La entrevista al donante de sangre consta de preguntas que protegen tanto al donante como al receptor. Busca identificar riesgos de infección o enfermedad mediante preguntas sobre la salud, viajes, conductas y vida sexual del donante para garantizar la seguridad de la donación.
Resistance mechanism In Plants - R GENE SunandaArya
This document summarizes plant disease resistance mechanisms. It discusses R-genes, which confer resistance to pathogens by encoding proteins that recognize pathogen avirulence genes. The main classes of R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine rich repeat domains. Resistance occurs through gene-for-gene interactions between plant R-genes and pathogen avirulence genes. Additional resistance mechanisms discussed include the guard hypothesis where R-proteins interact with host proteins guarded from pathogen effectors, and pathogen associated molecular pattern recognition. The document outlines the structure, classes, and mechanisms of action of R-genes in plant pathogen interactions.
Gene stacking and its materiality in crop improvementShamlyGupta
Gene stacking involves combining two or more transgenes into a host plant genome. It can be achieved through iterative crossing of transgenic plants, re-transformation of transgenic plants with additional genes, or co-transformation of multiple genes simultaneously. Co-transformation allows multiple genes to be introduced together but risks silencing effects if the same promoter is used. Iterative crossing is time-consuming but avoids this issue. Gene stacking holds promise for improving crop traits like disease resistance and nutrition but careful selection is needed to maintain expression levels of all genes. Recent examples demonstrate progress in stacking drought tolerance, yield, and nutrition genes into elite crop varieties.
The document discusses plant-pathogen interactions and infection mechanisms. It describes how pathogens have adapted to invade plants, overcome defenses, and colonize tissues. Pathogens secrete substances that impact host metabolism and components. Mechanical forces from pathogens aid penetration of cell walls. The gene-for-gene concept explains genetic interactions between a pathogen and its host. At a molecular level, a resistance gene in the host encodes a receptor recognizing an elicitor from the pathogen, triggering defenses. Modes of infection include mechanical forces and use of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators by pathogens to degrade tissues and interfere with host functions.
For decades microbes, in particular bacteria, have become increasingly resistant to various antimicrobials.
The World Health Assembly’s endorsement of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in May 2015, and the Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on AMR in September 2017, both recognize AMR as a global threat to public health.
These policy initiatives acknowledge overuse and misuse of antimicrobials as a main driver for development of resistance, as well as a need to optimize the use of antimicrobials.
The Global Action Plan on AMR sets out five strategic objectives as a blueprint for countries in developing national action plans (NAPs) on AMR:
Objective 1: Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication, education and training.
Objective 2: Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
Objective 3: Reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures.
Objective 4: Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
Objective 5: Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions.
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, reduce AMR and health-care-associated infections, and save health-care costs amongst others.
Today, AMS is one of three “pillars” of an integrated approach to health systems strengthening. The other two are infection prevention and control (IPC) and medicine and patient safety.
Linking all three pillars to other key components of infection management and health systems strengthening, such as AMR surveillance and adequate supply of quality assured medicines, promotes equitable and quality health care towards the goal of achieving universal health coverage
CDC has defined “Antimicrobial stewardship” as-
The right antibiotic
for the right patient,
at the right time,
with the right dose, and
the right route, causing
the least harm to the patient and future patients
Why AMSP is needed?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Misuse and Over-use of Antimicrobials
Widespread Use of Antimicrobials in Other Sectors
Poor Antimicrobial Research
IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
Administrative Support (Leadership)
Formulating AMS Team
Infrastructure Support
Framing Antimicrobial Policy
Implementing AMS strategies
Education and Training
Should be publicly committed to the program.
Provide necessary funding and infrastructure support.
Multidisciplinary committee - responsible for framing, implementing and monitoring the compliance to antimicrobial policy of the hospital.
Led by the antimicrobial steward - infectious disease physician or infection control officer or clinical microbiologist.
Other members of AMS team - stewardship nurses
The document provides an owner's manual for the Auxiliary Ballistic Laser (ABL) 1000/1500 laser rangefinder accessory that attaches to ATN SMART rifle scopes. It allows the scopes' ballistic calculator to automatically adjust point of impact based on measured range. The manual describes features like pairing to the scope via Bluetooth, activation controls, alignment and zeroing procedures, specifications, warranty information, and export restrictions.
Patient narrative preparation by barka binmaziBarka Binmazi
Patient narratives are written summaries of events like serious adverse events and deaths that are included in clinical study reports and pharmacovigilance activities. There are different types of narratives including informed consent narratives and safety narratives. Narratives must follow regulatory requirements and guidelines. When writing narratives, medical writers must consider the therapeutic area, understand the perspective of regulatory reviewers, and navigate challenges like ensuring consistency across large numbers of narratives. Automating some narrative generation can help address challenges and ensure quality and efficiency.
La entrevista al donante de sangre consta de preguntas que protegen tanto al donante como al receptor. Busca identificar riesgos de infección o enfermedad mediante preguntas sobre la salud, viajes, conductas y vida sexual del donante para garantizar la seguridad de la donación.
Resistance mechanism In Plants - R GENE SunandaArya
This document summarizes plant disease resistance mechanisms. It discusses R-genes, which confer resistance to pathogens by encoding proteins that recognize pathogen avirulence genes. The main classes of R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine rich repeat domains. Resistance occurs through gene-for-gene interactions between plant R-genes and pathogen avirulence genes. Additional resistance mechanisms discussed include the guard hypothesis where R-proteins interact with host proteins guarded from pathogen effectors, and pathogen associated molecular pattern recognition. The document outlines the structure, classes, and mechanisms of action of R-genes in plant pathogen interactions.
Gene stacking and its materiality in crop improvementShamlyGupta
Gene stacking involves combining two or more transgenes into a host plant genome. It can be achieved through iterative crossing of transgenic plants, re-transformation of transgenic plants with additional genes, or co-transformation of multiple genes simultaneously. Co-transformation allows multiple genes to be introduced together but risks silencing effects if the same promoter is used. Iterative crossing is time-consuming but avoids this issue. Gene stacking holds promise for improving crop traits like disease resistance and nutrition but careful selection is needed to maintain expression levels of all genes. Recent examples demonstrate progress in stacking drought tolerance, yield, and nutrition genes into elite crop varieties.
The document discusses plant-pathogen interactions and infection mechanisms. It describes how pathogens have adapted to invade plants, overcome defenses, and colonize tissues. Pathogens secrete substances that impact host metabolism and components. Mechanical forces from pathogens aid penetration of cell walls. The gene-for-gene concept explains genetic interactions between a pathogen and its host. At a molecular level, a resistance gene in the host encodes a receptor recognizing an elicitor from the pathogen, triggering defenses. Modes of infection include mechanical forces and use of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators by pathogens to degrade tissues and interfere with host functions.
For decades microbes, in particular bacteria, have become increasingly resistant to various antimicrobials.
The World Health Assembly’s endorsement of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in May 2015, and the Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on AMR in September 2017, both recognize AMR as a global threat to public health.
These policy initiatives acknowledge overuse and misuse of antimicrobials as a main driver for development of resistance, as well as a need to optimize the use of antimicrobials.
The Global Action Plan on AMR sets out five strategic objectives as a blueprint for countries in developing national action plans (NAPs) on AMR:
Objective 1: Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication, education and training.
Objective 2: Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
Objective 3: Reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures.
Objective 4: Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
Objective 5: Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions.
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, reduce AMR and health-care-associated infections, and save health-care costs amongst others.
Today, AMS is one of three “pillars” of an integrated approach to health systems strengthening. The other two are infection prevention and control (IPC) and medicine and patient safety.
Linking all three pillars to other key components of infection management and health systems strengthening, such as AMR surveillance and adequate supply of quality assured medicines, promotes equitable and quality health care towards the goal of achieving universal health coverage
CDC has defined “Antimicrobial stewardship” as-
The right antibiotic
for the right patient,
at the right time,
with the right dose, and
the right route, causing
the least harm to the patient and future patients
Why AMSP is needed?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Misuse and Over-use of Antimicrobials
Widespread Use of Antimicrobials in Other Sectors
Poor Antimicrobial Research
IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
Administrative Support (Leadership)
Formulating AMS Team
Infrastructure Support
Framing Antimicrobial Policy
Implementing AMS strategies
Education and Training
Should be publicly committed to the program.
Provide necessary funding and infrastructure support.
Multidisciplinary committee - responsible for framing, implementing and monitoring the compliance to antimicrobial policy of the hospital.
Led by the antimicrobial steward - infectious disease physician or infection control officer or clinical microbiologist.
Other members of AMS team - stewardship nurses
The document provides an owner's manual for the Auxiliary Ballistic Laser (ABL) 1000/1500 laser rangefinder accessory that attaches to ATN SMART rifle scopes. It allows the scopes' ballistic calculator to automatically adjust point of impact based on measured range. The manual describes features like pairing to the scope via Bluetooth, activation controls, alignment and zeroing procedures, specifications, warranty information, and export restrictions.
Patient narrative preparation by barka binmaziBarka Binmazi
Patient narratives are written summaries of events like serious adverse events and deaths that are included in clinical study reports and pharmacovigilance activities. There are different types of narratives including informed consent narratives and safety narratives. Narratives must follow regulatory requirements and guidelines. When writing narratives, medical writers must consider the therapeutic area, understand the perspective of regulatory reviewers, and navigate challenges like ensuring consistency across large numbers of narratives. Automating some narrative generation can help address challenges and ensure quality and efficiency.
This document discusses molecular breeding methods for developing plant resistance. It outlines several approaches including using transgenics with antimicrobial molecules like pathogenesis related (PR) proteins from microbes, manipulating disease resistance genes, and using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to develop insect resistance. The molecular approaches described include using coat protein-mediated resistance, movement protein-mediated resistance, and ribozymes to develop virus resistance in transgenic plants. Examples are provided of transgenic crops developed with resistance to various fungal, bacterial, viral, and insect pests.
This document discusses genomic selection in plants. It begins with an introduction to genomic selection and its history. Genomic selection uses dense genetic markers and phenotypic data from a reference population to develop prediction equations that can then be applied to other populations to estimate genomic breeding values without additional phenotyping. The document outlines the steps involved, including preparing phenotypic and genotypic data, constructing prediction models, fitting and evaluating models, and applying genomic selection in breeding programs. It provides examples of software used and factors that affect prediction accuracy. The document concludes with two case studies, one on genomic selection for hybrid rice and another on genomic selection to improve wheat grain quality.
Yellow rust seminar by Priyanka (Phd Scholar Genetics and Plant Breeding CSK ...Priyanka Guleria
This seminar explains about the yellow rust disease of wheat: Its genetics and prevention methods as well as molecular techniques to combat yellow rust
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Oncology Careflasco_org
This document discusses antimicrobial stewardship in oncology care. It begins with learning objectives about reviewing infection risks in oncology patients and the impact of multidrug-resistant organisms on patient outcomes. It then covers antimicrobial stewardship programs and the Joint Commission standards around antimicrobial stewardship. The document reviews specific infection risks and challenges in oncology patients like those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or with neutropenia. It also discusses treatment of infections like neutropenic fever and the role of rapid diagnostics.
Literature monitoring for pv what are we doing at galderma elsevier webinarAnn-Marie Roche
The document discusses literature monitoring for pharmacovigilance. It describes weekly monitoring of individual case safety reports and periodic monitoring through development safety update reports and periodic benefit-risk evaluation reports. Key databases for literature searches are Medline and Embase. While Embase has more extensive drug coverage, searches on Medline via PubMed are more reliable due to the potential for loss of MeSH subheadings when mapping to Emtree and the risk of false negatives and positives when searching Embase alone. Literature searches support signal detection and periodic evaluation of a product's safety profile.
I. The document discusses apparent and true resistance in plants to disease.
II. Apparent resistance occurs when a susceptible host does not show disease symptoms due to an unfavorable environment for the pathogen. True resistance is controlled by resistant genes and is not affected by the environment.
III. To determine if a plant has apparent or true resistance, it must be inoculated with the pathogen under disease-favorable conditions and observed for symptoms.
The document discusses the history and techniques of distant hybridization or wide crosses between plant species. It begins by defining distant hybridization as crosses between individuals of different genera within the same family or different species within the same genus. Some early examples of wide crosses are mentioned from the 18th century. The document then discusses the three types of crosses that can result from wide crosses - fully fertile, partially fertile, and fully sterile - and provides cotton examples. Intergeneric hybridization is described using the example of Triticale, a wheat-rye hybrid. The main challenges of wide crosses, including cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, sterility and breakdown are outlined. Techniques to overcome these barriers, such as bridge crosses,
This document summarizes the presentation of Adithya P Balakrishnan on MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross) populations. It discusses how MAGIC populations are constructed using multiple parental lines that are intercrossed and selfed over multiple generations. This results in a population with increased genetic diversity and higher mapping resolution compared to biparental populations. The document provides examples of MAGIC populations developed in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. It describes the phenotypic evaluation and genetic analysis, including QTL mapping, that has been carried out on these MAGIC populations.
Reverse vaccinology uses computational analysis and genomics to identify potential vaccine antigens from pathogens. It involves 1) in silico computer analysis of pathogen genomes, 2) identification of antigens, 3) animal testing, 4) molecular epidemiology studies, 5) clinical trials, 6) regulatory approval, and 7) implementation if deemed safe in phase IV trials. This process utilizes molecular biology, immunology, genomics, computation, and bioinformatics to identify epitopes on antigens that can trigger an immune response without having to culture the pathogen. It has been used to develop vaccines for Group B meningococcus, malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis, and hepatitis-C.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis genes and virulence factors. It covers several topics:
- Pathogenic bacteria use sophisticated strategies to exploit host organisms through factors like adhesins, toxins, enzymes, and effector proteins.
- Pathogenesis and disease resistance are closely related subjects that look at host-pathogen interactions from different perspectives.
- The genetic analysis of bacterial plant pathogens' ability to induce pathogenic or resistant reactions in plants is a rapidly developing field.
- Bacterial secretion systems, especially the type III secretion system, transport effector proteins into host cells and are important for pathogenicity. Effectors can suppress host defenses or modify host cell processes to benefit the bacteria.
Ice nucleating bacteria can harm plants by stimulating the formation of ice in their tissues. On the other hand they contribute to cloud formation and rain precipitation on earth. It looks like they can play a role to local weather formation. In the same time the ice nucleating bacteria, has proteins which can bind ice crystal and contribute to the crystals formation. They can be dangerous during late frosts in the spring in orchards, affecting the blossoms, and producing damages and crop looses. They can be used in different purposes, in order to obtain ice in different conditions. The damage in orchards is highlighted. Some bacterial products were issued in order to fight with this kind of frost and to protect plants.
Population breeding in self pollinated cropsDarshana Ajith
The document describes Diallel Selective Mating (DSM), a population improvement approach involving parental diallel crosses, F1 diallel crosses, and selective mating series. DSM aims to accumulate desirable alleles, broaden the genetic base, and develop new cultivars through recurrent selection and intermating in segregating generations. It allows for introduction of new germplasm and isolation of pure lines at various stages of the breeding program. While effective for some autogamous crops, DSM requires a large number of crosses and is labor intensive.
The ICRISAT Genebank was established in 1979 to conserve the genetic resources of important crops in its mandate, including sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut. It works to assemble, conserve, maintain, characterize, evaluate, document, and distribute these resources to combat threats from new pests, diseases, and climate change which are reducing genetic diversity. Over 7 million plant accessions are conserved globally in genebanks, including over 740,000 in CGIAR collections and materials from over 3,300 species in the ICRISAT bank, representing 2% of the mandate crops held there.
SEROLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PLANT PATHOGENSHARISH J
This document discusses serological methods for detecting plant pathogens. It explains that serodiagnosis involves inducing an immune response in an animal to produce antibodies against a pathogen's antigens. These antibodies can then be used to detect the presence of the pathogen. The document describes several serological testing methods including ring interface tests, microprecipitin tests, double diffusion tests, ELISA, immunosorbent electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent staining. It concludes that serodiagnosis is a sensitive tool for identifying pathogens, detecting infections, and quantifying crop diseases.
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Lezione numero 4.7 del progetto "L'Ospedale Va a Scuola" a cura dell'Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù di Roma in collaborazione con l'Istituto Bambino Gesù per la Salute del Bambino e dell'Adolescente.
This document discusses molecular breeding methods for developing plant resistance. It outlines several approaches including using transgenics with antimicrobial molecules like pathogenesis related (PR) proteins from microbes, manipulating disease resistance genes, and using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to develop insect resistance. The molecular approaches described include using coat protein-mediated resistance, movement protein-mediated resistance, and ribozymes to develop virus resistance in transgenic plants. Examples are provided of transgenic crops developed with resistance to various fungal, bacterial, viral, and insect pests.
This document discusses genomic selection in plants. It begins with an introduction to genomic selection and its history. Genomic selection uses dense genetic markers and phenotypic data from a reference population to develop prediction equations that can then be applied to other populations to estimate genomic breeding values without additional phenotyping. The document outlines the steps involved, including preparing phenotypic and genotypic data, constructing prediction models, fitting and evaluating models, and applying genomic selection in breeding programs. It provides examples of software used and factors that affect prediction accuracy. The document concludes with two case studies, one on genomic selection for hybrid rice and another on genomic selection to improve wheat grain quality.
Yellow rust seminar by Priyanka (Phd Scholar Genetics and Plant Breeding CSK ...Priyanka Guleria
This seminar explains about the yellow rust disease of wheat: Its genetics and prevention methods as well as molecular techniques to combat yellow rust
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Oncology Careflasco_org
This document discusses antimicrobial stewardship in oncology care. It begins with learning objectives about reviewing infection risks in oncology patients and the impact of multidrug-resistant organisms on patient outcomes. It then covers antimicrobial stewardship programs and the Joint Commission standards around antimicrobial stewardship. The document reviews specific infection risks and challenges in oncology patients like those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or with neutropenia. It also discusses treatment of infections like neutropenic fever and the role of rapid diagnostics.
Literature monitoring for pv what are we doing at galderma elsevier webinarAnn-Marie Roche
The document discusses literature monitoring for pharmacovigilance. It describes weekly monitoring of individual case safety reports and periodic monitoring through development safety update reports and periodic benefit-risk evaluation reports. Key databases for literature searches are Medline and Embase. While Embase has more extensive drug coverage, searches on Medline via PubMed are more reliable due to the potential for loss of MeSH subheadings when mapping to Emtree and the risk of false negatives and positives when searching Embase alone. Literature searches support signal detection and periodic evaluation of a product's safety profile.
I. The document discusses apparent and true resistance in plants to disease.
II. Apparent resistance occurs when a susceptible host does not show disease symptoms due to an unfavorable environment for the pathogen. True resistance is controlled by resistant genes and is not affected by the environment.
III. To determine if a plant has apparent or true resistance, it must be inoculated with the pathogen under disease-favorable conditions and observed for symptoms.
The document discusses the history and techniques of distant hybridization or wide crosses between plant species. It begins by defining distant hybridization as crosses between individuals of different genera within the same family or different species within the same genus. Some early examples of wide crosses are mentioned from the 18th century. The document then discusses the three types of crosses that can result from wide crosses - fully fertile, partially fertile, and fully sterile - and provides cotton examples. Intergeneric hybridization is described using the example of Triticale, a wheat-rye hybrid. The main challenges of wide crosses, including cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, sterility and breakdown are outlined. Techniques to overcome these barriers, such as bridge crosses,
This document summarizes the presentation of Adithya P Balakrishnan on MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross) populations. It discusses how MAGIC populations are constructed using multiple parental lines that are intercrossed and selfed over multiple generations. This results in a population with increased genetic diversity and higher mapping resolution compared to biparental populations. The document provides examples of MAGIC populations developed in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. It describes the phenotypic evaluation and genetic analysis, including QTL mapping, that has been carried out on these MAGIC populations.
Reverse vaccinology uses computational analysis and genomics to identify potential vaccine antigens from pathogens. It involves 1) in silico computer analysis of pathogen genomes, 2) identification of antigens, 3) animal testing, 4) molecular epidemiology studies, 5) clinical trials, 6) regulatory approval, and 7) implementation if deemed safe in phase IV trials. This process utilizes molecular biology, immunology, genomics, computation, and bioinformatics to identify epitopes on antigens that can trigger an immune response without having to culture the pathogen. It has been used to develop vaccines for Group B meningococcus, malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis, and hepatitis-C.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis genes and virulence factors. It covers several topics:
- Pathogenic bacteria use sophisticated strategies to exploit host organisms through factors like adhesins, toxins, enzymes, and effector proteins.
- Pathogenesis and disease resistance are closely related subjects that look at host-pathogen interactions from different perspectives.
- The genetic analysis of bacterial plant pathogens' ability to induce pathogenic or resistant reactions in plants is a rapidly developing field.
- Bacterial secretion systems, especially the type III secretion system, transport effector proteins into host cells and are important for pathogenicity. Effectors can suppress host defenses or modify host cell processes to benefit the bacteria.
Ice nucleating bacteria can harm plants by stimulating the formation of ice in their tissues. On the other hand they contribute to cloud formation and rain precipitation on earth. It looks like they can play a role to local weather formation. In the same time the ice nucleating bacteria, has proteins which can bind ice crystal and contribute to the crystals formation. They can be dangerous during late frosts in the spring in orchards, affecting the blossoms, and producing damages and crop looses. They can be used in different purposes, in order to obtain ice in different conditions. The damage in orchards is highlighted. Some bacterial products were issued in order to fight with this kind of frost and to protect plants.
Population breeding in self pollinated cropsDarshana Ajith
The document describes Diallel Selective Mating (DSM), a population improvement approach involving parental diallel crosses, F1 diallel crosses, and selective mating series. DSM aims to accumulate desirable alleles, broaden the genetic base, and develop new cultivars through recurrent selection and intermating in segregating generations. It allows for introduction of new germplasm and isolation of pure lines at various stages of the breeding program. While effective for some autogamous crops, DSM requires a large number of crosses and is labor intensive.
The ICRISAT Genebank was established in 1979 to conserve the genetic resources of important crops in its mandate, including sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut. It works to assemble, conserve, maintain, characterize, evaluate, document, and distribute these resources to combat threats from new pests, diseases, and climate change which are reducing genetic diversity. Over 7 million plant accessions are conserved globally in genebanks, including over 740,000 in CGIAR collections and materials from over 3,300 species in the ICRISAT bank, representing 2% of the mandate crops held there.
SEROLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PLANT PATHOGENSHARISH J
This document discusses serological methods for detecting plant pathogens. It explains that serodiagnosis involves inducing an immune response in an animal to produce antibodies against a pathogen's antigens. These antibodies can then be used to detect the presence of the pathogen. The document describes several serological testing methods including ring interface tests, microprecipitin tests, double diffusion tests, ELISA, immunosorbent electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent staining. It concludes that serodiagnosis is a sensitive tool for identifying pathogens, detecting infections, and quantifying crop diseases.
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Lezione numero 4.7 del progetto "L'Ospedale Va a Scuola" a cura dell'Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù di Roma in collaborazione con l'Istituto Bambino Gesù per la Salute del Bambino e dell'Adolescente.
Lezione numero 4.2 del progetto "L'Ospedale Va a Scuola" a cura dell'Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù di Roma in collaborazione con l'Istituto Bambino Gesù per la Salute del Bambino e dell'Adolescente.
Lezione numero 4 del progetto "L'Ospedale Va a Scuola" a cura dell'Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù di Roma in collaborazione con l'Istituto Bambino Gesù per la Salute del Bambino e dell'Adolescente.
Curcuma: la radice d'oro per la tua salute - Vincent CastronovoMetagenics Academy
Presentazione del Prof. Vincent Castronovo al seminario Metagenics tenutosi a Milano il 30 Aprile 2016. Argomenti trattati: modulazione della risposta infiammatoria, modulazione delle difese immunitarie, uso della curcuma in medicina funzionale;
Innovazione didattica: collaborative learning
Materiale prodotto dai ragazzi della classe 3° indirizzo classico del Liceo Statale Vincenzo Monti.
A.s. 2016-2017, prof Gino
I vaccini a base di RNA COVID-19 mettono a rischio di malattie immuno-mediate? loretta bolgan
Talotta R. Do COVID-19 RNA-based vaccines put at risk of immune-mediated diseases? In reply to "potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases". Clin Immunol. 2021 Mar;224:108665. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108665.
Traduzione italiana di Alberto Bressan
Lezione 4.3 del Progetto "L'Ospedale Va a Scuola" a cura dell'Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù di Roma in collaborazione con l'Istituto Bambino Gesù per la Salute del Bambino e dell'Adolescente.
The document provides dosage recommendations for zinc, vitamin D3, and vitamin C supplements to help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and children. For adults, it recommends zinc gluconate 50-150 mg per day depending on weight, vitamin D3 5,000-15,000 IU per day depending on weight, and vitamin C 1-3 grams per day depending on weight. For children, it provides upper intake levels for zinc by age and recommends vitamin D3 400-2,000 IU per day depending on age. It also lists tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin C by age. The rationale provided focuses on the roles of zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin C in supporting immune function and preventing viral replication
E' gradita una telefonata di prenotazione .Visita Omotossicologica gratuita c/o Punto Benessere in Via Manzoni 52 80011 Acerra NA
per info chiamare il 3343552972
2. IMMUNOPROFILASSI
Immunità anti-infettiva
Immunità congenita o
refrattarietà
ü di specie
ü di individuo
Immunità
acquisita
ü Naturale
ü artificiale
§ Passiva (connatale)
§ Attiva (per infezioni
pregresse)
§ Passiva (γ globuline)
§ Attiva (vaccini)
3. LA VACCINAZIONE ha come obiettivo quello di creare in
un soggetto recettivo ad una determinata malattia infettiva,
una immunità attiva provocando le modificazioni umorali e
tessutali necessarie per assicurare la difesa specifica
dell organismo contro l agente della infezione stessa
4. REQUISITI FONDAMENTALI PER L EFFICACIA
DI UN VACCINO
- SPECIFICITA :
si devono individuare determinanti antigenici specifici
- PROTEZIONE:
i determinanti antigenici devono indurre immunità protettiva
- IMMUNOGENICITA :
la formulazione deve indurre il sistema immunitario a
montare una risposta effettrice, nella sede idonea
- INDUZIONE DI MEMORIA IMMUNOLOGICA:
la risposta immunitaria deve portare alla costituzione di
memoria immunologica di lunga durata, anche in ambiente
antigen-free
5. L EFFICACIA VACCINALE
Nell infezione naturale, il tipo di microrganismo, la sua via
di entrata nell ospite e la sede di concentrazione prevalente
determinano il tipo di risposta immunitaria, che sarà la più
idonea alla sua eliminazione.
Anche per i vaccini il tipo di formulazione e la via di
somministrazione influenzano il tipo di risposta e
l efficacia
6. La risposta umorale esercita un ruolo fondamentale nella
neutralizzazione dei virus e delle tossine batteriche e nel
prevenire l adesione di microrganismi extracellulari ai
recettori sulle cellule ospiti, mentre l immunità cellulare è
necessaria per eliminare i patogeni intracellulari
7. COMPOSIZIONE
Dopo i primi vaccini, altri ne sono stati messi a punto. Allo
stato attuale possiamo distinguere i seguenti tipi di vaccini:
v Microrganismi uccisi;
v Microrganismi vivi ed attenuati;
v frazioni di microrganismi;
v antigeni microbici purificati;
v anatossine (o tossoidi);
v vaccini da manipolazioni genetiche.
8. VACCINI CON MICRORGANISMI UCCISI
Sono costituiti da virus o da batteri uccisi con mezzi
§ FISICI (calore, raggi UV);
§ CHIMICI (formolo, fenolo, acetone, betapropiolattone).
Oggi si fa ricorso a questi prodotti quando non è possibile ottenere
una attenuazione stabile del microrganismo. Generalmente non
conferiscono una immunità paragonabile a quella ottenibile con i
vaccini vivi ed attenuati.
Vaccini in uso: (tifo, colera), pertosse, rabbia, polio
Salk
9. VACCINI CON MICRORGANISMI VIVI E
ATTENUATI
Sono costituiti da virus o da batteri che mantengono la
capacità di moltiplicarsi nell organismo del vaccinato,
stimolando le sue difese immunitarie, ma sono incapaci di
provocare manifestazioni cliniche.
L attenuazione è ottenuta attraverso passaggi seriati
in animali adatti o in terreni di coltura particolari.
L immunità che deriva da vaccini di questo tipo è in
genere solida e duratura.
Vaccini in uso: (polio Sabin); TBC; Morbillo;
Rosolia; Parotite, Varicella.
10. VACCINI CON FRAZIONI DI MICRORGANISMI
Alcuni vaccini inattivati provocano spesso reazioni
indesiderate al punto di inoculazione o reazioni generali.
Ciò si osserva, ad esempio, con il vaccino contro l influenza
a virus interi uccisi.
Per ovviare a questi inconvenienti sono stati preparati
vaccini split costituiti da virus frammentati, ma senza
purificazione degli antigeni protettivi, che risultano meno
reattogeni e sufficientemente immunogeni.
11. Hanno avuto un notevole sviluppo negli ultimi anni; la loro
produzione richiede raffinate tecniche di purificazione delle
componenti batteriche o virali. Nel caso degli antigeni
polisaccaridici batterici, occorre superare la Timo –
indipendenza di questi antigeni coniugandoli con molecole
carrier.
VACCINI IN USO: Meningococco, Hib,
Pneumococco.
VACCINI COSTITUITI DAANTIGENI PURIFICATI
13. T BY(
Antigeni polisaccaridici (T-indipendenti)
- assenza di T e B di memoria
- le PC producono anticorpi IgM
a bassa affinità
- una buona risposta anticorpale
inizia solo dopo i 2 anni di età
vaccini polisaccaridici contro pneumococco, meningococco, Hib
14. Immune response to polysaccharide
vaccines in Adults
+ à àPS
- Plasma cells
- live 2-4 y only
- Cannot be boosted
Plasma
Cells
GMC
0 4W 2–5y
Time
Antibody
Production
?
à
Short life span
of Plasma cells
may be cause of
hyporesponsiveness
4W 2–5y ≥5y
Repeated
PS-dosing no
Naive
B-cell
15. Non efficaci nei bambini sotto i due anni
§ Non utilizzabili per vaccinazioni pediatriche
Non inducono memoria immunologica
§ Dosi successive di vaccino non hanno effetto booster: non stimolano una
risposta immunitaria sufficiente a mantenere un adeguato livello di
protezione
§ Inducono iporesponsività: la risposta immunitaria a dosi succcessive di
vaccino è inferiore rispetto alla risposta primaria
Non riducono lo stato di portatore
§ Solo gli individui vaccinati risultano protetti: non riducendosi il numero
di portatori non si instaura il fenomeno di protezione comunitaria
Harrison LH. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:142-164; Kelly D, et al. Blood. 2006;108:2642-2647.
Vaccini polisaccaridici:
limiti e conseguenze cliniche
16. Iporesponsività
Effetto di PPV sulle cellule B
Ogni polisaccaride
stimola una cellula B su
più recettori
Forte attivazione
Le cellule T non
vengono coinvolte
Si formano grandi
quantità di plasmacellule
Diminuisce il numero di
cellule B disponibiliA
B
L iporesponsività indotta da PPV può essere
legata al suo elevato contenuto di
polisaccaride.
I polisaccaridi persistono a lungo in circolo –
ciò può portare alla deplezione o esaurimento
del pool di cellule B a causa di una
stimolazione antigenica cronica
Pertanto si avranno meno cellule B disponibili
per rispondere a successive stimolazioni
antigeniche (vaccinali o naturali)
Clutterbuck EA et al,JID 2012
17. I vaccini coniugati
La coniugazione di un polisaccaride a una proteina carrier
trasforma la risposta immunitaria in una risposta T-dipendente,
che ha il vantaggio di generare :
" anticorpi ad alta affinità
" memoria immunologica
" responsività a eventuali dosi di richiamo
Polisaccaridi della capsula di
uno specifico sierotipo
18. Polisacca
ride
Cellula B
Cellula T
Carrier
Citochine
Anticorpi contro
lo pneumococco
Plasmacellule Cellule della
Memoria
1. Pollard AJ, Perrett KP, Beverley PC. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat Rev. 2009;9:213-220.
I vaccini coniugati
Produzione di anticorpi & cellule di memoria
19. Immune response
to conjugates vaccine
+
T-cell–
B-cell
Response
à
Plasma Cells
Memory Cells
à
GMC
0 4W ? Time
PCV Memory Cells Booster
4W 3y Time
GMC
à
20. Effetto di PCV sulle cellule B
I polisaccaridi coniugati hanno
epitopi meno ripetuti
Stimolazione meno forte
Accorrono le cellule T per
consentire la proliferazione
Si formano nuove cellule B
memoria
Si formano plasmacellule a
lunga persistenza
Formazione di plasmacellule
dovuta alla sola parte
polisaccaridica
La formazione di nuove cellule B di
memoria con PCV può superare
l’iporesponsività espandendo il
pool di cellule B disponibili per
rispondere a stimolazioni future
Clutterbuck EA et al, JID 2012
21. VACCINI COSTITUITI DAANATOSSINE O TOSSOIDI
Vengono utilizzati per combattere patologie sostenute da
germi produttori di tossine (Cl. tetani, Cl. diphtheriae …).
ANATOSSINA: tossina trattata con formolo ottenendo in tal
modo un prodotto antigenicamente integro ma privo di tossicità
e stabile.
I vaccini così ottenuti sono chiamati anatossine o tossoidi e
vengono inoculati allo stato fluido o adsorbiti su idrossido o
fosfato di alluminio per aumentarne l immunogenicità
22. VACCINI OTTENUTI CON TECNICHE DI
INGEGNERIA GENETICA
La tecnica del DNA ricombinante è stata utilizzata (una volta
individuati i determinanti genetici degli antigeni protettivi di
virus, batteri e protozoi) per clonare e produrre una grande
quantità di un determinato Ag in un sistema ospite di facile
moltiplicazione (Vaccino HBV).
Un altra categoria di vaccini è quella dei microrganismi
chimerici costituiti da virus e batteri attenuati manipolati
geneticamente inserendo nel loro DNA i geni che codificano la
produzione degli antigeni protettivi propri di altri patogeni
23. VIE DI SOMMINISTRAZIONE
La via di somministrazione viene scelta per ogni tipo di
vaccino in modo da ottimizzare la risposta immunologica
e può essere:
v Orale
v Parenterale
v Intradermica
v Sottocutanea
v Intramuscolare
Alcune vaccinazioni prevedono la somministrazione di
una dose unica, altre prevedono più dosi di rinforzo o
di richiamo
24. Il sistema immunitario è capace di riconoscere e di reagire
contemporaneamente a diversi antigeni, quindi è possibile
somministrare più vaccini combinati assieme.
26. REATTOGENICITA
Alcuni vaccini possono provocare reazioni locali al punto di
inoculazione o reazioni generali, attribuibili a componenti
irritanti o allergizzanti.
REAZIONI
LOCALI
§ Gonfiore
§ Arrossamento
§ Dolore
REAZIONI
ALLERGICHE
Possono essere causate da residui di
proteine estranee, antibiotici o
sostanze stabilizzanti
REAZIONI
SISTEMICHE
§ Febbre
§ ecc.
27. CONTROINDICAZIONI
Le controindicazioni all uso dei vaccini possono essere
suddivise in temporanee e permanenti; inoltre esistono
controindicazioni relative a situazioni particolari che sono
evidentemente valide solo per certi vaccini e per certi soggetti.
Controindicazioni temporanee di ordine generale valide
per tutti i vaccini:
1. malattie acute febbrili (> 38°C)
2. malattie generali giudicate clinicamente importanti.
28. Controindicazioni temporanee o permanenti relative a situazioni
particolari:
1. stati di immunodepressione
§ primitivi (immunodeficienze congenite)
§ secondari a patologie (HIV, leucemie, linfomi)
§ secondari a trattamenti farmacologici (antiblastici,
radiazioni, steroidi a dosaggi elevati)
2. allergia a costituenti dei vaccini.Possibili reazioni sistemiche
da:
§ Componenti del vaccino
§ antibiotici aggiunti o residuati dalle colture cellulari
§ conservanti, stabilizzanti.
29. Vaccini a microrganismi vivi ed attenuati
controindicazioni assolute al loro utilizzo:
v gravidanza
v immunodepressione
v malattie neoplastiche in atto
controindicazioni temporanee:
v malattie febbrile in atto
v temporanea immunosoppressione
v uso di γ – globuline nei tre mesi precedenti
30. FALSE CONTROINDICAZIONI - 1
Alcune particolari condizioni sono erroneamente ritenute
controindicazioni alle vaccinazioni.
Alcuni esempi:
q modica sintomatologia acuta con febbre o diarrea
lieve in bambino in buono stato di salute;
q terapia antibiotica in corso o convalescenza da una
malattia;
q nati pretermine, anche di basso peso;
q malnutrizione /diarrea;
q eczema del lattante/dermatosi o infezioni localizzate;
q infezioni da HIV ( per MPR);
31. q modeste reazioni locali o generali alla somministrazione
di un antigene vaccinale;
q reazione di tipo locale o generale ad una
somministrazione di DTP (eritema, tumefazione nel punto
di inoculo, febbre < 38-38,5°C);
q anamnesi positiva per allergia alla penicillina o per
allergie aspecifiche;
q anamnesi familiare positiva per allergie aspecifiche;
FALSE CONTROINDICAZIONI - 2
32. q anamnesi familiare positiva per episodi convulsivi nei
candidati alla vaccinazione antipertosse e antimorbillo o
per reazioni collaterali gravi a seguito di somministrazione
di DTP;
q anamnesi familiare positiva per casi di morte infantile
improvvisa (SIDS) di bambini in età vaccinale;
q recente esposizione a contagio (per morbillo);
q stato di gravidanza della madre o di altra donna facente
parte della famiglia;
q allattamento al seno;
q contatto con familiare immunodeficiente (per MPR).
FALSE CONTROINDICAZIONI - 3
33.
34.
35. I vaccini vengono
somministrati per via
parenterale.
In futuro saranno
disponibili altre vie di
somministrazione:
orale, mucosale, ecc.
39. Sviluppo convenzionale di un vaccino
Immunogenicity testing
in animal models
VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT
Test
Convalescent
sera
Antigen
selection
5-15
Years
Cultivate Microorganism
Clone genes
Test
immunogenicit
y
Purify
components
Identify
components
Vaccine
5-15
anni
40. Reverse Vaccinology
1-2
anni
Analisi al computer
Sequenza dell’intero
genoma batterico
Identificazione
nuove proteine
Espressione di
nuove
proteine
Saggio di immunogenicità
in topolini
Sviluppo di un vaccino
Science, Vol 302, Issue 5645, 602 , 24 October 2003
42. Flusso di lavoro per la selezione
600 proteine di superficie
350 proteine espresse in E. coli
344 purificate e usate per immunizzare topi
Tra queste 91 nuove proteine di superficie
29 inducono anticorpi battericidi
Selezione dei candidati migliori
44. DOMANDE PRECLINICHE CHE RICHIEDONO
UNA RISPOSTA PRIMA DI INIZIARE LO
SVILUPPO CLINICO DI UN VACCINO
• Il potenziale vaccino e’
sufficientemente tollerabile?
• Induce una risposta immune
misurabile (umorale, cellulo
mediata) nel modello animale?
• Induce protezione nel modello
animale?
45. FASI DI SPERIMENTAZIONE CLINICA
PER LO SVILUPPO DEI VACCINI
• STUDI DI FASE I
• STUDI DI FASE II
• STUDI DI FASE III
• STUDI DI FASE IV
46. FASI DI SPERIMENTAZIONE CLINICA
PER LO SVILUPPO DEI VACCINI
• Dimensioni
– 10-50 soggetti
• Caratteristiche dei Soggetti
– volontari adulti sani
• Obiettivi
– reattogenicità locale e sistemica
– immunogenicità
FASE I
47. FASI DI SPERIMENTAZIONE CLINICA PER
LO SVILUPPO DEI VACCINI
• Dimensioni
– alcune centinaia di soggetti
• Caratteristiche dei Soggetti
– popolazione target del vaccino
• Obiettivi
– definizione della dose
– schedula di immunizzazione
• Vaccinazione primaria
• Vaccinazione booster
– definizione del profilo di tollerabilità
– caratterizzazione della risposta immune (tipo, qualità, memoria etc)
– confronto con vaccini registrati
– interferenza tra I vari antigeni e con altri vaccini
FASE II
48. FASI DI SPERIMENTAZIONE CLINICA
PER LO SVILUPPO DEI VACCINI
• Dimensioni
– da alcune centinaia a numerose migliaia
• Caratteristiche dei Soggetti
– popolazione target del vaccino
• Obiettivi
– dimostrazione dell’efficacia clinica
– consistenza clinica
– studi “bridging” (se necessario)
– conferma della tollerabilità
FASE III
49. FASI DI SPERIMENTAZIONE CLINICA
PER LO SVILUPPO DEI VACCINI
• Dimensioni
– oltre 10.000 soggetti
• Caratteristiche dei Soggetti
– popolazione target del vaccino
(“popolazione aperta”)
• Obiettivi
– valutazione degli eventi avversi non comuni ( 1:1000)
– conferma dell'efficacia
FASE IV
51. Good Clinical Practice
E’ uno standard internazionale in base al quale
gli studi clinici sono progettati, condotti e
registrati, in modo da garantire la tutela dei
diritti e della sicurezza dei soggetti e
l’attendibilità dei dati relativi allo studio
52. LINEE GUIDA
• Protezione dei soggetti:
– Comitati Etici, Consenso Informato
• Responsabilità:
– Sponsor, Monitor, Sperimentatore
• Raccolta ed elaborazione dei dati
• Aspetti statistici:
– Disegno dello studio e Randomizzazione, Cieco, Analisi
dei dati.
• Controlli di qualità