gas. The test reported a positive result.
12. 1996, MARTIAN "FOSSILS" ARE DISCOVERED IN METEORITE ALH84001 FROM ANTARCTICA NASA scientists announced in 1996 that they had found what appeared to be fossilized microbes in a potato-shaped lump of Martian rock. The meteorite was probably blasted off the surface of Mars in a collision, it was discovered in 1984 in Antarctica. Careful analysis revealed that the rock contained organic molecules and tiny specs of the mineral magnetite, sometimes found in Earth bacteria. Under the electron microscope, NASA researchers also claimed to have spotted signs of "nonbacteria".
13. 2001, MORE RIGOROUS CALCULATIONS CONNECTED TO THE 1960S "DRAKE EQUATION" SUGGESTS THAT OUR GALAXY MAY CONTAIN HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF LIFE-BEARING PLANETS The Drake equation multiplies together seven factors including: the formation rate of stars like our Sun, the fraction of Earth-like planets and the fraction of those on which life develops. Many of these figures are open to wide debate, but Drake himself estimates the final number of communicating civilizations in the galaxy to be about 10,000.
14. 2004, METHANE IN THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE HINTS AT MICROBIAL METABOLISM In 2004 three groups - using telescopes on Earth and the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiting space probe - independently turned up evidence of methane in the atmosphere. Nearly all methane in our own atmosphere is produced by bacteria and other life.
15. 19 May 1995: two scientists at Cal Poly showed that bacteria can survive without any metabolism for at least 25 million years; probably they are immortal. 24 November 1995: The New York Times described bacteria that can survive radiation much stronger than any that Earth has ever experienced. 7 August 1996: NASA announced fossilized evidence of ancient life in meteorite ALH 84001 from Mars. 27 October 1996: geneticists showed evidence that many genes are much older than the fossil record would indicate. Subsequent studies have strengthened this finding. 29 July 1997: a NASA scientist announced evidence of fossilized microscopic life forms in a meteorite not from any known planet. 1998: a microfossil that was found in a meteorite and photographed in 1966, was recognized by a Russian microbiologist as a magneto tactic bacterium. h
16. 26 April 2000: the German team operating the mass spectrometer on NASA's Stardust mission announced the detection of very large organic molecules in space. 19 October 2000, a team of biologists and a geologist announced the revival of bacteria that are 250 million years old, strengthening that case that bacterial spores can be immortal. 13 December 2000: a NASA team demonstrated that the magnetosomes in Mars meteorite ALH 84001 are biological. 2 August 2004: Very convincing photos of fossilized cyanobacteria in a meteorite were reported by a NASA scientist.
17. STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION On May 11, 2001, two researchers from the University of Naples claimed to have found live extraterrestrial bacteria inside a meteorite. An Indian and British team of researchers led by Chandra Wickramasinghe reported on 2001 that air samples over Hyderabad, India, gathered from the stratosphere by the Indian Space Research Organization contained clumps of living cells In 2005 an improved experiment was conducted by ISRO. On April 10, 2005 air samples were collected from six places at different altitudes from the earth ranging from 20 km to more than 40 km. three new species showed that they were more resistant to UV radiation than similar bacteria found on Earth. new species and named Janibacter hoyeli.sp.nov (after Fred Hoyle), Bacillus isronensis.sp.nov(named after ISRO) and Bacillus aryabhati(named after the ancient Indian mathematician, Aryabhata).
18. LIMITATIONS Life as we know it requires the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, phosphorus and sulfur (H, C, N, O, Fe, P and S respectively) to exist at sufficient densities and temperatures for the chemical reactions between them to occur. These conditions are not widespread in the Universe, so this limits the distribution of life as an ongoing process Space is a damaging environment for life, as it would be exposed to radiation, cosmic rays and stellar winds. Environments may exist within meteors or comets that are somewhat shielded from these hazards. However, the extreme resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to radiation, cold, dehydration and vacuum shows that at least one known organism is capable of surviving the hazards of space without need for special protection.
19. FUTURE MISSION The 'Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment' The Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment, which is being developed by the Planetary Society, will consist of sending selected microorganisms on a three-year interplanetary round-trip in a small capsule aboard the Russian Phobos-Grunt spacecraft in 2011. The goal is to test whether organisms can survive a few years in deep space. The experiment will test one aspect of transpermia, the hypothesis that life could survive space travel, if protected inside rocks blasted by impact off one planet to land on another. CONCLUSION There are so many evidences and limitations also. So, more and more research need for strong evidences to prove the life existence throught the universe.
20. REFERENCES Mautner, M; Matloff, G. (1979). "Directed panspermia: A technical evaluation of seeding nearby solar systems.". J. British Interplanetary Soc.32: 419 Mautner, M. N. (1997). "“Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds”". J. British Interplanetary Soc.50: 93 Margaret O'Leary (2008) Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory, iUniverse publishing Group, # ISBN 978-0-595-49596-2 Berzelius (1799-1848), J. J.. Analysis of the Alais meteorite and implications about life in other worlds. "LIFE IN SPACE FOR LIFE ON EARTH - BiosateliteFoton M3". June 26, 2008. http://www.congrex.nl/08a09/Sessions/26-06%20Session%202a.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
21. "Uplift and Outflow of Bacterial Spores via Electric Field". Adsabs.harvard.edu. 2006-07-23. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006cosp...36....1D. Retrieved 2009-08-20. Studies Focus On Spacecraft Sterilization European Space Agency: Dry heat sterilisation process to high temperatures Schidlowski, M. (May 1988). "A 3,800-Million-Year Isotopic Record Of Life From Carbon In Sedimentary-Rocks.". Nature333 (6171): 313-318. doi:10.1038/333313a0. Gilmour I, Wright I, Wright J 'Origins of Earth and Life', The Open University, 1997, ISBN 0-7492-8182-0